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James Monroe James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”
James Monroe James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”
James James MonroeMonroe
James Monroe - 1816 James Monroe - 1816 Continued the Virginia Dynasty Last Federalist candidate got 34
electoral votes Monroe went on a goodwill tour
of the states Period called “The Era of Good
Feelings”
Era of Good Will?Era of Good Will?Sectional differences developed
over:TariffsBank of the United StatesInternal ImprovementsPublic landsSlavery
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
________________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST
•Business and Manufacturing
•Daniel Webster_______________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal improvements
End to cheap public land
•Increasingly nationalistic
•Against Slavery & believed the
Govt. must abolish it.
SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton-growing
•John C. Calhoun
_______________
•Opposed tariffs and
government spending on
American System
•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of
the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
WESTWEST
•Frontier agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________•Supported
internal improvements and American
System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
•Against slavery but some supported letting the
people decide the slavery issue
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their sections with each trying to promote their
self-interest.self-interest.
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Manufacturing
Daniel Webster
____________•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal
improvements•Wanted end
to cheap public land
•Increasingly nationalistic
•Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt.
must abolish it.
SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growing•John C. Calhoun
_____________•Opposed tariffs and
government spending on
American System
•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of
the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
WESTWEST•Frontier
agriculture•Henry Clay_____________•Supported
internal improvements
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.•Against
slavery but some
supported letting the
people decide the slavery
issue
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen
tt
Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816First truly protective tariff
20-25% duty on importsSupported by South - John C.
CalhounOpposed by North - Daniel
Webster“Great Triumvirate”
Calhoun, Webster, & Clay
Clay’s American SystemClay’s American SystemTariffs would protect growing
industriesRevenues used to build internal
improvementsRoads & canals would connect
the Ohio Valley & Mississippi to the East
Food & raw materials from the South & West exchanged for finished goods from North & East
West heavily supported ClayClay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817
leaving improvements to states
Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 Causes:
Overspeculation in landCurtailment of creditCongress ordered banks to make
payment in hard currency (specie) instead of paper
Investors became overextended
Effects:
Deflation, bankruptcy, debtors imprisoned, & unemployment
Collapse of many state banksBanks foreclosed on farm
mortgagesRise of sectionalism – West &
South vs. Northeast
First of many panics First of many panics to occur on an to occur on an
approximate 20 year approximate 20 year
cycle.cycle.
Long Term Fallout:
Led to the Land Act of 1820smaller & cheaper land parcels made available
Small farmers & poorer classes support “Jacksonian Democracy”
The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre
in cash; the West demanded transportation
The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre
in cash; the West demanded transportation
Legislation passed ending debtor prisons
Farmer’s mistrust of eastern banking establishment
Growth of the WestGrowth of the West9 frontier states added by
1819Alternating free & slave
11 free & 11 slave
Reasons for westward expansion:Ohio feverSoil exhaustionLand speculationThe Embargo
Indian removalImmigrationTransportation Improvements
Cumberland & Natchez roads1807 - Steamboat1825 - Erie Canal
Internal Internal ImprovementsImprovements
•Help unite the country as well as
improve the economy and the infant
industry.
•Because of the British blockade
during the War of
1812, it was essential
for internal transportati
on improveme
nts.
Westerners called forcheap landcheap transportationcheap money
New States in the UnionNew States in the UnionOrder of AdmissionOrder of Admission 1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free) 1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave) 1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave) 1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)
1812 -- Louisiana - 18th (Slave) 1816 -- Indiana - 19th (Free) 1817 -- Mississippi - 20th (Slave) 1818 -- Illinois - 21st (Free) 1819 -- Alabama - 22nd (Slave)
SECTIONAL BALANCESECTIONAL BALANCE Free States
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
11 States
Slave StatesVirginia, Maryland, Delaware,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
11 States
The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise1819 - Missouri seeks
statehood as 23rd stateWould have entered the union as
a slave state
Tallmadge Amendments:House passed series of
amendments to statehood bill:Banned further introduction of slaves into Missouri
Declared children of slaves born after statehood to be freed at age 25
North more populous - controlled the House
Opposed by South & WestBill defeated in SenateSouth still even in Senate
South feared any attempts to control the expansion of slavery
South wanted to protect its “peculiar institution” & economic balance
The Missouri Compromise:1820 – drafted by Henry ClayMissouri admitted as a slave
stateMaine is admitted as a free
state
Slavery prohibited in future states north of the 36º 30’ line
Dirty Bargain or Savior of the Union?
Slavery becomes dominant issue in American politics
Election of 1820Election of 1820
James Monroe reelected by nearly unanimous electoral count in 1820one elector voted against him
to maintain Washington’s uniqueness
The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court1801-1835Decisions greatly
increased power of the federal government over the states
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)“Yazoo Land Controversy”Court’s right to invalidate state
lawsMartin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
Supremacy clause upheldSupreme Court over states
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)BUS constitutionalDenied MD right to tax BUS
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)Safeguarded business from stateGave corps. escape from gov’t
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Supremacy of SC over state court
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Only Congress could regulate
interstate commerce
Monroe’s Secretary of State
Deliberately sought to create an American Continental Empire
JQ Adams JQ Adams && Foreign Policy Foreign Policy
The Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) had limited American & British naval forces on the Great Lakes
Rush-Bagot Treaty of
1818 with Great Britain
49th Parallel
Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Fixed Canadian border at 49th parallel
Allowed American fishing off Newfoundland
10 year joint occupation of Oregon
49th Parallel
Florida “Purchase” 1812: Congress ratified conquest of West Florida
Latin Am. Revolutions left Florida without Spanish troops
1818 – Monroe authorized Andrew Jackson to pursue Indians into Floridahanged 2 Indian Chiefs, executed 2 British traders, deposed Spanish Governor
Adams informed Spain that Jackson was reacting to Spain’s failure to live up to the Treaty of 1795
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain ceded Florida & gave up claims to Oregon
U.S. gave up all claims to Texas
Gave US a border extending to Pacific Ocean
49th Parallel
The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe DoctrineEuropean monarchs were
reasserting their power…End of the Napoleonic Wars Democratic & nationalistic revolts in Europe & Latin America
1821 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia decreed the west coast of North America south to 54 º 40’ line off limits to foreign ships
•Claimed by the US, Great Britain and Russia
•Russia was claiming California too
Rush-Bagot
1822 - US extended formal recognition to Latin American republics
New Latin American countries
formed from successful revolutions
US acts as protector of the
new democracies in
Western Hemisphere
British trade with Latin America led George Canning, British Foreign Secretary, to propose a treaty of joint protection of the western hemisphere with the US
Western Hemisphere or the Americas
Adams warned against being a “cockboat in the wake of the British Man-of War”
1823 – Monroe issued his doctrine outlining the principles of: non-colonizationnon-intervention
Monroe Doctrine was not a law - simply one president’s policy statement
Not enforceable, but became a major foreign policy tradition for the US
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US will stay out of European
affairs
US will stay out of European
affairs
Monroe Doctrine
US recognized existing
European Colonies
US recognized existing
European Colonies
The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine