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Hashim Khan
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-53)
Abu Bakar
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-43)
Zohaib Uzair
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-101)
Shahzaib
Younis
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-85)
Ethylbenzene was first
produced on a commercial scale in the
1930s in Germany and
the United States.
The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively
insignificant until the Second World War, when the demand
for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated
technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion.
History
• Ethylbenzene (EB) is a
• Colorless
• Aromatic liquid
• Has a boiling point of 136.2°C which is very closeto that of p-xylene
• This complicates separating it from the C 8aromatic equilibrium mixture obtained fromcatalytic reforming processes. Ethyl benzeneobtained from this source, however, is smallcompared to the synthetic route.
Description Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor (Coty et al., 1987)
Boiling-point 136.2 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Melting-point –94.9 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Density 0.8670 g/cm 3 at 20 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Spectroscopy data
Infrared, ultraviolet [97], nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectraldata have been reported (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Solubility Slightly soluble in water (152 mg/L at 20 °C) (ECETOC, 1986) andchloroform; miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol (Lide & Milne,1996)
Volatility Vapor pressure, 1.28 kilo Pascal at 25 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996); relativevapor density (air = 1), 3.7 (Verschueren, 1996); flash-point (closed-cup), 15 °C (Coty et al., 1987)
Octanol/water partition
coefficient (P)
log P, 3.15 (Verschueren, 1996)
Conversion factor
mg/m 3 = 4.34 × ppm
• Alkylation Of Benzene
• Ethylene is also an active alkylating agent.
• Alkylation of benzene with ethylene producesethyl benzene.
• Ethyl benzene can be dehydrogenated to styrene.
• Styrene is a monomer used in the manufacture ofmany commercial polymers and copolymers.
Benzene Ethylene Ethyl Benzene
The main process for producing EB is the catalyzedalkylation of benzene with ethylene.
Chapter 17 13
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
• Synthesis of alkyl benzenes from alkyl halides and a Lewis acid, usually AlCl3.
• Badger process which has been commercializedsince 1980, can accept dilute ethylene streams suchas those produced from FCC off gas.
• A zeolite type heterogeneous catalyst is used in afixed bed process. The reaction conditions are420°C and 200–300 psi.
• Over 98% yield is obtained at 90% conversion.
Poly ethylbenzene
(poly-alkylated) and unreacted
benzene are recycled and join the fresh feed to
the reactor.
The reactor effluent is fed to
the benzene fractionation
system to recover unreacted benzene.
The bottoms containing
ethylbenzene and heavier poly
alkylates are fractionated in two columns.
The first column separates the ethylbenzene
product, and the other separates
poly-ethylbenzene for
recycling.
Ethylbenzene is almost exclusively (> 99%) used as an intermediate for the manufacture
of styrene monomer.
Less than 1% of the ethylbenzene produced is used as a paint solvent or as an
intermediate for the production of diethyl benzene and acetophenone.
Ethylbenzene has been added to motor and aviation fuels because of its anti-knock
properties. Estimates of ethylbenzene in gasoline have ranged from < 1–2.7%.
• Ethylbenzene is also present in commercialmixed xylenes at levels up to 25%, theethylbenzene present in recovered mixed xylenesis largely converted to xylenes or benzene.
• Other than that it is also present in many
– paints
– lacquers
– printing inks
– insecticides
– solvents
– rubber and chemical industries
There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the
carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.
But based on results of test performed on test species ethylbenzene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
What Is Biogas?
Manufacture
AD is a microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen, common to many natural environments
and largely applied today to produce biogas in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters.
ProcessA wide range of micro-organisms are involved in the anaerobic
process which has two main end products: biogas and digestate.
Co
mp
.
Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Digestate is the decomposed substrate, rich in macro- and micro nutrients and
therefore suitable to be used as plant fertilizer.
• Common Biomass Categories
• Animal manure and slurry
• Agricultural residues and by-products
• Digestible organic wastes from food and agroindustries (vegetable and animal origin)
• Organic fraction of municipal waste and fromcatering (vegetable and animal origin)
• Sewage sludge
• Dedicated energy crops (e.g. maize, miscanthus,sorghum, clover)
The initial material is continuously broken down into smaller units.Specific groups of micro-organisms are involved in each individualstep. These organisms successively decompose the products of theprevious steps. The simplified diagram of the AD process, shown inFigure 3.5, highlights the four main process steps: hydrolysis,acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
Biogas installations, processing agricultural substrates, aresome of the most important applications of AD today.
In Asia alone, millions of family owned, small scale digestersare in operation in countries like China, India, Nepal andVietnam, producing biogas for cooking and lighting.
Thousands of agricultural biogas plants are in operation inEurope and North America, many of them using the newesttechnologies within this area, and their number iscontinuously increasing. In Germany alone, more than 3700agricultural biogas plants were in operation in 2007.
The World’s economies are dependent today of crude oil. There issome disagreement among scientists on how long this fossil resourcewill last but according to researchers, the “peak oil production”* hasalready occurred or it is expected to occur within the next period oftime.
Biogas plants will be installed for the operation of 100,000tube wells across the Punjab.
At present. 835000 tube wells run on high speed diesel; 70% ofthese tube wells are owned by small farmers who constitute85% of the farmers population.
The main objective of this initiative is to reduce energy costs.Furthermore, the project will also offer huge benefits byreducing huge costs on imported petroleum.
It is estimated that each biogas operated tube well (16 HP) willresult In saving more than 2000 liters of high speed diesel
annually.
Ethyl Benzene
History & Process Ethylbenzene was first produced on a commercial scale in the 1930s in Germany and the United
States. The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until the Second World
War, when the demand for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated
technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion.
There are many processes to convert ethylene and benzene into ethyl benzene. One of them is
Badger process. The process flow diagram is given above.
Applications There are many applications of ethyl benzene… Some of them are…
1. paints
2. lacquers
3. printing inks
4. insecticides
5. solvents
Figure 1-Badger Process For Ethyl Benzene Synthesis
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