Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State University

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Master Gardener Training, 2009

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

Gail Langellotto, Ph.D. (Entomology)OSU Department of Horticulture

Pest Control and Biological Diversity

20X

15Xndex

Pesticide Treadmill

IPM

Sustainable Pest Management

15X

10X

5X

1X1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Com

plex

ity

In

Time

Diamondback Moth on Cabbage

• Triangles = Sprayed

Ci l• Circles = Unsprayed

Parasitoids on Cabbage

• Triangles = Sprayed

Ci l• Circles = Unsprayed

Number of Species Currently Controlled with Pesticides

Diseases 137Insects 304Mites 34Nematodes 23Weeds 102

Conservation Biological Control

• Few studies have been conducted in garden systems– Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down

or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes?p

Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System

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• Raupp et al. 2001. Plant species diversity and abundance affects the number of arthropod pests in residential landscapes.

Land

Components

AbioticPlant

Disease Complex

LandscapeEcology Pest

Complex

Land

NaturalEnemies

Management

SoilAbioticFactors

Plant Diversity

OrganicMatter

Nutrients

Soil

Nematodes

MicrobialFlora

Micro/MacroInverte-brates

Climbing the Alternatives Ladder

Level II

Level III

Level I

Level II

PesticidesPesticides


Level II

Level III

Level I

Level II


Multiple TacticsMultiple Tactics

CulturalPhysicalBiologicalChemical


Level II

Level III

Level I

Level II



Integrated StrategiesIntegrated Strategies

IPM (Monitoring)BiodynamicOrganicConventional


Level II

Level III

Level I

Level II




MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--strategystrategy No Single Strategy (Integrated, or Not) Fits All Pests

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Level II

Level III

Systems IntegrationSystems Integration Diverse Yards Require Flexible and Diverse Strategies

Level I

Level II




MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--strategystrategy•Vegetable Garden•Perennial Bed•Home Orchard•Waterwise Plants


Level II

Level III

Systems IntegrationSystems Integration

Regional IntegrationRegional IntegrationYour NeighborYour City PlannerYour Area Farms

Level I

Level II




MultiMulti--species / Multispecies / Multi--tactictactic

Objective

• Introduce Principles of IPM, and consider how you can use an IPM approach to pest control in your garden

Principles of IPM

• Prevent Problems• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organismy p g• Establish an acceptable injury

threshold• Manage using all available strategies

Principles of IPM



(1) Monitoring

• Look for pest organisms, damage and beneficial predators/parasitoids on a regular basis

• Keep a record of your observationsKeep a record of your observations

• Collect samples of pest organisms or of damage – Helps to ensure that damage / pest match up

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(1) Monitoring Techniques

• Visual Counts

• Damage EstimatesLeast CostLeast Effort

• Water Pan Traps

• Yellow Sticky Traps

• Beer and Board Traps

• Pheromone Traps

Moderate CostSome Effort

Moderate – High CostModerate Effort

(1) Monitoring: Visual Estimates

• Estimate % of plant that is damaged– % of leaves damaged

– % damage per leaf

Describe damage– Describe damage

• Count or estimate # of pests per plant– Count or estimate on a

per leaf basis if plant is large

Lacebug Damage

Black Vine Weevil Damage

(1) Monitoring: Water Pan Traps

YellowBlue

White

Bees in Pan Trap

(1) Monitoring –Sticky Traps

Yellow Sticky Trap

Yellow sticky trap

Trapping for fungus gnatsBlue Sticky Trap

(1) Monitoring – Beer and Board Traps

• For slugs and snails• Raised boards• Homemade or

commercial beer traps

Beer Trap

p

Board Trap Beer Trap

(1) Monitoring – Pheromone Traps

Apple maggot trap

Apple Maggot TrapRoach Pheromone Trap

Codling Moth Traps

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Monitoring – Phermone Traps

• Japanese Beetle Traps

Japanese Beetle

Carbon Dioxide Traps

• Used to monitor mosquito populations– West Nile

– Malaria

• Many blood feeding parasites cue in onMany blood feeding parasites cue in on CO2 emissions

Principles of IPM



Identify the Problem

• Look for patterns of damage– In the garden and on a plant

Uniform Damage Non-Uniform Damage

Non-Living (Abiotic) CausesLiving (Biotic) Causes

• Vertebrate pests

• Insects & mites

• Nematodes

Fungi• Fungi

• Bacteria

• Viruses

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Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic or Biotic?

