Yap PAN Design Workshop Report FINAL - Marine …...TNC (2017). Yap Protected Area Network Design...

YapProtectedAreasNetworkDesignWorkshop

WORKSHOPREPORT

Yap,FederatedStateofMicronesiaNovember18thto22nd,2017

TableofContents

YapStateProtectedAreaBackground...............................................................................4

WorkshopPurposeandObjectives....................................................................................6

Presentation:HistoryofPlanninginFSM...........................................................................6

Presentation:SystematicConservationPlanningforProtectedAreaNetworks.................7

YapProtectedAreaNetworkVision...................................................................................8

SuccessesandChallengesofExistingMPAs.......................................................................9

Scopeofplanning..............................................................................................................9

Presentation:DesigningResilientNetworksofMarineProtectedAreastoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectives.....................................................10

Presentation:GapAnalysis..............................................................................................15

GroupExercise:EcologicalAdequacyofMPAsandFishMovement.................................16

Presentation:ChuukFisheriesManagementPlan...........................................................16

Exercise:SituationAnalysis.............................................................................................17

StrategyMapping............................................................................................................21

Mapping&reviewofexistingPas....................................................................................24

AddingSitestotheYapPAN............................................................................................25

NextSteps.......................................................................................................................25

SuggestCitation

TNC(2017).YapProtectedAreaNetworkDesignWorkshop.TheNatureConservancy,Pohnpei,FSM.

TNCContact

Ms.ElizabethTerk,ProtectedAreaAdvisor,PohnpeiFieldOffice,TheNatureconservancy,POBox216,Kolonia,Pohnpei,FM96941.Tel:+691-320-4267;Email:eterk@tnc.org

YapStateProtectedAreaBackgroundTheMicronesiaChallenge(MC)isacommitmentbytheRepublicoftheMarshallIslands(RMI),theFederatedStatesofMicronesia(FSM),andtheRepublicofPalau(RP),incollaborationwiththeUnitedStates(US)TerritoryofGuamandtheUSCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslands(CNMI),toconservetheirnaturalresourcesby“effectivelyconservingat least30%ofthenear-shoremarineand20%oftheterrestrialresourcesacrossMicronesiaby2020.”

TheFederatedStatesofMicronesia(FSM)isthelargestandmostdiversepartoftheMCsub-region.Itisafederationoffoursemi-autonomousislandstates,ingeographicsequencefromwesttoeast-Yap,Chuuk,PohnpeiandKosrae-comprisedof607islandswithlandelevationrangingfromsealeveltothehighestelevationofabout760m.FSM’stotallandmassis702km²,withadeclaredExclusiveEconomicZonecoveringover1.6millionkm².Itsmarineandterrestrialbiodiversityarethenation’slivingwealthandspeciesendemismishighamongtheterrestrialbiota.ThehighendemismwithinthenationisadirectresultoftheisolationoftheislandstooneanotherandtootherlandmassesinthegreaterMicronesianregion. TheconservationandpreservationofFSM’snaturalheritagehashighnational importance and its endemic species have global significance. Themarine and terrestrialresourcesarethefoundationofthecountry’slongtermeconomicself-sufficiencyasarticulatedinitsNationalBiodiversityStrategicPlan(NBSAP)andsubsequentlyitsStrategicDevelopmentPlan2004-2026(SDP).Maintainingthehabitatsandecosystemsthatnurturethisdiversityiscrucialtosustainingthecountry’srichethno-biologicaltraditionswhileimprovingMicronesians’qualityoflife,sincesixtypercent (60%) of its population is dependent on subsistence livelihoods. Further inventory andmonitoringoftheFSMterrestrialandmarinebiodiversityareintegraltoathoroughunderstandingandappreciationoftheisland’sbiodiversity.

InFSM,theresponsibilityforenvironmentalissuesissharedbetweenFSMNationalGovernmentandtheindividualFSMStategovernments(i.e.,Pohnpei,Chuuk,KosraeandYap).EachState,asownerofitssurroundingnaturalresourcesoutto12nauticalmiles,managestheseresourcesthroughpoliciesand plans (e.g., land use plans, coastal zone plans, legislation and regulations). The NationalGovernment,ontheotherhand,providesonrequestguidanceandtechnicalassistancetotheStates,andmanagestheresourcesfrom12to200nauticalmiles.

ThesharingofstewardshipresponsibilityhasattimesresultedinduplicatelegislationattheStateandNational levels.Additionally, ithasalso ledtogaps in legislationdueto lackofcleardelineationofrespectiverolesandresponsibilitiesatbothgovernmentlevels.OftentheNationalgovernmentdoesnotprovidetangible(policy/legislativeandfunding)supporttothestatesforprotectedarea(PA)andconservationlaws.Recognizingthesedifficulties,FSMnationalandstateleaders,aswellascustomarychiefs,havemadeanefforttostreamlinetheirworktowardmeetingtheirmutualgoalofensuringeffectiveprotectionofnaturalresources.

