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Learning’ from Observations Psychology Qambrani Shoaib Anwer DBA – BBA (Finance) ESL Certified

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My Presentation on "Learning from Observations" Class assignment.

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Page 1: Learning

Learning’ from Observations

Psychology

Qambrani Shoaib AnwerDBA – BBA (Finance)

ESL Certified

Page 2: Learning

Acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills.

Immediate response to a change in its environment

Children modeling after pro wrestlers

Bob

Dae

mm

rich

/ The

Im

age

Wor

ks

Gla

ssm

an/ T

he I

mag

e W

orks

Learning & Orienting Response

Page 3: Learning

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Page 4: Learning

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Page 5: Learning

Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles Acquisition Extension Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Phobia

Page 6: Learning

Operant Conditioning

Associate a response and its consequence

Page 7: Learning

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors

followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Page 8: Learning

Operant Chamber

Skinner Box chamber with a

bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

Page 9: Learning

Types of Reinforcers

Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. A heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkat’s behavior in the cold.

Reuters/ C

orbis

Page 10: Learning

Punishment

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Page 11: Learning

Shaping

Guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive

approximations.

A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminateobjects of different shapes, colors and sizes.

Kham

is Ram

adhan/ Panapress/ Getty Im

ages

Fred Bavendam

/ Peter Arnold, Inc.

Page 12: Learning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses faster you respond the more

rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

Page 13: Learning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of

unpredictability

Page 14: Learning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Mail delivery, waiting for cake to bake

Page 15: Learning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz, waiting for a busy

phone line to clear.

Page 16: Learning

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation (CR) by

using miniature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When

he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog’s body, salivation

dropped.

Page 17: Learning

Stimulus Discrimination

Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Page 18: Learning

Stimulus Discrimination

Primary Reinforcer

sleep, food, air, water

Primary Punisherpainful stimulation which would serve as a punisher in many cases

Condition Reinforcersound from a clicker, as used in clicker as clicker training.

Page 19: Learning

ThanksAsk Your Queries.


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