Abiotic orBiotic?

Abiotic orBiotic

Diagnosing Insect Problems

• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a photo– Get a sample of the “insect”

– Get a sample of the damage

• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect– Is it an adult or a juvenile?Is it an adult or a juvenile?

• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for juveniles)– What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there

2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body, or tent like over the body?

– Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of damage being reported?

Step by Step Method of Diagnosis

• Define the problem.

• Look for patterns.

• Observe where the damage occurs on a plant.

• Examine spread of problem.

• Determine likely cause of damage.

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Damage by Mining Insects

MinersPear slug damage

Pear slugPear slugBoxwood Leaf Miner

Boxwood Leaf Miner Damage

Boxwood Leaf Miner

Damage by Chewing Insects

Chewers Black Vine WeevilDamage

Flea Beetle Larvae andDamage

Cucumber Beetle& Damage

Damage by Sucking Insects and Mites

Mesophyll Feeder

Spider Mite

Azalea Lace Bug Damage

Spider MiteDamage

Spider MiteDamage

Spider MiteDamage

Damage by Sucking Insects

Phloem Feeder

Aphid Damage Aphid Infestation on Hybrid Tea Rose

Identify your Pest

• Local Extension Office and OSU Master Gardener Program

• OSU Insect ID Clinic– http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/insect_clinic/

• OSU Plant Disease Clinichttp://plant disease ippc orst edu/clinic cfmPacific– http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/clinic.cfmPacific Northwest Nursery IPM

– http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/• OSU IPPC IPM Handbooks Online

– http://www.ipmnet.org/IPM_Handbooks.htm

Principles of IPM



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Principles of IPM



Manage Using All Available StrategiesManage Using All Available Strategies

Cultural

Physical

Biological

Least Toxic

Biological

Chemical

– Use a least hazardous approach, that will also enact effective control

Most Toxic

Cultural Control Prevention!

• Altering your garden or gardening practices to reduce pest populations or injury

• Reduce plant stress through proper horticultural practicehorticultural practice

• Three Components– Selection

– Installation

– Maintenance

Plant / Site Selection

• RIGHT PLANT. RIGHT PLACE.

• Select quality nursery stock

• Select plants with pest resistance

• Companion Planting

Plant Selection: Resistant Plants

Adult Root Weevil Damage to Leaves

R. davidsonianum

Root Weevils

Resistant varietiesList of Rhododendrons Resistant to Root Weevils can be found at:http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehcsg/pdf/weevil%20guide.pdf

Information on Managing Root Weevils in the Pacific Northwest:http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1485.pdf

Plant Selection: Companion planting

• Pests and the Plants that Repel Them

Flea beetle Catnip, marigold, nasturtium, peppermint, rue, spearmint, southernwood, tansy

Japanese beetle Catnip, chives, garlic, nasturtium, odorless marigold, tansy, white geranium

http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/Chemung/publications/companion-planting.pdf

white geranium

Rabbit Garlic, marigold, onion

Slugs and Snails Fennel, garlic, rosemary

Spider mite Coriander, dill

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Plant Installation

• Improper planting often results in stressed plants.

• Compacted soils are often a particular problem on home sites.problem on home sites.

• “I’d rather plant a $0.50 plant in a $5.00 hole than a $5.00 plant in a $0.50 hole.”

Cultural Control: Plant Maintenance

• Water for deep, spread roots

• Fertilizing– Too much fertilizer can increase insect pest

problems as much as too little fertilizer.

• Mulching / Groundcovers– Can reduce weed problems

• Remove and properly dispose of garden debris

Disease Management: Sanitation

• Clean up Debris

Disease Management: SanitationDisease Management: Sanitation

•• Remove diseased Remove diseased plantsplants

Hellebore with gray mold

•• Prune away diseased Prune away diseased plant partsplant parts

Physical/Mechanical Control

• Use of physical barriers, machines or objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the pest (remedial)

Horticultural fabrics to cover plants– Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative)

– Flyswatter (remedial)

Physical Control: Sticky barrier

• Can prevent pests from climbing and colonizing tree.

• Can prevent pests from climbing down tree to pupate in soil

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Copper Barriers for Molluscs

Brown Garden Snail

Physical Control: Collars and Cages

Tin CollarCutworm Control

Plant Cage on RadishesCabbage Maggot Control

Physical Control: Row Covers

• Covers many plants, or entire rows

• Protection for seedlings, or during other lnerable timesother vulnerable times

• Light, thermal and air environment will be modified

Handpicking

Place insects in soapywater to kill them

Spray plants with water to dislodge aphids.

Aphids

Water Sprays

Spider

Mites

Spider mites

p

Must be sprayed regularly to prevent recolonization.

Aphids

Pruning

Tent caterpillars

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Boxelder Bug Flea

Vacuuming

Asian Ladybug Beetle

Tilling

Tilling

Garden symphylan

Physical Control: Bug Zappers

Royal Walnut Mothsitting on a bug zapper

Biological Control

• Biological control is the use of living organisms —parasites, predators, or pathogens—to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels, and may be either natural (conservation) or applied (augmentative)(conservation) or applied (augmentative).

The 3 P’s:Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens

• While at least 26 families of parasitoids have been used, the most frequent hymenopterans are– Braconidae

Superfamily Ichneumonoidea

Parasitoids asBiological Control Agents

– Ichneumonidae– Eulophidae– Pteromalidae– Encyrtidae– Aphelinidae

• In the Diptera, the most frequent group has been the Tachinidae

Superfamily Chalcidoidea

Superfamily Ichneumonoidea

Insect Predators asBiological Control Agents

• There are 32 families that are significant for pest suppression, most common of which include:

• Neuroptera• Chrysopidae

(green lacewings)

• Heteroptera• Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs)• Pentatomidae

• Diptera• Cecidomiidae

(predatory midges)

• Syrphidae

(syrphid flies)

• Hymenoptera• Formicidae

(ants)

• Pentatomidae (soldier bugs)• Reduviidae (assassin bugs)

• Coleoptera• Carabidae (ground beetles)• Coccinellidae (lady bird beetles)• Staphylinidae (rove beetles)

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Green Lacewing Larvae

Predaceous Insects

Minute Pirate Bug

Assassin Bug

Soldier Bug

Rove Beetle

Ground Beetle Syrphid Fly Larvae

• Spiders (Araneae) are all predacious

• Predacious mites (Phytoseiidae) are important in controlling spider mites

Arachnid Predators asBiological Control Agents

Photo Credit: Jim Walgenbach Southern Applalachian Apple IPM ProgramMountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center

Photo Credit: Jay Rosenheim Department of Entomology

UC Davis

Braconid emerging from moth cocoon

Ichneumonid

Ichneumonid

Parasitoid Wasps

Image Source:AMNH

Braconid pupae on tomato hornworm

Ichneumonid

Parasitoid Wasps

Eulophid Wasp

Aphelenid Wasp Encyrtid Wasp

Ptermomalid Wasp

Parasitized Insects

Aphid Mummies

Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae

Parasitized Beetle Larvae

Parasitoid Emerging from

Aphid Mummy

Augmentative Biological Control

• Increase local abundance of predators and parasitoids by releasing the biological control agents into the garden

• Use of biological control agents as you would a h i l ti idchemical pesticide

Stapling EggCards Egg Cards

Lacewing Eggs

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• Increases the abundance of natural enemies where the habitat has been manipulated (Langellotto and Denno 2004)

• Spatial scale of conservation biological control area influences success (Langellotto and Rosenheim in prep)

Beetle BanksBeetle BanksHedgerow

Field Margin


• Few studies have been conducted in garden systems– Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down

or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in urban landscapes?p

Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System

Four Principles of IPM

• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organism• Establish an acceptable injury p j y


Chemical Control in IPM

• IPM permits integrated use of chemical pesticides, but also actively seeks to minimize applications