OwnershipoflandandaquaticareasalsovariesbetweenStates.InKosraeandPohnpei,landisbothprivatelyandStateowned,whileaquaticareasaremanagedbytheStateaspublictrusts.InChuuk,mostlandandaquaticareasareprivatelyownedandareacquiredthroughinheritance,giftor,morerecently,bypurchase.InYap,almostalllandandaquaticareasareownedormanagedbyindividualestatesandusageissubjecttotraditionalcontrol.InallStates,landcannotbesoldtonon-citizensofthe FSM, although there are long term leasing options available for non-citizens. These land and

aquatic ownership patterns greatly influence the strategies and actions required to sustainablymanagethebiodiversityofthenation.

In2002,a“blueprint"oftheFSM'sbiologicalresourceswascreatedtoprovideaclearpictureofareasofbiodiversitysignificance(ABS)thatcanbefoundwithintheFSMandaprioritizationofconservationneeds.TheplantookovertwoyearstocreatethroughacoordinatedeffortbyindividualswithinthegovernmentsoftheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,theU.S.ForestService,TheNatureConservancy,universityscientists,andlocalexperts.The“blueprint”contributestotheNationalBiodiversityStrategicActionPlan(NBSAP).ThemajorgoalofNBSAPistoprotectandsustainablymanageafullrepresentationoftheFSM'smarine,freshwater,andterrestrialecosystems.

In2005,theYapCommunityActionProgram(YapCAP)ledaRapidEcologicalAssessmenttoassesstheexistingMPAsandidentifypotentialnewsites,basedonhabitattypesandthreatstatus.In2009,a“GapAnalysis”wascompletedforeachstateinFSMusinginformationgatheredfromworkshopsheldineachstate.Participantsattheworkshopsworkedtogethertoidentifyconservationfeatures(“Class”)withineachstateandthentodefineaninitialsetofgoalsforeachClass.TheGapAnalysisprojectwasdividedintothreedistinctphaseswhereeachonebuiltontheprevious.Thisallowedforasequentiallearningprocessandensuredthatallelementswereconsidered.Phase1wasdesignedtoevaluatethestatusofeachClassgiventhecurrentconfigurationofProtectedAreas(PAs).SummarystatisticswerethencalculatedtoreportonthetotalareaofeachClasscapturedwithinthePAs.Phase2builtonthesecalculationsbyevaluatingtheAreasofBiologicalSignificance(ABS).TheABSareasweredefinedbasedonexpertknowledgeduringtheFSMBlueprintproject(~2002).

FromtheinformationgatheredinPhase1andPhase2areportwasdevelopedonthestatusofallconservationfeatures(Class)inrelationtoexistingPAs,andillustratedhowtheABSareaswouldcomplementthecurrentPAs.Phase3oftheGapAnalysisdevelopedMarxan1modelsperStateinordertoprovideguidanceonachievingconservationGoals.ThemapsweredevelopeddigitallyandpassedontotheStateFocalPointsAgency–KosraeIslandResourceManagementAuthority(KIRMA),PohnpeiDepartmentandLandandNaturalResource(DLNR),ChuukEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)&YapDepartmentofResourceandDevelopment(R&D)-andtheirrespectiveLandResourceAgencies.Unfortunately,manyofthosecurrentlyworkinginresourcemanagementatthestatelevelareunawarethatthegapanalysistookplaceandhaveneverseentheresults.Thishasbeenattributedtonotclearlyidentifyingastaffmemberatthestateleveltotakeovertheprojectaswellasstaffturnover.

ThepreviousGapAnalysiswasnotabletoassessthemanagementeffectivenessofthePAs.AnMPAeffectivenessassessmenttoolhasbeendevelopedforMicronesiamodelledaftertheMPAMEtooldevelopedinIndonesia.ThisallowsforenhancedunderstandingofmanagementeffectivenessofexistingMPAsitestobetakenintoconsiderationofthePANdesign,regardingwhethersitesare

1Marxanisacommonlyuseddecisionsupporttoolforconservationplanning,whichidentifiespriorityareastoachieveaspecifiedconservationobjectivewhenprovidedwithinformationaboutthespatialdistributionofconservationfeaturesofinterestsandthesocioeconomiccostofprotectingdifferentsites.

appropriateofstategoalsandobjectivesbasedonmanagementlevelandconservationeffectivenesslevel.

Additionally,thepreviousGapAnalysisfocusedonbiodiversityasthenumberoneobjectiveofdesignatedprotectedareasanddidnottakeintoconsiderationotherobjectivesespeciallythoseofthecommunity.ThisnewapproachwillbuildonthegapanalysisbyreevaluatingthePAsitesineachareausingpreviousresearcheffortsandappropriatecommunityconsultationstoensurethePANsmeetthegoalsofbothresourcemanagersandcommunitymembers(e.g.fisheriesmanagement),arerepresentativeofbiologicallysignificantareasandincorporateresiliency.

WorkshopPurposeandObjectivesThisworkshopwasthefirststepinrefiningthedesignofYap’sProtectedAreaNetwork(PAN)tobettermeetYapState’sgoalsusingspatialplanning.ThepurposeofthisworkshopwastoagreeonthegoalsofYap’sPAN,understandtheprinciplesofprotectedareadesignandgatherdataandknowledgefromcommunityleaderstohelpassessandmakerecommendationsonhowtoredesignYap’sPAN.

WorkshopObjectives

(1) RefineGoalsforNetwork(2) Clarifyscopeofstudy(3) Agreeonnetworkdesignprinciples(4) Assessdataneedstocompletedesignandavailabledatalayers

Presentation:HistoryofPlanninginFSMBernaGorong,TNC

Mrs.GoronghighlightedtheBlueprintforConservingtheBiodiversityoftheFSM,identifiedareasofbiologicalsignificance,therapidecologicalassessmentconductedin2005andcoralreefandfishsurveys.ShealsosharedtheresultsoftheGapAnalysis(asdescribedabove)conductedinallfourFSMstatesin2009andlessonslearnedfromthatprocess.

Questionfromparticipant:Arethe2002ABSareasstillthemostimportantplaces?

Answer:REAswereconductedinsomeareasofthestatetocollectdatatobetterassess,butunsurewhethertheABSareaswereupdatedasaresult.

Director:Lotsoftheworkisdrivenbydataavailability,andisthereforedependentuponoutsideexpertise.Weneedtorefocusontraditionalknowledgeandmanagementsoasnottolosethem.YapStatehasdeclaredanemergencyfornon-communicablediseases.Importedfoodcanbeaccessedmorecheaplyandeasilythanlocalresources.Weneedtochangepeople’sbehavior.FoodfromlocalresourcesiskeytohealthofYapese.

Thomas:Dataarestillvaluableforunderstandingwhatisgoingon.Fishingmethodshavechanged–newtechnologyandiceboxes.Conservationisnotaboutstoppingfishing,butensuringsustainabilityoffishforhumanconsumption.

Francis:Weneedtofocusondifferentformsoffisheriesandtraditionalmanagementinadditiontoprotectedareas.E.g.fisheriessizelimitsetc.

Rachel:“Effectivemanagement”doesn'tjustmeanstrictprotectedareas.TheMCnowhassocioeconomicmonitoringandislookingattheimpactthatprotectedareashaveonpeople.

Francis:WeneedtoupdatetheterrestrialprotectedareasusedinMCaccounting.

Sabino:ItseemsliketheState’sfocusisonmarine,butweneedparallelplanningonland.

Presentation:SystematicConservationPlanningforProtectedAreaNetworksBy:Dr.RebeccaWeeks,JamesCookUniversity

Dr.WeekshasparticipatedinPANdesignprojectsinseveralcountriesinthePacificincludingPalauandPohnpei.Herpresentationcoveredhowprotectedareasweredesignedinthepast,usingsystematicconservationplanningandexamplesofhowsystematicconservationplanningwasusedinotherplaces.Belowisasummaryofthemainpointsofherpresentation.

Inthepastprotectedareaswereplacedincertainplacesbecausetheywerescenicplaces,remoteareas,areasnearresearchinstitutionsorculturallyimportant/traditionalprotectedareas.Thisapproachisprovingtonotbeeffectivebecauseweprotectareasthatarenotneededforanythingelseandareasofhighconservationimportancemaynotbeprotected.Inaddition,traditionalmanagementpracticesmaynolongerbeeffectiveinlightofgrowinghumanpopulationsandnewtechnologiesforharvestingresources.

Systematicconservationplanningistheintegrationofbiologicalassessment,stakeholderengagementandsocio-economicsincost-effectconservationaction.Ratherthanjustidentifyingareasthatareimportantforbiodiversity,conservationplanningseekstobalanceandachievegoodoutcomesforbothbiodiversityconservationandhumanwellbeing.Theprocessisbasedonclearstatementsaboutstakeholderobjectivesandexpectedresults.Itisascientific,datadrivenapproach,whichistransparent.Itsupportsdecisionmaking,butdoesnotmakedecisions.Thereare11stagesintheconservationplanningprocess.

Inthepastsiteswithgreatestspeciesrichnesswereselectedwhentryingtorepresentallbiodiversityfeatureintheminimumnumberofsites.Usingthecomplementarityapproachthesamenumberofspeciescanberepresented,butfewersitesaredesignatedasPAs.Inthisapproach,sitescomplementeachotheriftheycontaindifferentbiodiversityfeaturesandeachtimeasiteisaddedwhatisalreadyprotectedisconsidered.ThisapproachalsoallowsforflexibilitybecausetheremaybemorethanonewaytoachievetheobjectivesofthePANdesign.

Onceyoustartconsideringadditionalconservationfeaturesandscopeoftheprojecttheproblemcanquicklybecometoodifficulttosolvebyhand.Thisiswhydecision-supporttoolsareuseful.ComputerprogramslikeMarxancandothecalculationsfasterthanwecando.

Socialandeconomic“costs”inconservationplanningarenotmonetaryvalues.“Costs”indicatedtheopportunitiesthatdifferentstakeholdersgiveuptoestablishaPA.e.g.fishing,agriculture.Touristsorrecreationalsitescanhavepositivevaluesor“costs”.Conservationplanningallowsustobalancetrade-offsbetweenbiodiversityandhumanuses.

Thomas–Weshouldn'ttalkaboutconservation,weneedtotalkaboutfoodsecurityandpeople.Wehaveaverylimitedwaterareaforprotectionanduse.

