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Zero Energy Building
Example
in Estonia
Tõnu Mauring
University of Tartu, Estonia Jan 22 2014, Riga
Site location – Põlva, Estonia (58°N, 27°E)
Long-term average dry bulb temperature
for inland part of Estonia is in:
• December -2,5°C,
• January -3,0°C,
• February -5,2°C.
[Kalamees and Kurnitski 2006]
Corresponding long-term average
daily minimum values are from
• November to March below -10,0 °C,
• For January below -14,3 °C.
[Kalamees 2006]
Temperature falls
• Occasionally below -30,0 °C,
• Frequently below -15,0 °C
[Estonian Meteorological and Hydrological Institute 2002]
[Kalamees and Vinha 2004]
Monthly average ambient air temperature
Sunshine duration hours in month
Sunshine duration
Põlva, Estonia
Architects Martha Enriquez Reinberg and Georg
W. Reinberg
Treated floor area (PHPP) 280,6 m2
Number of rooms 6
Construction time 2012-2013
Mixed wood and concrete
Thermal envelope
Wall
400 mm cellulose fiber, 94 mm KLH
Massive wood, U = 0,105 W/(m2K)
Ceiling
500 mm EPS, 102 mm KLH
U = 0,079 W/(m2K)
Wall, underground
500 mm EPS, 200 mm concrete
U = 0,066 W/(m2K)
Floor
300 mm XPS, 300 mm concrete,
100 mm EPS
U = 0,086 W/(m2K)
THERM 6.3
U = 0,105 W/(m2K) Ψ -0,046 W/(mK) THERM 7.1
Wall construction
U = 0,105 W/(m2K) Ψ -0,014 W/(mK) THERM 7.1
Wall construction
Window
SmartWin fixed U frame 0,57 W/(m2K)
ψ spacer 0,026 W/(mK)
ψ installation 0,010 W/(mK)
SmartWin opening U raam 0,77 W/(m2K)
ψ spacer 0,026 W/(mK)
ψ installation 0,010 W/(mK)
U glas 0,54 W/(m2K)
g-value 0,50
Ψ = 0,014 W/(mK) Ψ = 0,050 W/(mK)
Outside insulation
SmartWin Comparison: not insulated
Window
Ventilation unit
Paul Novus 300 Heat recovery 93%
(PHI def)
Paul Sole Defroster SD-550, 226 m
long 40 mm pipe
airtightness
n50 = 0,31 h-1
Building heat balance in kWh/month
-2500
-1500
-500
500
1500
2500
3500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Hea
t lo
ss a
nd
hea
t g
ain
s in
kW
h/m
on
th
Net space heat demand Utilised internal heat gains Utilised solar gains
Non-utilised internal heat gains Non-utilised solar gains Heat losses
PHPP 2007, ISO 13790
Building heat balance in kWh/a
-3073 -311 -367 -1064 -681 -5706 -278 546
-1210
5734
2365
4044
-7000
-6000
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Ex
teri
or
Wal
l
to A
mbie
nt
Ex
teri
or
Wal
l
to C
onse
rvat
ory
Ex
teri
or
Wal
l
to G
rou
nd
Roo
f to
Am
bie
nt
Flo
or
slab
Win
do
ws
(in
cl. th
erm
al b
rid
ges
)
Ex
teri
or
Do
or
Lin
ear
ther
mal
bri
dges
(exte
rnal
dim
.)