• REDUCE – spray when needed, and not according to scheduleg

• REPLACE – use other, less toxic alternatives to pesticides

• REDESIGN – correct past landscape design issues to reduce pest problems

Number of Species Currently Controlled with Pesticides

Diseases 137Insects 304Mites 34Nematodes 23Weeds 102

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Organic and Synthetic

• Organic: Derived from an organic source– Botanicals (pyrethrum

NeemTM, RotenoneTM) – Microbials (Bt sprays)

Naturalytes (SpinosadTM)– Naturalytes (SpinosadTM)

• Synthetic: Manufactured pesticides

SyntheticPyrethroid

OrganicPyrethrin

Broad Spectrum / Non-Selective

• Controls a wide range of pest organisms– Organophosphates (a.i. malathion)

– Carbamates (a.i. carbaryl, methomyl)

– Pyrethroids (a.i. cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin)y ( y p p )

– Neonicotinoids (a.i. imidacloprid)

Examples of BroadSpectrum

Insecticides

Narrow Spectrum / Selective

• Controls a narrow range of pest organisms– Insect Growth Regulators (IntrepidTM),

– Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), Bt-k (DipelTM) and Bt-t (NovodorTM)

Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata.

Bt-t toxin is effective againstThis pest of potatoes, tomatoesand other solanaceous crops

Pesticide Classes - Insecticides

Class Mode of Action

Range of Activity

Notes

Organophophates Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Broad Potential non-target effects on mammals, beneficial insects a concern

Carbamates Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Broad – Chewing Insects

Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects a concernInhibitor Insects beneficial insects a concern, mammals

Pyrethroids Impacts Ion Channels

Broad Low toxicity to mammals, birds. Toxic to fish. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects.

Neonicitinoids Impacts Ion Channels

Broad –Homoptera and beetles

Systemic. Low toxicity to mammals. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects, especially bees.

Microbials - Bt Stomach poison. Paralyzes insect gut.

Narrow – (Bt-k) caterpillars, (Bt-t) beetles, (Bt-i) -Flies

Must be ingested in order to be effective. Thus, targets only those insects that are feeding on the protected plant.



Range of Activity

Notes

Microbial Derivitives -Avermectims

Inhibits ion channels

Mites, Leaf Miners, Leaf Beetles

Moderate toxicity to mammals. Toxicity to aquatic organisms potentially high.

Microbial D i iti

Overexcites Leaf Chewers, Th i G ll

Low toxicity to mammals and b fi i l i tDerivitives -

Spinosadnervous system

Thrips, some Gall Makers

beneficial insects.

Horticultural Oils Smothering (block spiracles)

Effective against many insects –active stages and eggs

Low toxicity and minimal impacts on non-target insects.

Insecticidal Soaps Disrupts cuticle Small, soft-bodies insects and mites

Vertebrates and non-target insects generally not impacted. Toxic against beneficial mites. May directly harm plant



Range of Activity

Notes

Botanical Insecticides -pyrethrum

Impacts Ion Channels

Many insects, but particularly useful against caterpillars, sawfly larvae leaf

Low toxicity to mammals. Rapid break down in sun. Degradation limits impact on beneficial insects, but may require repeat applicationlarvae, leaf

beetles, leafhoppers

application.

Botanical Insecticides - neem

Inhibits feeding, interferes with molting and egg production

Effective against a limited range of insects.

Low toxicity to mammals. Low risk to beneficial insects.

Information for Tables Taken From: Whitney Cranshaw. Classes of Pesticides Used in Landscape/Nursery

Pest Management. In Chapter 9 of Tactics and Tools for IPM.

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Minimizing the Negative Effects of Chemical Control

• Avoid applying pesticides on a windy day.• Choose narrow over broad spectrum

insecticides.• Spot treat, rather than broadcast a p

pesticide.• Always read the label, follow directions and

do not apply more than is recommended.• Wear protective clothing and eyewear.• Dispose of unwanted pesticides and empty

containers properly.

Land

Components

AbioticPlant

Disease Complex

LandscapeEcology Pest

Complex

Land

NaturalEnemies

Management

SoilAbioticFactors

Plant Diversity

OrganicMatter

Nutrients

Soil

Nematodes

MicrobialFlora

Micro/MacroInverte-brates

Education

Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State University