YapProtectedAreaNetworkVisionEnglish:ThePeopleofYAPState,inthefaceofinevitablechange,takingsharedlocalactionsanchoredintheirrichtraditionalknowledgeandvalues,adaptedtomeetingtoday’schallengestosafeguardsustainablemanagementofpreciousnaturalresources,onwhichourlivelihoodandsustenancedependsonforavibrant,healthy,andhappycommunities,todayandformanygenerationstocome.Ulithian:YarmatalYapeile,luwolchangeskeyebubuthog,ngoyirreyangangfangalluwolmaklakolfaluyarboreberolhofagirelwaireskeyebubuthogngalir.Bwoilengobemwalyarhafelengorekamahoyresourcesklayarbohowlugulyarmatiglamowagay.

Satawal:AeremesaenYapeeiina,reenminikkaesooarnoiugiunoanaanikkittosiussiuweniyfetaeneeigirh,raaffeorifengaenniyaekkaaewaffeeorneenopwoapwunnoanminikkakkonfaniuwarhmeminikkaerhaengmereerh,pweepweananeeowfirhiyminikkaaewwaeiraesiynoanraennekkeeipweepwe

aefirhefirhawunuununaarhaaeyaeminikkaenopwegeoniugiurhikkaetipaengifaniuw,saaet,meaeremaspwerepwemenawngerekker,iwengeeteeoteonoapwegeoniugiurhiginamesaeretaaenkkenawenimmwarhnoa.

Yapese:PigirdieneaStatenuWa’ab,ufithiketinibethilthilkonamngefaileng,ekartaarebnigedrogonemithmithrorad,karyiluyedkom’agngelowanngeparrodad,karunedIturguyetinnibmoomawnifenechiney,ningeaywegItanmiyrogonichathowliyetinnibtuufmabgaafan,ningeparenamngedainibgalunglungmabfaas,nifaankodabaangetingabulemfaen.

SuccessesandChallengesofExistingMPAsParticipantsdiscussedandlistedthesuccessandchallengesfacingexistingMPAs.

CommonSuccesses:

- Strongcommunitysupportandtraditionalleadership- Haveseenfishincreaseinnumber- Haveobservedoverflowoffish,improvingfoodsecurity- Improvedqualityoffishhabitat/healthycoralreefs- StrengthenedcommunityinvolvementaroundestablishingtheMPA- Observedsuccessledtowillingnesstomanageconnectedhabitats,e.g.mangroves,land.

CommonChallenges:

- Lackoffunding- CommunitiesneedtobetterunderstandthepurposeofthePA,falseexpectationsofhow

muchinvolvementwouldberequiredandwhatresultswouldbeledtolackofcommunitysupportandnon-compliance

- Poachingandlackofenforcement.Needdedicatedpersonnel.- There’snoalternativetofishing.Near-shoreFADs?- Lackofcommunityawareness–needtoimproveunderstandingtoshoreupcommitment.

ObjectivesofPAsarelargelyforfoodsecurity,alsoeconomicopportunities.Nguluspecificallyformudcrabsandclams(somezones).

ScopeofplanningParticipantsdiscussedandagreedonscopeofPANplanningforYap.

1. WewillplanforthewholeofYapState,includingtheouterislands.Requestfromtraditionalcouncilofouterislandsthattheybeincluded.Butneedtothinkabouthowremoteareascanbeenforced.

2. Wewillplanforbothmarineandterrestrialenvironments.3. Wewillfocusfirstonachievinglocalobjectivesbutwillconsiderhowthesecanfeedintothe

MicronesiaChallengeandotherinternationalobjectives.

4. Theplanwillincludeprotectedareasandothermanagementstrategies,includingtraditionalresourcemanagement.

5. WeneedtohaveclearrolesandresponsibilitiesforimplementingthePANplan.Communities(traditionalleadersandcouncils)willfirstandforemosttakeresponsibilityforimplementation.YapStateandFSMagencieswillprovidesupport,forexamplebycreatingandenforcinglawsthatsupportcommunity-ledmanagementactions.NGOswillprovidetechnicalsupportforplanningandimplementation,anddonorswillprovidefundingformanagementactivities.

6. Wewantaworkableandrealisticmanagementplanthatintegrateslocalknowledgeandbestpracticesinformedbyscience.Weneedtobuildcommunitycapacityintermsofunderstandinghowecology(e.g.fishmovementpatterns)caninformmanagement,andwhichdifferentmanagementstrategiesmightworktoachievecommunityobjectives.

Presentation:DesigningResilientNetworksofMarineProtectedAreastoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectivesByLizTerk,TNConbehalfofDr.AlisonGreen,TNC

MS.TerkgaveapresentationonMPAdesignprinciplesthatcanbeusedtoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeobjectives.ShepresentednewsciencewhichisbeingusedtodesignMPAs.Shealsohighlightedhowconnectivitybasedonthisnewsciencecanbeusedtoimprovemarinereservedesign..Informationforthepresentationcamefromthefollowingsources:

Green,A.,White,A.,Kilarski,S.(Eds.)2013.Designingmarineprotectedareanetworkstoachievefisheries,biodiversity,andclimatechangeobjectivesintropicalecosystems:Apractitionerguide.TheNatureConservancy,andtheUSAIDCoralTriangleSupportPartnership,CebuCity,Philippines.viii+35pp.

http://www.uscti.org/uscti/Resources/MPA%20Practitioner%20Guide%20Final%207Mar13.pdf

