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The Biology Behind the Psychology
“Everything Psychological is ultimately Biological.”
What does this say to you?
Demonstrations
Action Potential
Synaptic Transmission
Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons (afferent) ~ 2 million
Sends messages from sense organs brain
Motor Neurons (efferent) ~ 2-3 million
Sends messages from brain muscles, organs, glands
Interneurons ~ Billions & Billions
Relay messages between sensory & motor neurons
Glial cells – “The forgotten cell” Glue cells which help connections, insulate, and clean up
Nervous System
Structurally and functionally divided into three divisions
CNS (Central Nervous System) located at the body region
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) functionally peripheral
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) functionally involuntary
Central Nervous System
Brain Spinal Chord
Fore Brain Mid Brain Hind Brain
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Frontal lobe
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Cerebellum
Pons Varolli
Medulla Oblongata
1) Forebrain
The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion, learning, thinking, remembering and sense perception.
a) Cerebrum
It is the largest part of brain & Divided into left and right cerebral hemisphere .
It is associated with higher brain function such as thought and action
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes“.
i) Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure from the frontal lobe.
• function: information to the skin senses (touch, temperature and pressure).
• If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of the body.
• If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.
Four lobes:
ii) Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex) Function: controls the body movement.
iii) Occipital lobe – near the back of the head.Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of vision in the left.If in the left – loss vision ion the right.
iv) Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere. Function: concern with hearingDamage in left hemisphere – inability to understand spoken words.
If in the right – can recognize speech but unable to recognize other organizations of sounds.
Contd…
b)Thalamus:
The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex.
It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions.
The thalamus is a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex .
Which are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement.
As a regulator of sensory information, the thalamus also controls sleep and awake states of consciousness.
c) Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
Thus, damage to the hypothalamus results in severe imbalances in the internal environment.
The hypothalamus contains the thirst center, the hunger center and the body's thermostat.
Thus, damage to the hypothalamus frequently results in water, glucose and temperature imbalances.
The hypothalamus controls the hypophysis (pituitary gland).
Note : Hypophysis refer to Pituitary gland
Contd…
The hypophysis is the most important endocrine gland in the body and is often referred to as the "master gland".
The hyopohysis is referred to as the master gland because it controls most of the other endocrine glands in the body such as the thyroid, adrenal gland, testis and ovaries.
By controlling the hypophysis the hypothalamus exerts control over most endocrine glands.
The hypothalamus is the site of emotions and the effect emotions can have on the body.
2)Midbrain
A short stem which serves the function of being a path between the fore brain and the hind brain is mid brain.
Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.
It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.
3)Hindbrain - includes
hindbrain is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.
It includes Medulla , Pons & Cerebellum
a) Cerebellum
located at the base of the brain just above the brain stem, where the spinal cord meets the brain
It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements
It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth, balanced muscular activity
Governs body balance, posture and muscular coordination
b)Pons Varolli
located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain
at roughly 2.5 centimeters long
Coordinates muscular activities on two side of body
The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain
It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum
c)Medulla Oblongata
Location: Lower part of the brain stem
Function: Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
It's functions are involuntary, or done without thought
The endocrine system controls the way your body functions. It produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to maintain your tissues and organs. Here are a few of the areas governed by the endocrine system:
Reproduction
Responses to stress and injury
Growth and sexual development
Body energy levels
Internal balance of body systems
Bone and muscle strength
Your endocrine system produces, stores and releases hormones. When everything goes smoothly, your body functions properly.
Endocrine System
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