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Chapter 1 Organization of the Body Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Organization of the BodyOrganization of the BodyThird Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Learning Outcomes
23.1 Describe body organization from simple to more complex levels.
23.2 List the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each.
23.3 Define the anatomical position and explain its importance.
23.4 Use anatomical terminology correctly.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
23.5 Name the body cavities and the organs contained in each.
23.6 Explain the abdominal regions and quadrants.
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Introduction Human body is
complex in its structure and function
The body is organized from the chemical level all the way up to the organ system level
You will also learn important terminology used in the clinical setting to describe body positions and parts.
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Study of the Body Anatomy
Study of body structure Normal position of body
structures
Physiology Study of function
Anatomy of the body allows it to function
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Study of the Body (cont.)
Homeostasis Relative consistency of the
body’s internal environment
Body conditions must remain stable
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Structural and Functional Organization
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Organization of the Body
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Body Organs and Systems Organ
Structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions
Organ system Organs join together to carry out vital
functions
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Body Organs and Systems (cont.)
For example The respiratory system
consists of the following organs: Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Bronchi Lungs
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6 Characteristics of Life Organization
Is the condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions.
Metabolism It includes an organism’s ability to break down food
molecules, which it uses as energy and raw materials to synthesize its own molecules
This is necessary for the vital functions, such as responsiveness, growth, development and reproduction.
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6 Characteristics of Life Responsiveness
Is the ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.
Growth Results in an increase in size of all part of the
organism It can result from an increase in cell number, cell
size or the amount of substance surrounding cells
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6 Characteristics of Life Development
It includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death.
Reproduction It is the formation of new cells or new
organsisms
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Study of the Body (cont.)
Homeostasis Relative consistency of the
body’s internal environment
Body conditions must remain stable
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Homeostasis Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body’s internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems).
Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions.
The two body systems that largely control the body’s homeostatic state:
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
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Control of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by external stimuli
intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen internal stimuli
psychological stresses exercise
Disruptions are usually mild & temporary If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
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Control of Homeostasis
Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and
endocrine system, acting together or independently. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve
impulses to counteract the disruption. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by
secreting hormones. Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones
usually work more slowly. Examples: CO2, O2, temperature, blood pressure, etc…
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Components of Feedback Loop
Receptor monitors a controlled condition
Control center determines next action
Effector receives directions from the
control center produces a response that changes
the controlled condition
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Basic Components of a Negative Feedback System
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Basic Components of a Positive Feedback System
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Anatomical Terminology Terms used to describe the location of body
parts and various body regions
Anatomical position Body is standing upright, facing forward, with
the arms at the sides and palms of hands facing forward
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Body Organization The body can be divided into two
major sections:Axial portion
Head Neck Trunk
Appendicular portion Upper limbs (arms) Lower limbs (legs)
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Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions
Dorsal cavity Cranial
Formed by the skull Contains the brain
Vertebral Formed by the
vertebrae of the spinal column
Contains the spinal cord
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Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions (cont.)
Ventral cavity Thoracic – lungs, heart, esophagus,
and trachea
Diaphragm – muscle separating these two sections
Abdominopelvic Abdominal cavity – organs of
digestion (stomach, liver, small and large intestines….)
Pelvic cavity – bladder and internal reproductive organs
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Two Principal
Body Cavities and
their Subdivisions
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Trunk Cavities
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Directional Terms Exercise Lateral/Medial
The ear is __ to the nose The cheekbone is __ to the ear The sternum is __ to the nipple The shoulder is __ to the sternum
Distal/Proximal The knee is __ to the ankle The toes are __ to the ankle The wrist is __ to the fingers The elbow is __ to the wrist
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Directional Terms Exercise Superior/Inferior
The nose is __ to the chin The mouth is __ to the chin Nipples are __ to the umbilicus The hips are __ to the shoulders The chin is __ to the eyes The heart is __ to the diaphragm The liver is __ to the heart
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Directional Terms Exercise Anterior/Posterior
The heart is __ to the sternum The heart is __ to the spinal cord
Superficial/Deep The skin is __ to the muscles The heart is __ to the spinal cord
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Body Cavities Some key words and informationViscera: organs found within the body cavityDiaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities used for breathing
Curves upward into the thoracic cavity when relaxed When contracting, pushes down into the abdominal
cavity
Mediastinum: area in the thoracic cavity that divides its right and left sides
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Serous Membranes Secrete a slippery fluid that separates the layer coving the walls from the layer covering the organsParietal layer
Thin lining of the walls of the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities
Visceral layer Covers the organs within the cavities
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Thoracic Membranes Pleural MembranesVisceral Pleura
Serous membrane that covers the lungs
Parietal Pleura Serous membrane that lines the walls of the
thoracic membrane
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Thoracic Membranes Pericardial MembranesVisceral Pericardium
Serous membrane that covers the heart
Parietal Pericardium Serous membrane that lines a small area of the
wall of the thoracic membrane
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Thoracic Membranes
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Thoracic Membranes
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Abdominopelvic Membranes Peritoneal MembranesVisceral Peritoneum
Serous membrane that covers the each organ of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal Peritoneum Serous membrane that lines the walls of the
abdominopelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Membranes
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Major Tissue Types Epithelial tissue
Covering, lining, or gland Tissue that covers the body and most organs
Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that make and secrete substances Exocrine gland – secretes product into duct Endocrine gland – secretes product directly into tissue
fluid or blood
Lacks blood vessels, has a nerve supply, divides constantly
Function based on location
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Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Connective tissue Most abundant
Matrix separates the cells Matter between cells of connective tissue Components vary Generally has a rich blood supply, except for
cartilage
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Major Tissue Types (cont.) Connective tissue
Blood Plasma is matrix Transports substances throughout the body
Osseous tissue (bone) Matrix of mineral salts Metabolically active
Cartilage Matrix rigid Gives shape to structures, protects ends of long bones,
and forms discs between the vertebrae
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Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Connective tissue Dense connective tissue
Ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules Dermis of skin
Adipose tissue Adipocytes (fat cells) store fats Stores energy Insulates body
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Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Muscle tissue Shortens and elongates Contracts and relaxes Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Major Tissue Types (cont.)
Nervous tissue Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Specializes to send impulses to neurons, muscles, and glands Neurons – largest cells, transmit impulses Neuroglial cells – smaller, more abundant, and act as support
for neurons
Nervous Tissue
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In Summary The body is divided into levels of organization from
simplest to most complex Anatomy and physiology are the study of structure
and function of the human body Using directional anatomical terms enables you to
describe specific locations It is important to understand
The relationship between body levels The basics of the organization of the body The relationships found within each organization
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Our history begins before we are born. We represent the hereditary influences of our race, and our ancestors virtually live in us.
~ James Nasmyth
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