Greenetal2013DesigningMarineReservesforFisheriesManagement,BiodiversityConservation,andClimateChangeAdaptation)thatprovidesthescientificbasisforthisapproachwhichisavailableonlineat:http://www.tandfonline.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/08920753.2014.877763#.Uyd_j02KDrc

Overfiveyears,theCoralTriangleSupportPartnership(CTSP:supportedbyUSAIDandtheAmericanpeople)hassupportedaproject,ledbyTheNatureConservancy,focusedonimprovingourabilitytodesignmarineprotectedarea(MPA)networkstoachievemultipleobjectivesregardingfisheriesmanagement,biodiversityconservationandclimatechangeadaptationintheCoralTriangle.Thispresentationfocusesonsomeofthelatestsciencethatwasdoneinsupportofthis.WhilethisworkwasdevelopedintheCoralTriangle,theresultsareapplicabletoanytropicalmarineecosystem.

Ifwelldesignedandimplemented,MPAscancontributetoachievingmultipleobjectivesincluding:protectingbiodiversity,climatechangeadaptation,fisheriesproductionandmanagementandother

resourcemanagement(e.g.Tourism).MPAsoftendon’tachievetheseobjectivesbecausetheyareeithernotwelldesignedoreffectivelymanaged.Furthermore,thewayinwhichwedesignMPAsfordifferentobjectivesareslightlydifferent(particularlyforbiodiversityandfisheries).SoweneededtocomeupwithawayofcombiningthisadviceforpeoplewhowishtodesigntheirMPAstoachievealloftheseobjectivesatthesametime.

Inrecentyears,therehasalsobeensomenewandexcitingscienceemergingwhichwillhelpdesignMPAstomaximizetheircontributiontotheseobjectives.Basedonthisnewscience,wedeveloped15biophysicalprinciplesorguidelinesforfieldpractitionersfordesigningresilientnetworksofMPAstoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeoutcomessimultaneously.Thispresentationcoverssomeoftheseprinciplesandtherationaleforeach.Theprinciplesshouldbeusedwithasimilarsettoaddresssocial,economicandculturalconsiderations.

First,itisimportanttocreatelargemultipleuseareasthatincludebutarenotlimitedtomarinereserves(no-takeareas).ThisisbecausewhilemarinereservesarethemostpowerfultoolinourMPAtoolboxforachievingourobjectives,theycannotbeeffectiveontheirown,andneedtobeintegratedwithotherzonestobesuccessful.

Thenextprincipleistheneedtorepresent20-40%ofeachhabitatinmarinereserves.Thisisbecausedifferentspeciesusedifferenthabitats,soit’simportanttoprotectrepresentativeexamplesofeachhabitatinno-takeareastoprotectallbiodiversityandkeyfisheriesspecies.Howmuchdependsonfishingpressureandotherfisheriesmanagementoutside.

Anotherprincipleistheneedspreadtheriskbyprotectingatleast3widelyseparatedreplicatesofeachhabitattypeinmarinereserves.Thisminimizestheriskthatallexamplesofahabitatwilladverselyimpactedbythesamedisturbance.Protectedhabitatsthatsurvivethedisturbancecanactasasourceoflarvaetohelprecoveryinotherareas.Replicationalsohelpsmanagetheuncertaintyassociatedwithbiologicalheterogeneitywithinhabitats.Sincevariationsincommunitiesandspecieswithinhabitatsareoftenpoorlyunderstood,habitatreplicationincreasesthelikelihoodthatexamplesofeacharerepresentedwithinthenetworkofprotectedareas.

Itisalsoimportanttomakesurethatcritical,specialanduniqueareasareprotectedinmarinereserves.Forfisheriesmanagementweneedtoprotectcriticalhabitatsforkeyfisheriesspeciesatcriticalstagesintheirlifehistories,includingimportantaggregationsites(e.g.forspawningandfeeding)andjuvenilefishhabitat.Forbiodiversityprotectionweneedtoprotectspecialoruniquesitesinno-takeareas,includingimportantsitesforrareorthreatenedspecies(e.g.turtlenestingsites)orhabitats,endemicspeciesorareasofhighbiodiversity.

Itisalsoimportanttoidentifyandprotectareasthatmaybemoreresistantorresilienttoclimatechangeinmarinereserves.Forexamplemangrovesthathavespacetomoveinlandwithrisingsealevelsorecosystemsthathaveresistedorrecoveredfromdamage(e.g.coralbleaching)inthepastandhavecharacteristicsthatindicatetheyaremorelikelytosurviveimpactsinthefuture(e.g.heat-tolerantcoralsthatmaybemoreresistanttocoralbleaching.)Resilientsites(refugia)forkeyhabitatsandspeciesshouldbeincludedinMPAs,preferablymarinereserves,becausetheyarelikelytobeimportantformaintainingbiodiversityinthefaceofclimatechange.

Therestofthispresentationfocusesonsomeofthesciencedoneinsupportofthisregardingtheconnectivityofreefandcoastalpelagicspecies,andhowitcanbeusedtoimproveMPAnetworkdesign(basedonGreenetal.inreview).

