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UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADORFACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA
EDUCACION
SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES
CLASS: 4TO. ITALIAN
STUDENT’S NAME: JESSICA REVELO
DATA: JANUARY 24 th, 2011
TOPIC : GRAPHICS ORGANIZERS
MID TERM 2010- 2011
LINGUISTICS BACK
GROUNDThe word
Linguistics was used in the
middle of the 19th century to emphasize the
difference between a
newer approach to the study of
language that and the more
traditional approach of Philology.
Philology Also known as or Historical Linguistics, is a branch of Linguistics that studies
language change and language
relationship.
Sociolinguistics
It studies how dialects differ
between groups
separated by certain social variables such as ethnicity,
religion, status, gender,
level of education, age,
etc.,
Psycholinguistics It is a
discipline concerned with
relations between
messages and the
characteristics of individuals
who select and interpret them.
Computational Linguistics
It is a branch of artificial
intelligence that deals with analyzing,
understanding and generating the languages
that humans use naturally in order to interface with
computers
Anthropological Linguistics
It deals with the relationship between
language and culture and has also been a major
concern among linguists, especially
anthropological linguists.
Socio-Ethnic Linguistics
It focuses on the functions of language in our societies, especially
characterized by the deep differences of
class, ethnicity, gender and generation .
Applied Linguistics (AL)
It provides the theoretical and descriptive
foundations for the investigation and solution
of language-related problems, especially
those of language education.
Practical consequences of differences between contrasted languages.
It is a help for teaching purposes.- Bilingual analysis or translation.
THEORICAL
LINGUISTIC
COMPONENT (ACS)
It deals with a universal category and the ways this universal category is realized in contrasted languages.
One of its problems is how to contrast languages because two objects may appear either similar or different. THEORI
CAL CONTRA
STIVE STUDIES (TCS)
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
Originally known as Comparative Philology that is a branch of historical which is concerned with comparing languages in order to stablish their
historical relatedness.
This may be known as Comparative Diachronic
Linguistics
CONTRASTIVE OR COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
BASIS FOR TEACHING CONTRASTIVEContrastive linguistics syllabus
Contrastive pragmatics
Methodology of contrastive linguistics
The main technique is to match up to languages by using the contrastive method.
New trends
The role of corporaIt is a body of the test.
It recognizes and uses the IPA conventional register.
CL It proceeds level by level and the traditional three level of lexis provide ample scope.
It sis the study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than what is stated.
According to Lado it is important to study the micro linguistics and the macro linguistics.
Every difference or similarity between two or more related languages should be explicable in terms of isolation or context analysisPronunciatio
nIntonationVocabularyStressStructureRhythmGrammarJunctures
Cohesion
Lexis Language, terms, expressions.Sound UtterancesSyntax Grammar rules, structure.
Apple [æpəɫ]
Stressed UnestressedSyllable Syllable-Clear - Short - Neat - Reduced- Long
It is an arbitrary structured system of utterances sounds gestures, signs and movements, written symbols, morphemes words and sentences used for human communication
According to the statistics we can classify the languages most 5 important languages in the world.
1.- Mandarin 2.- Hindi3.- English4.- Arabic5.- Spanish
The following information chart contains reference data concerning the world areas, number of languages and speakers throughout the world.
World Area
Languages Speakers
Number Percent Percent
Asia 2,269 32.8% 61.0%
Africa 2,092 30.3% 11.8%
Pacific 1,310 19.0% 0.1%
Americas 1,002 14.5% 0.8%
Europe 239 3.5% 26.3%
Totals 6,912 100.0% 100.0%
LANGUAGE
Language
Family
Individual
languag
e
Living
languages
Extinct languages
Ancient languages
Historic languages
Constructed languages
Dialect Intelligibility
Standard languages
Nonstandard languag
e
Idiolect Jarg
on Coloquialism Slang
VERBAL LANGUAGE
BR
IEF
CL
AS
SIF
ICA
TIO
N O
F L
AN
GU
AG
ES
Group of languages proto-languageA language as a whole from
the same family, eg. Portuguese.
They are extinct
A distinct language from any modern languages.
Identifiers- artificial language. A variety of
languageRecognize the dialects forms
Dialect used in written form
It doesn’t follow the standard rules
Personal language
Used by people who work in a particular area, eg, lawyersInformal expression
Informal language, rude
Written language
Idiographic
written language
Syllabic
writing language
Alphabetical
writing language
Artulcated
languagel
English language
Spanish
language
NON VERBAL LANGUA
GE
Permanent written symbols
Ideograms : Chinese
Syllables – separate symbols: Japanese
Sound pronunciation- letters: Spanish, English, Italian.
Phonetic spelling of phonetic alphabets
Indo-European language
Romance branch
• Spanish: <cerda> [ˈserđa ] <casa> [ˈkasa ]
• English:< letter> [ ˈlɛ:ɾɚ ] <tip> [ˈthɪpˉˡ]
• Italian: <Corpo> [ˈkɔɾpo] <monte> [ˈmonte]
1.- The same letter combination can refer to different sounds.
• Spanish: <bosque> [ˈboske ] <vaso> [ˈbaso ]
• English: <women> [ˈwɪmɪn]<busy > [ ˈbɪzɪ ]
•Italian: <certo> ['ʧɛɾto]
<male> ['maɫe]
2.- The same sound can be written with different letters or letter combination.
• Spanish: <ostia> España: ['oʃtja] Ecuador: ['ostja]
• English: <cosy> American E: [ˈkoƱzi] British E: [ˈkoƱsi]
• Italian: <felice> Sicilia: [fe'liʧe] Toscana: [fi'liʧe]
3.- Different dialects pronounce the same
word differently.
LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
CLUSTERVowel cluster
This deals with the pronunciation that students give to synthetic words containing orthographic vowel-cluster and analyzes the
observed pronunciations .
Initial clusterInitial two-consonant clusters may occur in
both English and Spanish while three-consonant clusters just take place in
English.
Medial clustersSpanish and English might have from two
up to four-medial consonant clusters
except English which may pile up to five-
consonant clusters: -VCCCCCV-.
Intersyllabic medial clusterIt is when one
consonant of the cluster belongs to the first syllable
and the other(s) to the second, so
syllable division occurs between
the members.
Final clustersSpanish has no clusters in final
position while English words containing from
two up to four final consonant cluster may perhaps occur: -VCC; -VCCC ; -VCCCC. Four final consonant cluster
is by and large the outcome of the plural forms, third person
singular or possessive nouns in English. Spanish: /pɾ/:
<probar> English: /pɹ/: <pray> Italian: /pɾ/: <premere>
English: /nd/: <second> /nst/: <against> /mpts/: <attempts>
English: Intrasyllabic <address> Intersyllabic: <improper>
Phonemics
• It studies the relevant, distinctive and significant elements in a language
• Unit: Phoneme that is the smallest basic and theoretical unit of language.
Phonetics
•It is the study and description of the speech sounds made by the human voice. •Unit: An allophone is a real speech variant of a specific phoneme which occurs under certain circumstances.
PHONOLOGYIt is the study of the system of phonemes of a language.
/ˈkɹeyn/ ≠ /ˈgɹeyn/
button[ˈbʌtn
]
Latin alphabetThe Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today.
ALPHABETA system of characters
arranged in a fixed conventional order
symbolizing sounds or letters used in a writing
system to represent speech.
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
IiJj
Kk
LlMm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
ALPHABET
TRANSCRIPTIONIt is a system of
notation that represents
utterances or partial utterrances of a
language pronounced by
people in general. Some details might
be ignored or included in the transcription.
Therefore, depending on the
level of detail abstraction, the
hearing limits and IPA conventions, two
kinds of transcription
appear: Phonemic or Broad Transcription
and Phonetic or Narrow
Transcription.
Narrow transcription
It is also named as Narrow
Transcription. It is a notation that
represents variants of a specific phoneme. It
captures as many as possible details
which are represented by the diacritics provided
in the IPA.[ ˈpha:ɹk ] [ˈga:ɹʔņ ]
[phɹɪˈtɛ:nd ]
[ˈkhɔ:ɫ ]
STRESSIt is another important feature which is often represented in phonetic and phonemic transcription. Every single word has a stressed syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed syllable is often longer, louder and higher in pitch. Currently, to show main stressed syllables a superscript accent mark is being placed before the stressed syllable ( ˈ )
TRAN
SCRIP
TI
ON
TRANSCRIPTI
ON
/ˈfɪltər / Noun
an apparatus containing
paper through
which a liquid can be passed
to make it clean.
Notice that stress goes on the first syllable.
/ ˈblækˌbɔɹd /
Noun
tool used in classroom to write on any board which
is black.
/ˈblækˌbɔɹd /Noun
Notice how stress
placement alters word meanings
even though the part of speech is
kept.
/ ˈpɹadʒɪkt / Noun
piece of work that needs skill, effort, and careful planning.
/ pɹəˈdʒɛkt / Verb
to stick out beyond an edge
or surface. Notice how
stress placement alters the
vowel quality of the stressed syllable and consequently
the word meaning and part of speech
change
PEDAGOGICAL HINTS
Stress mark ˈcar It shows the following syllable is stressed
Angle brackets < pretty > They are used to enclose the spelling of the orthographic notation.
Slant brackets / ˈteyp / Phonemic transcription uses them.
Square brackets [ ˈtheɪ`p ] They are used around detailed phonetic transcription.
Vertical line / ˈyɛs hiyz ˈkəmɪŋ / It shows a pause in phonetic transcription
Division marker · It shows the boundaries between syllables.
Diacritics ~ It shows the variation in the vowel or consonant quality. Nasal or dark quality
SYMBOLS USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION
The paired vocal folds are located in the larynx, coursing from the thyroid cartilage interiorly to the arytenoids cartilages.. The lips
form the oral cavity of the mouth and are comprised of muscle
fibers from a number of different facial muscles..The larynx is the
portion of the breathing, or respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea. The
larynx, also called the voice box, is a 2-inch-long, tube-shaped
organ in the neck.
The vocal folds vibrate to create sounds for vowels and voiced
consonants. The tongue is segmented in three sections: the tongue tip, also known as apex,
the blade, the tongue back is that part lying below the soft palate. The uvula is that small piece of
soft tissue that can be seen dangling down from the soft palate over the back of the
tongue.
ARTICULATORY DIAGRAM
VOWELSA vowel is a speech sound produced by human
beings when the breath flows out through mouth without being blocked by teeth, tongue
or lips. Vowels are not formed by blocking airflow; instead by passing air through different shapes of the mouth and different positions of
the tongue and lips. The vocal folds are adducted and vibrating. That is why every
English and Spanish vowels sound is voiced.DIPHTHONGS
When vowels occur in combinations, they are called diphthongs. A diphthong starts in one
position (nucleus) and moves to another position (the glide) or viceversa. Therefore, a diphthong is a speech sound which is usually
considered as one distinctive vowel sound of a particular language but really involves two vowels, with one vowel gliding to the other.
VOWEL PRODUCTIONDimensions:
- Voicing: Every vowel sound is voiced.- Vowel quality: Simple and Complex.
- Tongue position: High, middle and low.- Area: Front, central , back.
- Muscle tension: Lax and Tense.- Lips shape: Spread,, neutral and rounded.
