Introduction tohydrology b

Space Time

Riccardo RigonRiccardo Rigon

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River Networks

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River Networks

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River Networks

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River Networks

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R. Rigon

River Networks

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Scales and patterns

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Scales and patterns

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Scales and patterns

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F. S

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Scales and patterns

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F. S

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Scales and patterns

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F. S

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R. Rigon

Scales and patterns

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F. S

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Scales and patterns

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Function and Form

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Function and Form

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Sub

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Hillslopes

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Pix

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Smaller scales

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Smaller scales

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Mass and energy

Riccardo Rigon

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Budgets

First you chose a control

volume

The budget represent

the variation of the given

quantity in the control

volume , for a given

time interval.

This is the algebraic sum

of what enters minus what

left the volume.

Depending on the budget type,

you have also to account for

chemical transformations,

including phase changes.

The water and energy budget

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The water budget

Surface

Vadose zone

Water tables

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The water and energy budget

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In the previous slides surface runoff, flow in

soils, and groundawater fluxes were still

missing.

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Eapotranspiration is also missing. This is the

sum of evaporation from surface waters,

evaporation from soils, and transpiration from

plants (grass, bushes, trees).

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

Groundwater runoff

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil

Groundwater runoff

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil I n t en s i t y o f

precipitation

Groundwater runoff

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil I n t en s i t y o f

precipitation

Evapotranspiration

Groundwater runoff

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil I n t en s i t y o f

precipitation

Evapotranspiration

Surface runoff

Groundwater runoff

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil I n t en s i t y o f

precipitation

Evapotranspiration

Surface runoff

Groundwater runoff

Runoff in the soil

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The water and energy budget

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The water budget in a soil volume

V a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e o f w a t e r within the volume of soil I n t en s i t y o f

precipitation

Evapotranspiration

Surface runoff

Groundwater runoff

Runoff in the soil

Time step

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The water and energy budget

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The control volume does not need to

be a simple form: a basins, for

instance, is a typical control volume.

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

Control volume

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Qg

Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Qg

Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Qg

Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di massaAltri esempi

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di massaAltri esempi

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di massaAltri esempi

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di massaAltri esempi

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Examples

The water budget

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The water and energy budget

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Lateraladvection ofvapour andwater

S u r f a c e runoff

subsurface runoff

The mass balance for a volume of atmosphere above the soil

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The water and energy budget

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Variation of water and vapour in the layer of atmosphere considered

Lateraladvection ofvapour andwater

S u r f a c e runoff

subsurface runoff

The mass balance for a volume of atmosphere above the soil

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The water and energy budget

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Variation of water and vapour in the layer of atmosphere considered

Intensity of net evaporation

Lateraladvection ofvapour andwater

S u r f a c e runoff

subsurface runoff

The mass balance for a volume of atmosphere above the soil

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The water and energy budget

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The Energy budget

The first group of term in the

energy budget is the radiation

budget.

It includes short wave radiation

from the Sun; and long wave

radiation: from atmosphere and

clouds to the atmosphere.

Il bilancio di massa ed energia

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Precipitation too enters in the

budget, which, for instance, can

contribute to snowmelt.

Heat flux towards the Earth center

depends on the depth of the control

volume, and can be either positive

or negative.

The Energy budget

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di energia

Finally we have also

evapotraspiration, and

heat exchanges by

convention from surface

and atmosphere.

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The water and energy budget

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Il bilancio di energia

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Net short-wave radiation

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Net short-wave radiation

Net long-wave radiation

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Net short-wave radiation

Net long-wave radiation

Release of heat by convection / conduction to the atmosphere

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Net short-wave radiation

Net long-wave radiation

Release of heat by convection / conduction to the atmosphere

Heat content of evapotranspiration

Timeinterval

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

Variation of energy stored in the soil

Net short-wave radiation

Net long-wave radiation

Release of heat by convection / conduction to the atmosphere

Heat content of evapotranspiration

Timeinterval

Release of heat by convection / conduction to ground below

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The water and energy budget

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The energy balance

�E = (Rsw n �Rlw n �H � �e ET n �G)�t

E n t h a l p y o f vaporisation (or l a t e n t h e a t o f vaporisation)

Evapotranspiration

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The water and energy budget

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