APA 6th Citation Style

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION (APA 6TH):

REFERENCING STYLE

NOOR ADILAH AZMI

PUSTAKAWAN

BAHAGIAN RUJUKAN & PENYELIDIKAN

PERPUSTAKAAN HAMZAH SENDUT

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

INTRODUCTION

BASIC AREAS OF APA STYLE

TYPE OF REFERENCES

TYPE OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS

EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

EXAMPLE OF REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHIES

TOPICS

Most commonly used to cite

sources within the social sciences

Was developed by the American Psychological Association

Used in the social

sciences, including

psychology

BASIC AREAS OF APA STYLE

References page at the

end of a paper

In-text citations)

Basic formatting of

the paper

Avoiding plagiarism

Article Journal

Book

Conference Proceedings Media collection

TYPE OF REFERENCES

Website

Thesis

Report

Citation styles

APA

Chicago/

Turabian

MLANumbered

Harvard

• A way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research

IN-TEXT CITATION

• Usually come at the end of a text (essay or research report) and should contain only those works cited within the text.

• Arrange by alphabetical

REFERENCES

References

In-Text Citations

TYPE OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS

• Copy an author's words directly from the text and use that exact wording in your thesis

• Provide Author, Year of publication and Pages

• Example : (Smith, 2015, p. 112)

• Example : (Smith, 2015, pp. 112-113)

• Example : (Smith, 2015, para 4) – Onlinematerial

DIRECT QUOTATION

• Putting an author’s ideas in your own words

• Usually makes the passage shorter than the original

Paraphrasing

DIRECT QUOTATION

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,

1998, p. 4).

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had

difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time” (p. 4).

PARAPHRASING

Original:

“Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can

consume 75 pounds of food a day”.

Paraphrase:

A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves

and hay everyday.

TIPS ON QUOTING AND

PARAPHRASING

• acknowledges • concludes • emphasizes • replies • advises • concurs • expresses • reports• responds • Interprets• charges • discusses • opposes • thinks • claims • disputes

• agrees • confirms • allows • criticizes • lists • reveals• answers • declares • objects • says • believes • disagrees • offers • suggests• remarks • writes

EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES:

IN TEXT CITATION

EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES

FULL NAME IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Siti Nurhaliza binti Taruddin (Siti Nurhaliza Taruddin, 2016)Siti Nurhaliza Taruddin (2016)

Kirubananthan a/l Sundaraju (Kirubananthan Sundaraju, 2016)Kirubananthan Sundaraju (2016)

Lee Chong Wei (Lee, 2015)Lee (2015)

Britney Spears (Spears, 2014)Spears (2014)

James W. William (William, 2013)William (2013)

Catherine Wong Siew Wing (Wong, 2015)Wong (2015)

World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2010)World Health Organization (2010)

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR

ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,

1998).

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had

difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time”.

ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS

ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time” (Jones &Petty, 1998).

AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones and Petty (1998), "Studentsoften had difficulty using APA style, especiallywhen it was their first time”.

ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS

ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,

Cornell, & Harlow, 1993)

Subsequent citations:

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et

al., 1993)

ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Kernis, Cornell and Harlow (1993)

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time”.

Subsequent citations:

According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time”.

ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS

ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,

Cornell, Sun, & Harlow, 1993)

Subsequent citations:

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et

al., 1993)

ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Kernis, Cornell, Sun and Harlow

(1993) "Students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first time”.

Subsequent citations:

According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time”.

ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS

ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,

Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

Subsequent citations:

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et

al., 1993)

ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry and

Harlow (1993) "Students often had difficulty

using APA style, especially when it was their first

time”.

Subsequent citations:

According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time”.

ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE

AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et

al., 1993)

Subsequent citations:

"Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et

al., 1993)

ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE

AUTHORS

AUTHOR-FOCUSED

According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time”.

Subsequent citations:

According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when it

was their first time”.

GROUPS AS AUTHORS

GROUPS AS AUTHORS

INFO-FOCUSED“Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscanyto sample their exquisite wines” (World HealthOrganization, 2015).

AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to World Health Organization (2015) “Anytrip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany to sampletheir exquisite wines”.

TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE

SAME PARENTHESES

INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,1998; Sun, 1995).

AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones (1998) and Sun (1995)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.

AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST

NAME

INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (E. Jones,1998; L. Jones, 1995).

AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to E. Jones (1998) and L. Jones (1995)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME

AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (Jones &Sun, 2000a, 2000b)

AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones and Sun (2000a, 2000b)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.

NO IDENTIFIED AUTHOR OR WITH

AN ANONYMOUS AUTHOR

“Any trip to Italy should include a visit to

Tuscany to sample their exquisite wines”

(Anonymous, 2010)

UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND

UNKNOWN DATE

Another study of students and research

decisions discovered that students succeeded

with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interviews, letters, e-mails, memos and other person-to-person communication

Cite personal communications in text only

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her

students had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

EXAMPLES OF

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHIES

BOOK

Author A. A. (Year). Title.

Place Published: Publisher.

Alverez, A. (1970). The savage

god: A study of suicide.

New York: Random House.

CHAPTER IN A BOOK

Author A. A. & Author B. B. (Year). Title

of chapter or entry. In Editor A. A.

& Editor B. B. (Eds.), Title of book

(pages). Place Published: Publisher.

Alverez, A. & Sun J. (2010). A study of

suicide. In Smith, J. W. & Shotton,

M. A. (Eds.), The savage god (55-

60). New York: Random House.

E-BOOK

Author A. A. (Year of

Publication). Title of the

book: Subtitle of the book.

Place of publication:

Publisher. Retrieved from URL

Kornblum, W. (2002). At sea in the city:

New York from the water’s edge.

Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.

Retrieved from http://www.workman.

com/algonquin

JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH URL

Author A. A. (Year of Publication).

Title of article. Journal Title,

volume(issue), pages.

Retrieved from complete URL

Banham, G. (2001). Transcendental

philosophy and artificial life. Cultural

Machine, 3(2) 111-155. Retrieved from

http://www.culturemachine.net/index

URL

VOLUMEISSUE

PAGES

JOURNAL TITLE

JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI

Author A. A. (Year of Publication).

Title of article. Journal Title,

volume(issue), pages.

Retrieved from DOI

Banham, G. (2001). Transcendental

philosophy and artificial life. Cultural

Machine, 3. Retrieved from

doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.255

ARTICLE IN

NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE/JOURN

AL

Author A. A. (Year of Publication).

Title of article. Journal Title,

volume(issue), pages.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to

strengthen state energy policies. The

Country Today, 5(10), 300-310.

THESIS

Author A. A. (Year).

Title of thesis (Unpublished

Doctoral dissertation or master’s

thesis). Name of Institution,

Location.

Alverez, A. (2015). The savage

god: A study of suicide (Unpublished

Doctoral dissertation). Universiti

Sains Malaysia, Penang.

THESIS (ONLINE)

Author A. A. (Year).

Title of thesis (Doctoral

dissertation or master’s

thesis). Retrieved form Name of

database

Alverez, A. (2015). The savage

god: A study of suicide (Master’s

thesis). Available from Proquest

Dissertations and Theses database.

(UMI No. 1234567)

INTERVIEW RECORDED &

AVAILABLE IN AN ARCHIVE

Interviewee (Year, Month Day

Interview). Interview by

[Description of material]. Name of

collection. Name of Repository,

Location.

Lee, C. W. (2015, October 31). Interview

by Noor Adilah Azmi [tape recording].

President’s Oral History Project. USM

Repository, Penang.

OTHER RESOURCES

• Cite right : a quick guide to citation styles–MLA, APA, Chicago, the sciences, professions, and more / Charles Lipson - (KRISALIS & eBrary)

• https://referencephsusm.wordpress.com/citation-styles-simple-guides/

• Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism (2nd Edition) - (eBrary)

Thank You

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