TH
E V
OW
EL I
NVEN
TO
RY
spread neutral rounded
front
central
back Mi
dHighLow
Vowel grid Lip
shape
Tongue position
Area
SPA
NIS
H A
ND
EN
GL
ISH
QU
AD
RA
NT
S
ITALIAN VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
/i/ voiced, simple, high- front, tense, spread.
/e/ voiced, simple, mid- front, tense, spread.
/ɛ/ voiced, simple, mid- low- front, lax, spread.
/a/ voiced, simple, low- central, tense, neutral.
/ɔ/ voiced, simple, mid- low-back, lax, rounded.
/o/ voiced, simple, mid- back, tense, rounded.
/u/ voiced, simple, high- back, tense, rounded.
ITA
LIA
N A
ND
EN
GL
ISH
Q
UA
DR
AN
TS
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTMONOPHTHONGS
Spanish /i/ English /iy/ English /ɪ/
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/ i / / iy / / ɪ /
voiced, simple, high-front, tense, spread
voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-front, tense,
spread.
voiced, simple, high-front, lax, spread.
[ i ] [ ĩ ] [ɪɪd: ] [ɪɪd ] [ɪ:] [ɪ ]
voiced, simple, high-front,
tense, spread,unlengthened
voiced, simple, high, front,
tense,spread, nasalyzed.
voiced, complex (adjacent
glide), high-front, tense,
spread, lengthened.
voiced, complex (adjacent
glide), high-front, tense,
spread, unlengthened
voiced, simple,high-front, lax,
spread, lengthened
voiced, simple, high-front, lax,
spread, unlengthened
[ˈmil ] [ˈmĩnĩmo] [ ˈmɪɪ`:ɫ ] [ˈɹɪɪ`ʧ] [ ˈmɪ:ɫ ] [ ˈɹɪʧ]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/ e / / ey / / ɛ /voiced, simple, mid-front, tense,
spreadvoiced, complex (adjacent glide), mid-front, tense,
spread.
voiced, simple, mid-front, lax, spread
[ e ] [ e ] [ ɛ ] [ eɪd: ] [ eɪd ] [ ɛ:] [ ɛ]voiced, simple,
mid-front, tense, spread, unlengthened
voiced, simple,
mid-front, tense,
spread, nasal
voiced, simple, mid-front, tense,
spread, open
voiced, complex (adjacent glide),
mid-front,tense,
spread,lengthened
voiced, complex (adjacent glide),
mid-front,tense,
spread, unlengthened.
voiced,simple,
mid-front,lax,
spread,lengthened
voiced,simple,
mid-front,lax,
spread, unlengthened.
[ˈneto] [ˈen] [ˈtɛxa ] [ˈpleɪ`:n] [ˈskeɪ`t] [ˈsɛ:d] [ˈsɛt]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH/ a / / a / / æ /
voiced, simple, low-central, tense, neutral.
voiced, simple, low-central, lax*, neutral.
voiced, simple, low-front, lax, spread.
[ a ] [ ã ] [a:] [ a ] [ æ:] [æ]voiced, simple,
low-central, tense, neutral.unlengthened
voiced, simple,
low-central, tense,
neutral, nasal
voiced, simple, low-central, lax, neutral, lengthened.
voiced, simple, low-central, lax,
neutral, unlengthened.
voiced, simple, low-front, lax, spread,
lengthened
voiced, simple, low-front, lax,
spread, unlenghtened.
[ˈpalma] [ˈmãno] [ˈfa:ɹ] [ˈhat] [ˈbæ:d] [ˈhæt]
SPA
NIS
H,
ITA
LIA
N
AN
D E
NG
LIS
H/I
/- /
IY/-
/ɪ/
SPA
NIS
H,
ITA
LIA
N
AN
D E
NG
LIS
H/e
/- /
ey/
- /ɛ
/
SPA
NIS
H,
ITA
LIA
N A
ND
E
NG
LIS
H/a
/- /
a/-
/æ
/FE
AT
UR
ES
ENGLISH
/ ə /
voiced, simple, mid-central, lax, neutral
ENGLISH
[ ʌ: ] <= vd.c [ ʌ ] <= vl.c [ ə ] [ɚ] [ɝ]
voiced, simple, mid-central, lax,
neutral, lengthened.
voiced, simple, mid-central, lax,
neutral, unlengthened.
voiced, simple, mid-central, lax, neutral
mid central unstressed
mid central stressed
[ ˈl:v ] [ ˈp ] [ˈsɪːɹənʤ] [ˈdɹaɪdːvɚ] [ˈbɝd]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH/ o / / ɔ / / ow /
voiced, simple, mid-back, tense, rounded
voiced, simple, low-back, lax*, rounded.
voiced, complex (adjacent glide), mid-back, tense,
rounded[ o ] [ õ ] [ ɔ] [ɔ: ] [ɔ ] [ ou:] [ ou ]
voiced, simple, mid-back, tense,
roundedunlengthened
voiced, simple, mid-back, tense,
rounded, nasal
voiced, simple,
mid-back, tense,
rounded, open
voiced, simple, low-back, lax, rounded,
lengthened.
voiced, simple, low-back, lax,
rounded, unlengthened.
voiced, complex (adjacent
glide), mid-back tense, rounded,
lengthened.
voiced, complex (adjacent glide),
mid-back , tense, rounded, unlengthened
[ˈtomo] [ˈmõmja] [ˈsɔl] [ˈfɔ:ɫ] [ˈwɔk] [ˈfou:n] [ˈbouθ]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/ u / / ʊ / / uw /voiced, simple, high-back,
tense, roundedvoiced, simple, high-back, lax,
roundedvoiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,
rounded.
[ u ] [ ũ ] [ ʊ: ] [ʊ] [ uud :] [ uud ]voiced, simple,
high-back, tense, rounded
unlengthened
voiced, simple, high-back,
tense, rounded, nasal
voiced, simple, high-back, lax,
rounded, lengthened.
voiced, simple, high-back, lax,
rounded., unlengthened.
voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,
rounded, lenghtened.
voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,
rounded, unlengthened
[ˈuɾna] [ˈpũnto] [ˈwʊ:d] [ˈtʊk] [ˈsuud :n] [ˈsuudp]
EN
GL
ISH
/Ə/
SPA
NIS
H,
ITA
LIA
N A
ND
E
NG
LIS
H/o
/- /
ɔ/-
/ow
/
SPA
NIS
H,
ITA
LIA
N A
ND
E
NG
LIS
H/u
/- /
Ʊ/-
/u
w/FE
AT
UR
ES
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTDIPHTHONGS
ENGLISH DIPHTHONG
A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of two components; a
diphthong begins as one vowel and finishes as another. Usually, the
two components can be referred to as a nucleus and an off-glide.
SPANISH DIPHTHONG
The basic rule of vowel combinations and syllables is that two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable, so that
when two strong vowels are next to each other, they are considered to
belong to separate syllables, <ma•re•o> . But other combinations -such as a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels are considered to form a diphthong, <frio•len•to>
SPANISH, ENGLISH/aw/
FEATURES
/ya/voiced,
complex-non adjacent
glide, high front
becoming low central, tense,
spread becoming neutral.
/ye/voiced,
complex-adjacent
glide, high front
becoming low front,
tense, spread.
Spanish rising
diphthongs
/yo/voiced,
complex-non adjacent
glide, high front
becoming mid back,
tense, spread
becoming rounded.
/yw/voiced,
complex-non adjacent
glide, high front
becoming mid back,
tense, spread
becoming rounded.
/we/voiced,
complex-non adjacent
glide, high back
becoming mid front,
tense, rounded
becoming spread.
/wo/voiced,
complex- adjacent
glide, high back
becoming mid back,
tense, rounded.
OTH
ER
GLID
ED
SO
UN
DS
OTH
ER
GLID
ED
SO
UN
DS
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