Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014

झरे� सं�रेक्षण कार्य�शाळा

Spring Protection Short Course

March 2014IofC Centre, Panchgani

• Welcome• Introductions• Organizational Overview

- In 53 countries

- In India since 1968 by Rajmohan Gandhi

- Conducts training in ethical leadership, values, personal development & trust building

ABOUT IofC India

MISSION: - Empower rural India

through thoughtful, community-led programs

CORE AREAS:- Livelihoods- Governance- Health &

Environment

Time Session

10:15-10:40 Welcome, intros, & overview

10:40-11:00 Spring definitions, general characteristics, & geography

11:00-12:15 Hydrogeology , groundwater, local examples & discussion

12:15-1:00 Best practices, water quality, spring ecology

1:00-2:00 Lunch 2:00-3:30 Case Studies – springshed mapping, ecological status,

recommendations (Godavalli, Kirunde, etc)3:30-4:00 Campus tour, sustainable demos & organic garden visit

4:00-4:30 Tea

4:30-6:30 Forest & geology trek

7:00 Dinner & wildfire movie

Overview of day 1, March 20th

Time Session

7:00-8:00 Nature walk & meditation

8:00-9:00 Breakfast

9:00-1:30 Field visit & workday, Umbari village

BRING A WATER BOTTLE!1:30-2:30 Lunch

Overview of day 2, March 21st

Why Springs?

• Water biggest issue in local villages• Lots of opportunity for springs as solution• Grampari started spring protection programme 3 years ago

Map Credit: wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons

• Now part of larger initiative funded by Arghyam to make springs national priority• Other partners in corners of India• We are partners for Western Ghats

वि�वि�रे� वि� स्प्रिं��ग्ज

•पं�पिंपं�ग खर्च�•शा�द्ध पंण�•�र्ष�भरे पं�रे�ठा

Arghyam-Grampari का�र्य�क्रम

विहं�गा�लो�कान

पू�र्ण� प्रकाल्पू��ची�

Where we’ve worked

विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू

Current projects

विची�रा�धी�न प्रकाल्पू

च्र्य� पूलो�काडे� जा�र्ण�

Outreach conducted

सो�ल्र्य�शन्सो

Extent and Characteristics of Western Ghat Springs

• Definition & Characteristics• Geography• Examples• Benefits• Eco-status

Basalt:• Fine grained• Groundwater flow

limited to cracks, vesicles

Deccan traps• 66M year old lava• 500K km2 area• ~2000m thick

Present day Iceland

Laterite Cap

Basalt Layers

Potential Spring Locations

Villages Accessing Spring Water

Typical setting

SpringFormation

Laterite Cap

Typical Groundwater Flow Paths- At contacts- Occasional fractures- Laterite plateaus

Typical spring

Includes shallow ground water sites

Spring recharge zone

Spring discharge zone

Well recharge zone

Springs

Springshed vs. watershed

Typical CharacteristicsDischarge = up to 1,00,000 liters per dayElevation = 50 to 1400 m above sea levelGeology: basalt, laterite or talusSpring type: contact or fracture

Typical CharacteristicsUses: drinking, irrigation, temples, animalsSafe, sustainable source of drinking water• Gravity-fed = no pumping cost• Year round supply • Water quality very high

Cultural value

Credit: Rohit Gowaikar, Wikipedia/Flickr

Historic value

Sole drinking water source for many

Ecohydrologic Status• Generally, declining discharge due to:– groundwater exploitation– ecological degradation

• Poor maintenance, mismanagement common

Current state of many springs

• Construction in recharge areas• Loss to bore and well pumping

• Springs being damaged or lost• Many blasting or digging wells on spring locations

• Destroys spring ecosystem• Does not yield

more water

• How many springs are there? • How many people

affected?

DON’T KNOW YET!

What we do know• Springs found throughout

Western Ghats

Karjat Area:Elevation – 50 mFlow – ~7 l/m Use – irrigationStatus – disuse, loss to bore wells

Pune Area:Elevation – 700 mFlow – ~10 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells

Koyna Area:Elev – 800 mFlow – ~30 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – healthy in unpopulated area

Panchgani Area:Elev – 1200 mFlow – ~9 l/m Use – drinkingStatus – loss to bores, wells

Western Ghats

Satara District

Maharashtra Location Map

SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend

District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations

• Our growing map of springs• For every point there are probably

100 more

Detailed survey:• >20 spring systems• 10 dependent villages• ~9000 people• All springs threatened

Maharashtra Location Map

SATARA DISTRICT SPRINGSLegend

District Boundary Taluka Boundary Spring Locations (Subsample) Laterite Tableland Formations

