17 sunflower

SUNFLOWERYaseen

Helianthus annus L.

FAMILY: COMPOSITAE

URDU: SURAJ MUKHI

GREEK WORDS

HELI: SUN

ANTHOS: FLOWER

SUNFLOWER

ANNUAL

DAY NEUTRAL

DETERMINATE

CROSS POLLINATED

SUNFLOWER

TOP COUNTRIES

COUNTRY PRODUCTION (Tones)

UKRAINE 6,771,500

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 5,344,820

ARGENTINA 2,232,030

CHINA 1,710,000

FRANCE 1,633,110

PRODUCTION

PAKISTAN 2010

Area 256,121 ha

Production 325,478 tones

Yield 1.27 t ha-1

18th in world production

ORIGIN

South western united states or Mexico

Introduced to Europe in 16th century

Imported to Russian from Holland in 18th century

Improved varieties reintroduced to USA in 1893

First introduced to Pakistan in 1860 as oilseed crop

Extensive research work started in 1964

IMPORTANCE

Edible oil (40 % oil)

Seed cake

Cookies

Roasted seed

IMPORTANCE

Vitamin A, D & K

Biodiesel

Margarine, Butter

Shampoo

CLIMATE

Temperate zone crop

20 - 25 °C optimum temperature

Can tolerate 8-34 °C

Frost free period of 120 days

1500 m altitude

40 °S & 55 °N

SOIL

Nearly all soils

Clayey & sandy

Well drained

Acidic soils are not desirable

pH 6.5-8.0

Salinity affects germination, growth, development &

seed composition

ROOT

Shallow root system

Tap root deeper

Overall shallow

STEM

Circular

3-6 cm diameter

Rough hair

Slight longitudinal ridges

1-3 m tall (5 m)

STEM

Branching at top

1-12 branches

Small in size

Undesirable feature

Single stemmed & single headed

(commercial cultivars)

LEAVES

Alternate

Large

Hairy

Ovate

Long petioles

20-40

INFLORESCENCE

Disc shaped head (capitulum)

10-30 cm diameter (76 cm)

1000-4000 flowers

Outer- brightly colored, sterile ligulate-

Inner- brown/prpulish, fertile disc-

Spiral whorls originating from centre of inflorescence

All florets open in 5-10 days

INFLORESCENCE Floral initiation is a complex phenomenon

Favored by short days

8 leaf stage

Cross pollinated

Honey bees

Self compatible hybrids

Heliotropic until most of flowers are fertilized (east)

SEED Mature at periphery towards centre of disc

Black to white

Striped or mottled appearance

10-25 mm long

8-15 mm wide

3-7.5 mm thick

50-100 g TSW

25-48 % oil

TILLAGE

Well developed root system

Deep Ploughing

Disc harrow or tines

Moist soil for germination

Pressing of dry soil

SOWING TIME

LOCALITY SPRING SUMMERSouth Sindh 15 Jan. – 2 Feb. 15 Jul. 30 Aug.

North Sindh February 15 Jul. 20 Aug.

BWP, MUN DIV. 25 Jan. – End Feb. 20 Jul. 15 Aug.

LHR, SGD Div. 01 Feb. – 05 Mar. 10 Jul. 15 Aug.RWP Div. (rainfed) 10 Feb. – 05 Mar. July

D. I. Khan 10 Feb. – 05 Mar. 05 Jul. 10 Aug.

KPK + mountains March 01 Jul. 15 Aug.

SEED RATENo. of seeds ha-1 = desired population ha-1 x 100

Expected germination %age

Seed weight (kg) = No. of seeds ha-1 x Area sown No. of seeds kg-1

3-8 kg ha-1

75,000 – 80,000 plants ha-1 (Irrigated)

37,000 – 50,000 plants ha-1 (Rainfed)

R-R = 70-75 cm

P-P = 25-30 cm

SOWING METHOD

KERA

PORA

COTTON DRILL

DIBBLING

Sowing depth= 3-8 cm

Low harvest index

Inefficient converter of plant nutrients

100 kg sunflower seed contains;

6 2 18 Kg N, P & K respectively

¾ of absorbed P is found in seed

Irrigated 35-45 30-35 15 (NPK) Kg ha-1

Rainfed 30-40 20-25 0 (NPK) Kg ha-1

FERTILIZER

IRRIGATION Drought resistant crop but

yield losses due to water stress

Spring crop

4 irrigations

15 DAG

Completion of vegetative growth

Head formation

Seed filling

IRRIGATIONSummer crop

All these stages are in cooler months

3 irrigations

25-45 DAG

Head formation

Seed filling

Both cases 1st & last irrigations are crucial

WEEDING & INTERCULTURE

Thinning, uproot weak or abnormal seedlings

before 1st irrigation

Weed control during first 4 weeks after emergence

is v. important

Poor weed competition at this stage

Covers ground after this period

Earthing up at 30 cm plant height

Spring crop

May – June

Summer crop

Last week of November

Attacked by birds (parrots)

Manual

mechanical

HARVESTING & THRESHING

Special care needed

Sun drying

8-10 % moisture

High temp. & high moisture detrimental

Viability is not affected by high temperature

> 50 °C viability is adversely affected

Treated & cleaned storage bins

STOARGE

INSECT PESTS/DISEASES Army worms

Cut worms

Hairy catterpillars

Bud worms

Birds

Sclerotinia wilt & rot

Charcoal rot

Verticillium wilt

VARIETIES

Hysun 33

SF 177

AWARD

PARS 1

Suncross 42