Mostreeffisheshavetwolifehistoryphases.Forexample,wehavetwoadultcoraltrout,amaleandfemale,livingonthereef.Whentheyreproduce,hundredsofthousandstomillionsoftinylarvaearereleasedintothewatersabovethereef.Thelarvaespendabout30daysoutinthebluegrowing,andforthevastmajority,dying–weestimatethatasmanyas99%ofthemdieduringthisperiod,mostofthemeatenbyotheranimals.Howfartheytravelawayfromtheirparentsisarealmysteryandcouldbehundredsofkilometers.Fortheluckyfewwhosurvivethevoyagetheyfindareefandsettledown,andwillgenerallystayonthatreeffortherestoftheirlives.

Reeffishmovedifferentdistancesinthesetwolifehistoryphases.Mostspeciesdon’tmoveveryfar(afewmeters,100sofmeters,orafewkms)asadultsandjuveniles,whilelarvaehavethepotentialtomovemuchfurther(10s,100sor1000sofkms).Scientists(e.g.Palumbietal.2004)recommendthatsinceadultsandjuvenilesaremostvulnerabletofishingoutsideofmarinereserves,weshouldsetthesizeofNTAssizeaccordingtomovementpatternsofadult/juvenilefishes.

WhydowewanttheMPAsizetobebiggerthanthehomerangeofkeyspecies?Becausesizematters!A40cmcoraltroutwillproducearound350,000larvaebuta50cmtroutwillproduce1millionlarvaeanda60cmtroutwillproduce3millionlarvae.So,bigfishproducealotmorebabiesthansmallfish,whichtheycanexporttofishedareas.Soweaimtoprotectindividualssotheycanreachlargesizes,wheretheywillproducemorelarvaetoexporttootherareas.

Latestsciencesuggeststhatthesizeshoulddependonkeyspecies(andhowfarthey

move)andifothereffectiveprotectionisinplace.Whilewe’veknownthisforawhile,howdoweapplyittoMPAnetworkdesign?Thekeyistoconsiderthekeyspeciesthecommunitieswanttomanage,andhowfartheymove.Unfortunatelywehaven’tbeenabletoabletoapplythisinformationinanydetailbeforebecausewedidn’thavetheinformationonmovementpatternsofkeyspeciesavailable.

Overthelastfewyears,we’vereviewedthebestavailablescienceregardingmovementpatternsofadult/juvenilecoralreefandcoastalpelagicfishspecies(Greenetalinreview).WecannowusethisinfotohaveinformeddiscussionswithcommunitiesregardinghowlargeNTAsshouldbebasedonkeyspeciestheyareinterestedinandhowfartheymoveandthereisothereffectiveprotectioninplace.

Mostspeciesdon’tmoveveryfarasadults/juveniles(most<1-3km2),althoughsomemovelongerdistances(5to>20km).Soifpossible,itisbettertohavelargeMPAs(10-20kms)becausetheyprotectlargerpopulationsofmorespecies.Butifthisisnotfeasible(e.g.formostcommunitymanagedareasininshoreareas),thenweneedtothinkclearlyaboutwhatspeciescommunities

fromMaypa2012)

wanttoprotect,howfartheymove,andhowtoprotectthem(i.e.NTAsoftheappropriatesize,orbysomeothermeanse.g.regulationstoprotectwiderangingspecies).

HowwecanuseinformationonlarvaldispersalinMPAdesign?Scientists(e.g.Palumbietal.2004)recommendthatwesetthespacingofmarinereservesaccordingtolarvaldispersaldistance(sincetheyarelessvulnerabletothefisherywhentheymoveoutsideofNTAs,andtheyareimportantforreplenishmentofareasafterdisturbance).Biophysicalmodelspredictthatthescaleofcoralreeffishlarvaldispersalislikelytobeinthe10’sofkms(3-50kmormore).Howeverrecentdirectmeasurementsoflarvaldispersal(e.g.usingDNAparentageanalysis)ofarangeofcoralreefspeciesshowsthatself-recruitmentismorecommonthanwethought,andinfact20-60%actuallystayinthelocalareawheretheywerespawned(mostwithin15km).Therefore,werecommendthatmarinereservesbeseparatedby<15kms(Greenetalinreview).Wealsorecommendthatmarinereservesareclosetofishinggrounds,tomaximizethebenefitstolocalfisheries.

Anotherthingtoconsideristhelocationofno-takeareas(ietheneedtolocateNTAswheretheprimaryhabitatofkeyspeciesislocated)andconnectivityamonghabitattypesi.e.wherekeyspeciesusedifferenthabitatsthroughouttheirlives.

Thisimageshowshowsomespecies(e.g.themangroveredsnapper,alsocalledmangrovejack)usedifferenthabitattypesthroughoutitslife.Therefore,toprotectthisspecies,itisnecessarytoprotectallofthehabitattypesitusesthroughoutitslife(andtomakesuretheseareasarecloseenough

togethertoallowformovementamongthem).