Conclusion:Lakhs and lakhs of people in District dependent on springs

National Importance of the Western Ghats

Western Ghats

Modified from Molur et al. 2011

• Considered one of eight top biodiversity hotspots in the world

• Only 6% of the primary vegetation remains intact

*Myers et al. 2000

Western Ghats Watersheds- Cover 9 states- Direct water supply for

120 million people - Indirect, >400 million

*Molur et al. 2011

Modified from Molur et al. 2011

Western Ghats

Hydrogeology

• Springs in Himalaya vs Western Ghats• Groundwater & springs• Local investigation of Akehgani – Springs, aquifers & recommendations for recharge

& protection

BaUjala vyavasqaapna va Jaro saMvaQa-na

ACWADAM & Grampari

Supported by Arghyam, Bengaluru

www.acwadam.org acwadam@vsnl.net

Modified after Tolman, 1937

Ja-yaa-Mcao mah%va

BaUgaiBa-ya P`akairta: BaUjalaaivaYayaI ivaivaQata samajaNyaacaM pihlaM pa}la

maharaYT/acao KDkAfter GSI, GSDA

S C A L E -1 :1 0 0 0 0 0 0

G E O L O G IC A L M A P O F M A H A R A S H T R A

L AT E R IT E S

D E C C A N T R A P L AVA F L O W S(H A R D R O C K S )

S E D IM E N T A R Y R O C K S(S O F T R O C K S )

M E TA M O R P H IC S(H A R D R O C K S )

G E O L O G IC A L F O R M A T IO NS H A L L O W A L L U V IU M

D E E P A L L U V IU M

M U M B A I

C H A N D R A P U R

B H A N D A R A

G O N D IA

N A G P U RA M R AVAT I

YAVAT M A LWASHIM

G A D C H IR O L I

W A R D H A

N A N D U R B A R

D H U L E

N A SIK

J A L G A O N

B U L D H A N A

A U R A N G A B A D

A K O L A

N A N D E D

PA R B H A N I

H IN G O L I

B E E D

J A L N A

L AT U R

N A G A R

O SM A N A B A D

P U N E

S O L A P U R

S ATA R A

R AT N A G IR I

R A IG A D

K O L H A P U R

S A N G L I

S IN D H U D U R G

T H A N E

I N D E X

doSa BaUjalaavar AvalaMbaUna . . .

–3 kaoTI ivaihrI va ik%yaok kaoTI Jaro

– ipNyaasaazI – g`aamaINa BaagaaMt 85T@@yaahUna AiQak

–SaotIsaazI – 60 to 65 T@ko

–SahraMt vaapr – javaL javaL 50 T@ko

ihmaalayatIla BaUjala P`avaah va Jaro

Spring

piScama GaaTatIla BaUjala P`avaah va Jaro

jamaIinaKalaIla vyavasqaa

Jaro: BaUjalaacaaca ek Baaga

jamaInaItIla “BaUjala” ijaqaM jamaInaIvar baahor pDtM %yaa izkaNaI “Jara” saapDtao

BaUjala “BaUjalaQaarkat” (aquifer) AaZLtM. BaUjalaQaarkatIla naOsaiga-kir%yaa baahor pDNaaro PaaNaI Jara mhNaUna AapNa pahtao.

Points of Groundwater Discharge

Jaro: ivaivaQa P`akar

Ja-yaa-Mcao P`akar samajaUna GaoNa AavaSyak…

-Depression spring

-Contact spring

- Fracture spring

- Fault spring

- Karst spring

Jara va ivaihr yaat kaya samaanata Aaho ?

AQUIFER ikMvaa BaUjalaQaark

What normally comes to mind when we refer to “groundwater”.....

Aquifer

looking beyond

sources...

...understanding the resource

Mountain sources – water in two villages: beyond topography, watersheds and admin boundaries…

Aquifers: revisiting sources vs the resource

BaUjala iva&ana va punaBa-

MrNa ..,.

AaKogaNaIcaM “gaugala” ica~

AaKogaNaItIla ek Jara…

AaKogaNaI gaavaatIla Jara va BaUgaBaa-tIla vyavasqaa

Groundwater: partly visible but practically undivisible…

AaKogaNaItIla BaUjalaQaarktIla P`avaah: ivaihrI va Jara yaaMnaa paNaI doNaara ekca s`aaot

AaKogaNaItIla punaBa-rNaasaazI ]pyau@t xao~

Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management Email: acwadam@vsnl.netWebsite: www.acwadam.org

Best PracticesBuild awareness & empower community to: • Find & fix leaks• Identify springshed • Protect from fire, grazing, tree cutting• Limit nearby pumping (bores, wells)• Build/maintain spring box, prevent contamination

Empowerment

Field Survey

• Leaks a major problem• Up to 25% of supply lost

Shramdhan

Springshed Restoration & Recharge

Spring Box

Standard Spring Box

Sub-surface Box

Nalla-box (sand dam)

With livestock or wildlife guzzler

Water quality of springs

• Contamination generally due to poor design in harvest and storage• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting)• Surface water runoff• Storage tank hygiene

Water Quality of Springs

• Water quality very good; min & max values

– Temp: 17 – 22 °C (winter)– Ph: 7.3 – 8.3 – TDS: 35 – 160 mg/l– EC: 70 – 320 mmho/cm – Hardness (CaCO3): 30 – 140 mg/l – Na: 2 – 25 mg/l

– K: 0 – 2 mg/l– Ca2: 10 – 36 mg/l– Mg2: 1 – 12 mg/l– HCO3: 31 – 177 mg/l– Cl: 7 – 14 mg/l – Fe2: 0.4 – 0.7 mg/l *****

From Naik et al. 2000

• Only iron shows marginal excess• Pathogens are rare at source (e.g. no fecals)

Typical spring box • Installed in 1970s as drought

response• Poor design & maintenance =

leaks, contamination• Declining flow due to adjacent

pumping, ecological degradation

Surface water runoff

HUMAN FECES ON A SPRING BOX

Water quality of springs

• Conversion to surface water sources (i.e. blasting to make a spring cum well)

• Results in contamination

Spring Restoration & Ecology• Springshed degradation• Restoration best practices• Ecological reference conditions• Importance to biodiversity

Spring Recharge

Misplaced wells can destroy springs

Spring Recharge

Best case, healthy native vegetation

Spring Recharge

Loss of trees = less monsoon captured

Annual burning & overgrazing = more runoff

Spring Recharge

Continued pressure = soil loss & no recharge

Ecological Degradation

• Anthropogenic fire• Over grazing• Fuel wood collection

CCT – Continuos Contour Trenches

Staggered Trenches

Farm Ponds

Loose rock dams

Tree planting• Survival rate is 10%• Protection from

grazing & fire• Watering

NORTHASPECT

SOUTHASPECT

Is this ecosystem healthy???

• Freshwater biodiversity dependent on springs (plants, insects, fish and other vertebrates)

• Many of the most threatened species (large mammals, fish & amphibians) depend on springs

• And these are some of the most heavily used ecosystems

Nalla-box (sand dam)

With livestock or wildlife guzzler

LUNCH!REFERENCES:

Molur, S., Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2011. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature 403, 853-858(24 February 2000).

Naik, P.K., · A.K. Awasthi, P.C. Mohan. 2002. Springs in a Headwater Basin in the Deccan Trap Country of the Western Ghats, India. Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:553–565.

Godavalli Village

Panchgani Tableland

Main Spring at Temple

Godavalli Village Mapping & RecommendationsFeb 2014

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Sub-Watershed Spring Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

Watershed & SpringFeb 2014

Godavalli Aquifer Contour

Feb 2014

WellsSpring

Longitude (decimal degrees)

Elevation (m)

WellsSpringFlow Vectors

Godavalli Aquifer Feb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Talus & Soils Complex

1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Laterite Rocky Plateau

Geologic SectionFeb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

RECHARGE ZONE

SPRING – DISCHARGE ZONE

Recharge & Discharge Zones

Feb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Orthographic SectionFeb 2014

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

1315 m

1220 m

1187 m

1125 m

1090 m

Massive Basalt

Vesicular Basalt

Recharge ZoneFeb 2014

RECHARGE ZONE

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Springshed Recharge Zone Springshed Discharge Zone Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

Recharge & Discharge ZonesFeb 2014

Lineament/Fracture Zone along Nala Management – Reforestation Management – Roof Water Harvest & Limited Pumping Laterite - Basalt Contact Contour

Management RecommendationsFeb 2014

Tomorrow’s Field VisitUmbari Village

• Approximate spring locations• What do you notice about the landscape?

• Notice anything else?

Recent fire scars

Spring Quiz!

LEGEND- - - - Basalt – laterite contact------ Other contacts * Likely spring locations-.-.-.- Springshed ……. Sub-watershed (picture 2 only) x Management recommendations

** ** *

Protect from fire, reduce grazing, ban wood collection, limit pumping

Learning about Springs & Groundwater_ Dr.Jared Buono and Dr. Himanshu Kulkarni_2014

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