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MYTHS AND REALITIES
From colonization to internationalization
1. Myth: one view of bilingualismProductive - Receptive Bilingualism (Bialystock, 2001)
Simultaneous - Early Sequential – Late Bilingualism (Baker, 2006)
Compound – Coordinate – Subordinate bilingual (Baker, 2001)
Bilingualism
Definition
Maximalist Minimalist FunctionalThe almost native control of two languages Bloomfield, 1935
To have linguistic abilities even in a minimal way Macnamara, 1969
To use 2 or more languages in daily life, over regular basesGrossjean, 1982
“Bilingualism as a countenance”(Hornberger 1989)
Bilingualism authors definition
Bloomfield (1933, p55-56)
Baker (2006, p6)
Diebold (1964)
Thiery (1978, p146)
Grosjean (1982, p232)
Control - Native
Incipient bilingualism
True bilingual
One language
bilingualism
One bigger than
the other
Definitions based on levels of proficiency(maximal and minimal)-balanced bilinguals-semilingualsCoordinated – compound
Definitions based on use (functional)-conversational fluency (BICS)-academic language competence (CALP)
Definitions of Bilingualism
2. Myth: knowledge vs. use
proficiency
use
semilingual
balanced
(competence) (functional)
Basic Intercommunicative Skills (BICS)
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
Content-based or Content and Language Integrated
timecompetencetime
Relación de competencia comunicativa y uso de la
lengua
Suficiencia
uso
semilingüe
balanceado
(maximalista and minimalista) (funcional)
Habilidades Interpersonales Comunicativas Básicas (BICS
en inglés)
Suficiencia Lingüística Cognitivamente Académica
(CALP en inglés)
Enseñanza comunicativa (CLT)
Aprendizaje Integrado de Lengua y Contenido (AICLE)
tiempocompetenciatiempo
Let´s have a brain break
3. Myth: mother tongue forbidden
time
knowledge
L1 L2
CODE SWITCHING VS. TRANSLANGUAGING
From Prada to nada
Code switching vs. translanguaging
MONOGLOSSIC VS. HETEROGLOSSIC
20th century geopolitics & bilingualism
Language Language groups groups territorializedterritorialized
Subtractive bilingualism
Language difference as a problem
L1 L2
Additive bilingualismMonoglossic ideologies
Language as privilege for elite, their right
L1 L1+L2+ L2
Bilingualism in 20th century• A bicycle with two full separate wheels
• L1 + L2 = L1 + L2
• Balanced bilingualism
4. Myth: Foreign Language or second language
EFL
L2
know
ledg
e
know
ledg
e
L2
SL
21st century geopolitical changes & bilingualism
Non territorialized languages
21st centuryDynamic bilingualism
Language as resource
Enacting dynamic bilingualism
MonolingualEnglish
BilingualEnglish-Spanish
English as a subject
English as a source
Enacting dynamic bilingualism
MonolingualEnglish
BilingualEnglish-Spanish
English as a subject
English as a source
Isolated Subject-matters
Content and Language
Integrated (CLIL)
English
Let´s have a brain break
5. Myth: Bilingual education is for elites
Types of Bilingual Schools• International bilingual school
• National Bilingual school
• National school with intensification
Bilingual Education foundationsMonoglosic ideology Heteroglosic ideology
Subtractive Bilingual education
Additive Bilingual
education
Recursive Bilingual
education
Dynamic Bilingual education
Language ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic
heteroglossic
Linguistic goal
monolingualism
bilingualism bilingualism bilingualism
Linguistic ecology
Lge shift Lge additionmanteinance
Lge revitalization
plurilingualism
Bilingualism orientation
Bi as problem Bi as enrichment
Bi as right Bi as resource
Cultural ecology
monocultural Mono to biculturalism
Bicultural multiplicity
transcultural
Types of children
minority majority Non-dominant
All
6. Myth: Bilingual means English• Multilingual & multicultural country
(Colombian Constitution, 1991)• 69 indigenous languages and communities
(prestigous and majority language)• Blind and deaf people (Braille and Sign
languages): Spanish as a second language education
• Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELL)• French as an opportunity
Bilingual Education Types
Subtractive bied
Addtive bied
Recursive bied
Dynamic bied
Language ideology
monoglossic monoglossic heteroglossic heteroglossic
Linguistic goal
monolingualism
monlingualism
bilingualism bilingualism
types transitional MaintenancePrestigiousImmersion
Immersiondevelopmental
Polydirectional-two way-dual languageCLIL-CLILtype
Total immersion programTypes of Bilingual programs
% of Lge
100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50
grade
pre
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
11th
Bilingual process
Partial immersion program
Types of Bilingual programs 2
% of Lge
75 75 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50 50
grade
pre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
11th
Bilingual process
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