Anotherecologicalconceptthatweneedtoconsiderisvulnerabilityandrecoverytimesoffishesandimplicationsfordurationofmarinereserves.Manyfactorsaffectvulnerabilityandrecoveryratesofreeffishes(basedonAbesamisetalinreview)includinglifehistorycharacteristics(maximumsize,growthrate,lifespan,age/lengthatmaturity)andtrophiclevel(Rateofnaturalmortality,Recruitmentrates,SpeciesinteractionsandPopulationsizeduetofishingintensity)

Lifehistoryandtrophiccharacteristicsareusefulbutnotperfectindicatorsofvulnerabilityandrecovertimes,whichwecanuseindatapoorsituations.Somespecies(e.g.herbivoressuchasmostparrotfishes),arelessvulnerabletofishingpressureandtakelesstimetorecoverafterprotectionbecausetheyhavesmallermaximumsizes,shorterlifespans,andgrowandmaturemorequickly.Others(eg.largecarnivoreslikegroupers)aremorevulnerabletofishingandtakelongertorecoverafterprotectionbecausetheyhavelargermaximumsizes,longerlifespans,andgrowandmature

moreslowly.ThereforeNTAs(for20-40%habitatrepresentation)needtobelongterm/permanenttoallowtimeforallspeciestorecover,includingkeyfisheriesspeciessuchasgroupers.Shorttermareascanprovideshorttermfisheriesbenefitsforsomespecies(e.g.tostockpileresourcesforfeasts/schoolfees),butarenosubstituteforlongtermareasforbiodiversityprotectionandfisheriesproductionforallspecies.Soshorttermareasshouldbeusedinadditionto,andnotinsteadof,longtermareas.

Itisalsoimportanttoprohibitdestructiveactivitiesandminimizeoravoidlocalthreats.Ifthesethreatscannotbemanagedeffectively,itisimportanttoprotectareaswithlowerlevelsofthreatsinno-takeareas.

ThisisgreatnewsforMPAnetworkdesign,particularlysmallcommunitymanagedmarineareasbecausenowwecandemonstratebenefitstolocalpeoplemoreclearly.Thelatestscientificevidencesuggeststhatlocalfisheriesmanagementthroughmarinereserves,evensmallones,canresultinlocalbenefitsforcommunitiesbecauseNTAsprotectspawningstockthatprovidesrecruitmenttolocalfisheriessincemostcoralreefandcoastalpelagicfishesdon’tmoveveryfarasadultsorjuveniles(most<1-3km2),althoughtherearesomewiderangingspeciesthatmovelongerdistances(5to>20km);andthescaleoflarvaldispersalismuchsmallerthanpreviouslythought(20-50%ofrecruitsstayinthelocalarea,mostwithin5km).

Thisinformationcoveredinthispresentationisavailableinseveralformatsfordifferentaudiences.

DesigningMarineProtectedAreaNetworkstoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectivesinTropicalEcosystems

-Ascientificpaper(Greenetal2013DesigningMarineReservesforFisheriesManagement,BiodiversityConservation,andClimateChangeAdaptation)thatprovidesthescientificbasisforthisapproachwhichisavailableonlineat:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08920753.2014.877768

-Aguideforfieldpractitioners(Greenetal2013Designingmarineprotectedareanetworkstoachievefisheries,biodiversityandclimatechangeobjectivesintropicalecosystems-aPractitioner'sGuide),whichprovidesasuccinct,graphicanduser-friendlysynthesisofthebestavailablescientificinformationforpractitionerswhomaynothaveaccessto,orthetimetoreview,theincreasingamountofresearchliteratureregardingthisissue.Thisisavailableonlineat:http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/library/guide-designing-marine-protected-area-networks-achieve-fisheries-biodiversity-and-climate

-Aguideforcommunitybasedmanagers(Gombosetal2013DesigningEffectiveLocallyManagedAreasinTropicalMarineEnvironments),whereweprovideaseriesofflipchartsandspeakingnotesforfacilitatorstodiscussimportantconsiderationsregardingMPAnetworkdesignwithlocalcommunitieswhomayownandmanagetheseresources.Thisisavailableat:http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/library/training-material-designing-effective-locally-managed-areas-tropical-marine-environments-3

-Apolicybrief(GreenandWhite2013UsingMarineProtectedAreaNetworkstoAchieveFisheries,BiodiversityandClimateChangeObjectives),whichisdesignedforusebygovernmentdepartments

andseniorgovernmentofficialsandisonlineat:http://www.uscti.org/uscti/Resources/MPANetworkDesignPolicyBriefFinal4.pdf

Discussion

Thomas–inshorereefareashavegotshallowerandnolongerarehabitatforjuvenilefishes.Cancommunitiesremovesandandrubbletomaketheareasdeeperagain?

Bernaaddedthattraditionallycommunitiesmanagedthesechannels.

Dr.Weekscautionedagainstremovingsubstrateincasetherearedownstreamimpactsofsediment.Iftraditionalpracticesarerevived,needtobecarefulaboutchanginghowtheyareundertaken,i.e.don'tdoitwithbulldozers.

Presentation:GapAnalysisDr.RebeccaWeeks,JCU

Dr.WeeksgaveapresentationonthepreliminarygapanalysisshedidbasedonavailabledataforthecurrentYapPAN.Thegapanalysislookedisanassessmentoftheextenttowhichaprotectedareasystemmeetsconservationgoals.Theassessmentcanconsiderrepresentationgaps,ecologicalgapsandmanagementgaps.Representationgapsarewhennotenoughexamplesofafeaturearewithintheprotectedareanetwork.Ecologicalgapsarewhenprotectedareasarenotadequatetoensurefeaturespersistwithinthem.Managementgapsarewhenprotectedareasexist,butmanagementeffectivenessispoororregulationsinsufficient.Itisalsoimportanttolookatdatagapsbecausethiswouldaffectyouranalysis.

