Lecture 12 b

James Monroe James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”

James Monroe James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”

James James MonroeMonroe

James Monroe - 1816 James Monroe - 1816 Continued the Virginia Dynasty Last Federalist candidate got 34

electoral votes Monroe went on a goodwill tour

of the states Period called “The Era of Good

Feelings”

Era of Good Will?Era of Good Will?Sectional differences developed

over:TariffsBank of the United StatesInternal ImprovementsPublic landsSlavery

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

________________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST

•Business and Manufacturing

•Daniel Webster_______________

•Wanted Tariffs

•Backed internal improvements

End to cheap public land

•Increasingly nationalistic

•Against Slavery & believed the

Govt. must abolish it.

SOUTHSOUTH

•Cotton-growing

•John C. Calhoun

_______________

•Opposed tariffs and

government spending on

American System

•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights

•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of

the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

WESTWEST

•Frontier agriculture

•Henry Clay

_____________•Supported

internal improvements and American

System.

•Wanted cheap land

•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.

•Against slavery but some supported letting the

people decide the slavery issue

U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their sections with each trying to promote their

self-interest.self-interest.

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Manufacturing

Daniel Webster

____________•Wanted Tariffs

•Backed internal

improvements•Wanted end

to cheap public land

•Increasingly nationalistic

•Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt.

must abolish it.

SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growing•John C. Calhoun

_____________•Opposed tariffs and

government spending on

American System

•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of

the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

WESTWEST•Frontier

agriculture•Henry Clay_____________•Supported

internal improvements

•Wanted cheap land

•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.•Against

slavery but some

supported letting the

people decide the slavery

issue

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816First truly protective tariff

20-25% duty on importsSupported by South - John C.

CalhounOpposed by North - Daniel

Webster“Great Triumvirate”

Calhoun, Webster, & Clay

Clay’s American SystemClay’s American SystemTariffs would protect growing

industriesRevenues used to build internal

improvementsRoads & canals would connect

the Ohio Valley & Mississippi to the East

Food & raw materials from the South & West exchanged for finished goods from North & East

West heavily supported ClayClay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817

leaving improvements to states

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 Causes:

Overspeculation in landCurtailment of creditCongress ordered banks to make

payment in hard currency (specie) instead of paper

Investors became overextended

Effects:

Deflation, bankruptcy, debtors imprisoned, & unemployment

Collapse of many state banksBanks foreclosed on farm

mortgagesRise of sectionalism – West &

South vs. Northeast

First of many panics First of many panics to occur on an to occur on an

approximate 20 year approximate 20 year

cycle.cycle.

Long Term Fallout:

Led to the Land Act of 1820smaller & cheaper land parcels made available

Small farmers & poorer classes support “Jacksonian Democracy”

The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre

in cash; the West demanded transportation

The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre

in cash; the West demanded transportation

Legislation passed ending debtor prisons

Farmer’s mistrust of eastern banking establishment

Growth of the WestGrowth of the West9 frontier states added by

1819Alternating free & slave

11 free & 11 slave

Reasons for westward expansion:Ohio feverSoil exhaustionLand speculationThe Embargo

Indian removalImmigrationTransportation Improvements

Cumberland & Natchez roads1807 - Steamboat1825 - Erie Canal

Internal Internal ImprovementsImprovements

•Help unite the country as well as

improve the economy and the infant

industry.

•Because of the British blockade

during the War of

1812, it was essential

for internal transportati

on improveme

nts.

Westerners called forcheap landcheap transportationcheap money

New States in the UnionNew States in the UnionOrder of AdmissionOrder of Admission 1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free) 1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave) 1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave) 1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)

1812 -- Louisiana - 18th (Slave) 1816 -- Indiana - 19th (Free) 1817 -- Mississippi - 20th (Slave) 1818 -- Illinois - 21st (Free) 1819 -- Alabama - 22nd (Slave)

SECTIONAL BALANCESECTIONAL BALANCE Free States

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois

11 States

Slave StatesVirginia, Maryland, Delaware,

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

11 States

The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise1819 - Missouri seeks

statehood as 23rd stateWould have entered the union as

a slave state

Tallmadge Amendments:House passed series of

amendments to statehood bill:Banned further introduction of slaves into Missouri

Declared children of slaves born after statehood to be freed at age 25

North more populous - controlled the House

Opposed by South & WestBill defeated in SenateSouth still even in Senate

South feared any attempts to control the expansion of slavery

South wanted to protect its “peculiar institution” & economic balance

The Missouri Compromise:1820 – drafted by Henry ClayMissouri admitted as a slave

stateMaine is admitted as a free

state

Slavery prohibited in future states north of the 36º 30’ line

Dirty Bargain or Savior of the Union?

Slavery becomes dominant issue in American politics

Election of 1820Election of 1820

James Monroe reelected by nearly unanimous electoral count in 1820one elector voted against him

to maintain Washington’s uniqueness

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court1801-1835Decisions greatly

increased power of the federal government over the states

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)“Yazoo Land Controversy”Court’s right to invalidate state

lawsMartin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)

Supremacy clause upheldSupreme Court over states

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)BUS constitutionalDenied MD right to tax BUS

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)Safeguarded business from stateGave corps. escape from gov’t

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Supremacy of SC over state court

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Only Congress could regulate

interstate commerce

Monroe’s Secretary of State

Deliberately sought to create an American Continental Empire

JQ Adams JQ Adams && Foreign Policy Foreign Policy

The Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) had limited American & British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Rush-Bagot Treaty of

1818 with Great Britain

49th Parallel

Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Fixed Canadian border at 49th parallel

Allowed American fishing off Newfoundland

10 year joint occupation of Oregon

49th Parallel

Florida “Purchase” 1812: Congress ratified conquest of West Florida

Latin Am. Revolutions left Florida without Spanish troops

1818 – Monroe authorized Andrew Jackson to pursue Indians into Floridahanged 2 Indian Chiefs, executed 2 British traders, deposed Spanish Governor

Adams informed Spain that Jackson was reacting to Spain’s failure to live up to the Treaty of 1795

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain ceded Florida & gave up claims to Oregon

U.S. gave up all claims to Texas

Gave US a border extending to Pacific Ocean

49th Parallel

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe DoctrineEuropean monarchs were

reasserting their power…End of the Napoleonic Wars Democratic & nationalistic revolts in Europe & Latin America

1821 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia decreed the west coast of North America south to 54 º 40’ line off limits to foreign ships

•Claimed by the US, Great Britain and Russia

•Russia was claiming California too

Rush-Bagot

1822 - US extended formal recognition to Latin American republics

New Latin American countries

formed from successful revolutions

US acts as protector of the

new democracies in

Western Hemisphere

British trade with Latin America led George Canning, British Foreign Secretary, to propose a treaty of joint protection of the western hemisphere with the US

Western Hemisphere or the Americas

Adams warned against being a “cockboat in the wake of the British Man-of War”

1823 – Monroe issued his doctrine outlining the principles of: non-colonizationnon-intervention

Monroe Doctrine was not a law - simply one president’s policy statement

Not enforceable, but became a major foreign policy tradition for the US

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European

affairs

US will stay out of European

affairs

Monroe Doctrine

US recognized existing

European Colonies

US recognized existing

European Colonies

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine