Learning

Learning’ from Observations

Psychology

Qambrani Shoaib AnwerDBA – BBA (Finance)

ESL Certified

Acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills.

Immediate response to a change in its environment

Children modeling after pro wrestlers

Learning & Orienting Response

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles Acquisition Extension Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Phobia

Operant Conditioning

Associate a response and its consequence

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors

followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Operant Chamber

Skinner Box chamber with a

bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

Types of Reinforcers

Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. A heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkat’s behavior in the cold.

Reuters/ C

Punishment

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Shaping

Guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive

approximations.

A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminateobjects of different shapes, colors and sizes.

is Ram

adhan/ Panapress/ Getty Im

Fred Bavendam

/ Peter Arnold, Inc.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses faster you respond the more

rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of

unpredictability

Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Mail delivery, waiting for cake to bake

Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz, waiting for a busy

phone line to clear.

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation (CR) by

using miniature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When

he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog’s body, salivation

dropped.

Stimulus Discrimination

Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

Primary Reinforcer

sleep, food, air, water

Primary Punisherpainful stimulation which would serve as a punisher in many cases

Condition Reinforcersound from a clicker, as used in clicker as clicker training.

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