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Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State University
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2/9/2009
1
Master Gardener Training, 2009
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management
Gail Langellotto, Ph.D. (Entomology)OSU Department of Horticulture
Pest Control and Biological Diversity
20X
15Xndex
Pesticide Treadmill
IPM
Sustainable Pest Management
15X
10X
5X
1X1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Com
plex
ity
In
Time
Diamondback Moth on Cabbage
• Triangles = Sprayed
Ci l• Circles = Unsprayed
Parasitoids on Cabbage
• Triangles = Sprayed
Ci l• Circles = Unsprayed
Number of Species Currently Controlled with Pesticides
Diseases 137Insects 304Mites 34Nematodes 23Weeds 102
Conservation Biological Control
• Few studies have been conducted in garden systems– Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down
or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes?p
Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System
2/9/2009
2
• Raupp et al. 2001. Plant species diversity and abundance affects the number of arthropod pests in residential landscapes.
Land
Components
AbioticPlant
Disease Complex
LandscapeEcology Pest
Complex
Land
NaturalEnemies
Management
SoilAbioticFactors
Plant Diversity
OrganicMatter
Nutrients
Soil
Nematodes
MicrobialFlora
Micro/MacroInverte-brates
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics
CulturalPhysicalBiologicalChemical
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics
Integrated StrategiesIntegrated Strategies
IPM (Monitoring)BiodynamicOrganicConventional
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics
Integrated StrategiesIntegrated Strategies
MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--strategystrategy No Single Strategy (Integrated, or Not) Fits All Pests
2/9/2009
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Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Systems IntegrationSystems Integration Diverse Yards Require Flexible and Diverse Strategies
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics
Integrated StrategiesIntegrated Strategies
MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--strategystrategy•Vegetable Garden•Perennial Bed•Home Orchard•Waterwise Plants
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level II
Level III
Systems IntegrationSystems Integration
Regional IntegrationRegional IntegrationYour NeighborYour City PlannerYour Area Farms
Level I
Level II
PesticidesPesticides
Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics
Integrated StrategiesIntegrated Strategies
MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--tactictactic
Objective
• Introduce Principles of IPM, and consider how you can use an IPM approach to pest control in your garden
Principles of IPM
• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
Principles of IPM
• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
(1) Monitoring
• Look for pest organisms, damage and beneficial predators/parasitoids on a regular basis
• Keep a record of your observationsKeep a record of your observations
• Collect samples of pest organisms or of damage – Helps to ensure that damage / pest match up
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4
(1) Monitoring Techniques
• Visual Counts
• Damage EstimatesLeast CostLeast Effort
• Water Pan Traps
• Yellow Sticky Traps
• Beer and Board Traps
• Pheromone Traps
Moderate CostSome Effort
Moderate – High CostModerate Effort
(1) Monitoring: Visual Estimates
• Estimate % of plant that is damaged– % of leaves damaged
– % damage per leaf
Describe damage– Describe damage
• Count or estimate # of pests per plant– Count or estimate on a
per leaf basis if plant is large
Lacebug Damage
Black Vine Weevil Damage
(1) Monitoring: Water Pan Traps
YellowBlue
White
Bees in Pan Trap
(1) Monitoring –Sticky Traps
Yellow Sticky Trap
Yellow sticky trap
Trapping for fungus gnatsBlue Sticky Trap
(1) Monitoring – Beer and Board Traps
• For slugs and snails• Raised boards• Homemade or
commercial beer traps
Beer Trap
p
Board Trap Beer Trap
(1) Monitoring – Pheromone Traps
Apple maggot trap
Apple Maggot TrapRoach Pheromone Trap
Codling Moth Traps
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Monitoring – Phermone Traps
• Japanese Beetle Traps
Japanese Beetle
Carbon Dioxide Traps
• Used to monitor mosquito populations– West Nile
– Malaria
• Many blood feeding parasites cue in onMany blood feeding parasites cue in on CO2 emissions
Principles of IPM
• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
Identify the Problem
• Look for patterns of damage– In the garden and on a plant
Uniform Damage Non-Uniform Damage
Non-Living (Abiotic) CausesLiving (Biotic) Causes
• Vertebrate pests
• Insects & mites
• Nematodes
Fungi• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
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Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic orBiotic?
Abiotic orBiotic
Diagnosing Insect Problems
• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a photo– Get a sample of the “insect”
– Get a sample of the damage
• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect– Is it an adult or a juvenile?Is it an adult or a juvenile?
• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for juveniles)– What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there
2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body, or tent like over the body?
– Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of damage being reported?
Step by Step Method of Diagnosis
• Define the problem.
• Look for patterns.
• Observe where the damage occurs on a plant.
• Examine spread of problem.
• Determine likely cause of damage.
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7
Damage by Mining Insects
MinersPear slug damage
Pear slugPear slugBoxwood Leaf Miner
Boxwood Leaf Miner Damage
Boxwood Leaf Miner
Damage by Chewing Insects
Chewers Black Vine WeevilDamage
Flea Beetle Larvae andDamage
Cucumber Beetle& Damage
Damage by Sucking Insects and Mites
Mesophyll Feeder
Spider Mite
Azalea Lace Bug Damage
Spider MiteDamage
Spider MiteDamage
Spider MiteDamage
Damage by Sucking Insects
Phloem Feeder
Aphid Damage Aphid Infestation on Hybrid Tea Rose
Identify your Pest
• Local Extension Office and OSU Master Gardener Program
• OSU Insect ID Clinic– http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/insect_clinic/
• OSU Plant Disease Clinichttp://plant disease ippc orst edu/clinic cfmPacific– http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/clinic.cfmPacific Northwest Nursery IPM
– http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/• OSU IPPC IPM Handbooks Online
– http://www.ipmnet.org/IPM_Handbooks.htm
Principles of IPM
• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
2/9/2009
8
Principles of IPM
• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
Manage Using All Available StrategiesManage Using All Available Strategies
Cultural
Physical
Biological
Least Toxic
Biological
Chemical
– Use a least hazardous approach, that will also enact effective control
Most Toxic
Cultural Control Prevention!
• Altering your garden or gardening practices to reduce pest populations or injury
• Reduce plant stress through proper horticultural practicehorticultural practice
• Three Components– Selection
– Installation
– Maintenance
Plant / Site Selection
• RIGHT PLANT. RIGHT PLACE.
• Select quality nursery stock
• Select plants with pest resistance
• Companion Planting
Plant Selection: Resistant Plants
Adult Root Weevil Damage to Leaves
R. davidsonianum
Root Weevils
Resistant varietiesList of Rhododendrons Resistant to Root Weevils can be found at:http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehcsg/pdf/weevil%20guide.pdf
Information on Managing Root Weevils in the Pacific Northwest:http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1485.pdf
Plant Selection: Companion planting
• Pests and the Plants that Repel Them
Flea beetle Catnip, marigold, nasturtium, peppermint, rue, spearmint, southernwood, tansy
Japanese beetle Catnip, chives, garlic, nasturtium, odorless marigold, tansy, white geranium
http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/Chemung/publications/companion-planting.pdf
white geranium
Rabbit Garlic, marigold, onion
Slugs and Snails Fennel, garlic, rosemary
Spider mite Coriander, dill
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Plant Installation
• Improper planting often results in stressed plants.
• Compacted soils are often a particular problem on home sites.problem on home sites.
• “I’d rather plant a $0.50 plant in a $5.00 hole than a $5.00 plant in a $0.50 hole.”
Cultural Control: Plant Maintenance
• Water for deep, spread roots
• Fertilizing– Too much fertilizer can increase insect pest
problems as much as too little fertilizer.
• Mulching / Groundcovers– Can reduce weed problems
• Remove and properly dispose of garden debris
Disease Management: Sanitation
• Clean up Debris
Disease Management: SanitationDisease Management: Sanitation
•• Remove diseased Remove diseased plantsplants
Hellebore with gray mold
•• Prune away diseased Prune away diseased plant partsplant parts
Physical/Mechanical Control
• Use of physical barriers, machines or objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the pest (remedial)
Horticultural fabrics to cover plants– Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative)
– Flyswatter (remedial)
Physical Control: Sticky barrier
• Can prevent pests from climbing and colonizing tree.
• Can prevent pests from climbing down tree to pupate in soil
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Copper Barriers for Molluscs
Brown Garden Snail
Physical Control: Collars and Cages
Tin CollarCutworm Control
Plant Cage on RadishesCabbage Maggot Control
Physical Control: Row Covers
• Covers many plants, or entire rows
• Protection for seedlings, or during other lnerable timesother vulnerable times
• Light, thermal and air environment will be modified
Handpicking
Place insects in soapywater to kill them
Spray plants with water to dislodge aphids.
Aphids
Water Sprays
Spider
Mites
Spider mites
p
Must be sprayed regularly to prevent recolonization.
Aphids
Pruning
Tent caterpillars
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Boxelder Bug Flea
Vacuuming
Asian Ladybug Beetle
Tilling
Tilling
Garden symphylan
Physical Control: Bug Zappers
Royal Walnut Mothsitting on a bug zapper
Biological Control
• Biological control is the use of living organisms —parasites, predators, or pathogens—to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels, and may be either natural (conservation) or applied (augmentative)(conservation) or applied (augmentative).
The 3 P’s:Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens
• While at least 26 families of parasitoids have been used, the most frequent hymenopterans are– Braconidae
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Parasitoids asBiological Control Agents
– Ichneumonidae– Eulophidae– Pteromalidae– Encyrtidae– Aphelinidae
• In the Diptera, the most frequent group has been the Tachinidae
Superfamily Chalcidoidea
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Insect Predators asBiological Control Agents
• There are 32 families that are significant for pest suppression, most common of which include:
• Neuroptera• Chrysopidae
(green lacewings)
• Heteroptera• Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs)• Pentatomidae
• Diptera• Cecidomiidae
(predatory midges)
• Syrphidae
(syrphid flies)
• Hymenoptera• Formicidae
(ants)
• Pentatomidae (soldier bugs)• Reduviidae (assassin bugs)
• Coleoptera• Carabidae (ground beetles)• Coccinellidae (lady bird beetles)• Staphylinidae (rove beetles)
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Green Lacewing Larvae
Predaceous Insects
Minute Pirate Bug
Assassin Bug
Soldier Bug
Rove Beetle
Ground Beetle Syrphid Fly Larvae
• Spiders (Araneae) are all predacious
• Predacious mites (Phytoseiidae) are important in controlling spider mites
Arachnid Predators asBiological Control Agents
Photo Credit: Jim Walgenbach Southern Applalachian Apple IPM ProgramMountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center
Photo Credit: Jay Rosenheim Department of Entomology
UC Davis
Braconid emerging from moth cocoon
Ichneumonid
Ichneumonid
Parasitoid Wasps
Image Source:AMNH
Braconid pupae on tomato hornworm
Ichneumonid
Parasitoid Wasps
Eulophid Wasp
Aphelenid Wasp Encyrtid Wasp
Ptermomalid Wasp
Parasitized Insects
Aphid Mummies
Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae
Parasitized Beetle Larvae
Parasitoid Emerging from
Aphid Mummy
Augmentative Biological Control
• Increase local abundance of predators and parasitoids by releasing the biological control agents into the garden
• Use of biological control agents as you would a h i l ti idchemical pesticide
Stapling EggCards Egg Cards
Lacewing Eggs
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Conservation Biological Control
• Increases the abundance of natural enemies where the habitat has been manipulated (Langellotto and Denno 2004)
• Spatial scale of conservation biological control area influences success (Langellotto and Rosenheim in prep)
Beetle BanksBeetle BanksHedgerow
Field Margin
Conservation Biological Control
• Few studies have been conducted in garden systems– Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down
or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes?p
Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System
Four Principles of IPM
• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organism• Establish an acceptable injury p j y
threshold• Manage using all available strategies
Chemical Control in IPM
• IPM permits integrated use of chemical pesticides, but also actively seeks to minimize applications
• REDUCE – spray when needed, and not according to scheduleg
• REPLACE – use other, less toxic alternatives to pesticides
• REDESIGN – correct past landscape design issues to reduce pest problems
Number of Species Currently Controlled with Pesticides
Diseases 137Insects 304Mites 34Nematodes 23Weeds 102
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Organic and Synthetic
• Organic: Derived from an organic source– Botanicals (pyrethrum
NeemTM, RotenoneTM) – Microbials (Bt sprays)
Naturalytes (SpinosadTM)– Naturalytes (SpinosadTM)
• Synthetic: Manufactured pesticides
SyntheticPyrethroid
OrganicPyrethrin
Broad Spectrum / Non-Selective
• Controls a wide range of pest organisms– Organophosphates (a.i. malathion)
– Carbamates (a.i. carbaryl, methomyl)
– Pyrethroids (a.i. cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin)y ( y p p )
– Neonicotinoids (a.i. imidacloprid)
Examples of BroadSpectrum
Insecticides
Narrow Spectrum / Selective
• Controls a narrow range of pest organisms– Insect Growth Regulators (IntrepidTM),
– Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), Bt-k (DipelTM) and Bt-t (NovodorTM)
Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata.
Bt-t toxin is effective againstThis pest of potatoes, tomatoesand other solanaceous crops
Pesticide Classes - Insecticides
Class Mode of Action
Range of Activity
Notes
Organophophates Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Broad Potential non-target effects on mammals, beneficial insects a concern
Carbamates Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Broad – Chewing Insects
Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects a concernInhibitor Insects beneficial insects a concern, mammals
Pyrethroids Impacts Ion Channels
Broad Low toxicity to mammals, birds. Toxic to fish. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects.
Neonicitinoids Impacts Ion Channels
Broad –Homoptera and beetles
Systemic. Low toxicity to mammals. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects, especially bees.
Microbials - Bt Stomach poison. Paralyzes insect gut.
Narrow – (Bt-k) caterpillars, (Bt-t) beetles, (Bt-i) -Flies
Must be ingested in order to be effective. Thus, targets only those insects that are feeding on the protected plant.
Pesticide Classes - Insecticides
Class Mode of Action
Range of Activity
Notes
Microbial Derivitives -Avermectims
Inhibits ion channels
Mites, Leaf Miners, Leaf Beetles
Moderate toxicity to mammals. Toxicity to aquatic organisms potentially high.
Microbial D i iti
Overexcites Leaf Chewers, Th i G ll
Low toxicity to mammals and b fi i l i tDerivitives -
Spinosadnervous system
Thrips, some Gall Makers
beneficial insects.
Horticultural Oils Smothering (block spiracles)
Effective against many insects –active stages and eggs
Low toxicity and minimal impacts on non-target insects.
Insecticidal Soaps Disrupts cuticle Small, soft-bodies insects and mites
Vertebrates and non-target insects generally not impacted. Toxic against beneficial mites. May directly harm plant
Pesticide Classes - Insecticides
Class Mode of Action
Range of Activity
Notes
Botanical Insecticides -pyrethrum
Impacts Ion Channels
Many insects, but particularly useful against caterpillars, sawfly larvae leaf
Low toxicity to mammals. Rapid break down in sun. Degradation limits impact on beneficial insects, but may require repeat applicationlarvae, leaf
beetles, leafhoppers
application.
Botanical Insecticides - neem
Inhibits feeding, interferes with molting and egg production
Effective against a limited range of insects.
Low toxicity to mammals. Low risk to beneficial insects.
Information for Tables Taken From: Whitney Cranshaw. Classes of Pesticides Used in Landscape/Nursery
Pest Management. In Chapter 9 of Tactics and Tools for IPM.
2/9/2009
15
Minimizing the Negative Effects of Chemical Control
• Avoid applying pesticides on a windy day.• Choose narrow over broad spectrum
insecticides.• Spot treat, rather than broadcast a p
pesticide.• Always read the label, follow directions and
do not apply more than is recommended.• Wear protective clothing and eyewear.• Dispose of unwanted pesticides and empty
containers properly.
Land
Components
AbioticPlant
Disease Complex
LandscapeEcology Pest
Complex
Land
NaturalEnemies
Management
SoilAbioticFactors
Plant Diversity
OrganicMatter
Nutrients
Soil
Nematodes
MicrobialFlora
Micro/MacroInverte-brates
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