Ven
tila
tio
n a
nd
infi
ltra
tio
n
Uti
lise
d s
ola
r
hea
t gai
n
Uti
lise
d i
nte
rnal
hea
t gai
n
An
nual
net
spac
e h
eat
dem
and
Hea
t lo
sses
an
d g
ain
s in
hea
tin
g p
erio
d i
n k
Wh
/a
PHPP 2007, ISO 13790
Window heat balance in kWh/a
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
North
East
South
West
Heat loss and gain for the heating period in kWh/a
Heat losses Utilised solar gains Non-utilised solar gains
PHPP 2007, ISO 13790
Solar thermal system, calculated annual production 4900 kWh
2 x 1000 L
Sonnenkraft SK IMK
12 m2 roof integrated solar thermal collectors
for warm water
separate array of solar
thermal collectors 13
m2 for heating and
warm water integrated
to southern façade and
optimized for the
winter operation
Ground source heat
pump
Viessmann Vitocal 300
G BWC
5,9 kW
COP = 4,5
2 x 80 m deep vertical
boreholes
Wall heating
39/33ºC supply/return temperture
2 x 1000 L
Summer
night ventilation
0
10
00
20
00
30
00
40
00
50
00
60
00
70
00
80
00
90
00
10
000
11
000
12
000
Demand
Production
Energy demand and production (kWh/a)
Net space heating demand
Losses of space heat
distribution (non-utilised)
Net energy demand for
domestic hot water (DHW)
production
Losses of DHW storage and
distribution (non-utilised)
Energy demand covered by
GSHP (vertical ground
source heat pump)
Useful energy production by
solar-thermal system for
space heating and DHW
Space heating + warm water heating balance
in kWh/a Calculated values
Solar thermal Heat pump
DHW DHW losses Space heating
Aim: net zero energy house
90 m2 PV panels SolarWorld Sunmodule Plus SW 196 Vario poly
Calculated annual production of the system 10 120 kWh
Electricity demand and production in kWh/a
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Demand Production
Ele
ctric
ity k
Wh
/a
Photovoltaic
Domestic appliances,
lighting, sauna
equipment etc.
Technical installations
(ventilators, pumps
etc.)
GSHP (vertical ground
source heat pump)
Calculated values:
Calculated PV electricity production
10 120 kWh/a
Calculated electricity demand
90 m2 SolarWorld Sunmodule Plus SW 196 Vario poly
Calculated production:
10 360 kWh/a
• heat pump
• household
• auxilliary
Balance ≈ 0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
July Aug Sept Okt Nov Dez
Sold to grid
Bought from grid
Measured values in 2013
PV generated grid traffic
Sold to grid (blue) Bought from grid (red) July 1369 398 Aug 1283 482 Sept 1022 428 Okt 434 895 Nov 54 1062 Dez 20 1535
elec
tric
al e
ner
gy
in
kW
h
Sold to grid Bought from grid
Monitoring
• Window and door position sensors (4) – for night cooling and CO2
• Indoor air temperature and humidity sensors (6) – for indoor climate on all floors and
different room types
• CO2 (2) – for indoor climate in two bedrooms
• Massive wall temperature sensors (12) – for temperature on different sides and heigths of
wall
• Ventilation system (including defroster) temperature and humidity sensors (5)
• Outside air temperture and humidity sensors
• Wall construction temperature and humidity sensors (5)
• Wall heat flux sensor
• Global radiation sensor
Temperature
cource in
massive wall
• regular
temperature
increase 7 K in
6,5 hr due to
passive solar
• no additional
heating in
March 2013
Measured indoor air relative humidity %
1st floor bedroom
1 month period: Aug 24 to Sept 24 2013
30%
50%
Measured indoor air CO2 concentration
1st floor bedroom
1 month period: Aug 24 to Sept 24 2013
400 ppm
1000 ppm
Thank you!
Parties involved in the project:
Architects:
• Martha Enriquez Reinberg and Georg W. Reinberg,
Architekturbüro Reinberg ZT GmbH, Wien, Austria.
Consulters:
• Tõnu Mauring, Jaanus Hallik and Kristo Kalbe, University of Tartu (building
physics, monitoring),
• Johannes Riebenbauer, Graz (static engineer),
• S&P Climadesign GmbH (technical systems),
• Margus Valge, Sense OÜ (project management and site supervision),
• PassiveHouse OÜ Estonia and Passive House Institute Darmstadt (certification).
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