Forrepresentationgaps,Dr.Weeksassessedwhatpercentageofdifferenthabitatorreeftypeswereprotected.CurrentlyforYap,22%ofreefsand.04%oflandarewithinprotectedareas.Overall16%islandreefs,0%bankreefsand26%ofatollsreefsareprotected.Atollreefhabitatsvarybetween0%and100%protectedwith30%MCtargetachieved(lagoonpinnacle,enclosedlagoon,passandpassreefflat).Islandsreefhabitatsverybetween0%and39%protectedwiththe30%MCtargetachievedonlyforreefchannels.

ResultsfromthispreliminarygapanalysiswillneedtobeupdatedfollowingdiscussionbythegroupastowhichofYap’sPAsshouldbeconsideredasactivelymanagedatpresent.

Forecologicalassessment,Dr.Weeksfocusedontherecommendationsthatmarinereservesshouldbetwiceaslargeasfishspecies’homerangestobeeffectiveandthatMPAsonreefsnearseagrassandmangrovesaremoreeffectiveforsomespecies.ShecomparedthehomerangesofpopularfishspeciesfromYapwiththesizeofexistingMPAstodetermineifMPAswerelargeenoughtoprotectthespeciesYapcaresabout.

ThepreliminarygapanalysisdidnotlookatthecurrentmanagementstatusofYap’sMPAs.ThisinformationwasgatheredforseveralMPAsinYapusingtheMarineProtectedAreaManagementEffectiveness(MPAME)tool.Scoresfromthistoolcanbeusedwhenconductingthegapanalysis.

Discussion:

Tomil–initiallythemanagementwasundertakenbyTamilResourcesConservationTrust(TRCT),3yearslateritisthecommunitieswhoaredoingmanagementactivities,andthereneedstobebettercommunicationbetweenthemandTRCT.

ForexampleonpaperPohnpeihavereachedtheMCtargets(representation),butmonitoringshowsthatYap’sMPAsaremoreeffective.

CommunitiesneedtosubmitanynewMPAsforthemtobecounted.

Thomas–communitiesknowwheretheirMPAsare,thegovernmentshouldcollecttheinformation.

Thereareadditionalsitestoadd–theboundariesarenotyetfinal,sowecanmakedesignrecommendations.

GroupExercise:EcologicalAdequacyofMPAsandFishMovementParticipantsweregiventhehomerangesofpopularfishfromYapandthesizeofalltheexistingMPAs.TheywereaskedtodeterminewhetherYap’sMPAseffectivelyprotecttheirchosenfishspecies.ThencouldeitherchoseseveralfishspeciesandoneMPA,orlookathowwellallMPAsprotectonefishspecies.

Group1–lookedatNimpalChannelandfoundthatmostfishhomerangesaretoolargeforthemtobeprotectedbytheMPA.

Group2–lookedatReeyMPA,andfourspecies.Twospeciesmovetoofarandmaybeaseasonalclosureisneeded.Rabbitfishareapriority.TheReeyMPAprotectsalargerareaofforereef,soaffordsbetterprotectiontofishthatusetheouterreefhabitat;fishthatusethelagoonalreefsarelesswellprotectedbythesmallerareathere.It’shardertomakethatarealargerbecausetheyhaveonlyasmallfishingground.

Group3–lookedatallMPAs.Foundthatsnapperandtrevallyarenotwellprotectedanywhereandneeddifferentmanagementapproaches

Presentation:ChuukFisheriesManagementPlanLizTerk,TNC

ProvidedexampleofcomprehensivefisheriesmanagementplanthatwasdevelopedforChuukthatusedbothspatialandnon-spatialmanagementapproachesbasedonthebestavailablescience.

Discussion:NotedthatYapisnearPalau,sowecanusetheirfishlifehistorydata.Thomas–dotheOneicommunitycomplywithnighttimespearfishingban?Liz–itsnotyetimplementedbutwehopeso.

Exercise:SituationAnalysisThenextstepintheworkshopwastoconductasituationanalysisofthecurrentconservationsituation.Theparticipantsidentifiedpriorityconservationfeatures,criticalthreatstotheseandimpactsonhumanwellbeing.

Conservationprimarytargets

Conservationprimarytargetsarespeciesofconcern,habitatsorecologicalprocessesthatarechosentorepresentandencompassthefullsuiteofbiodiversityintheprojectarea.Theyarethebasisforsettinggoals,carryingoutconservationactions,andmeasuringconservationeffectiveness.

- Turtles- Corals- Reeffish- Mangroves- Bumpheadparrotfishandhumpheadwrasse- Marineinvertebrates(trochus,clam,seacucumber)- Forests- Fruitbats

Discussion:

Thomas–weneedtoidentifyspawningareasforBumpheadparrotfish.

Rachel–weshouldn’tforgetseaandlandbirds.

Explanatorynotesfromreportingback:

• Overfishinghasbeencausedbybreakdownoftraditionalfishingpracticewherepeopletookonlywhattheyneeded,andlifestylechange–peopleeatmorefishnow.

• Linkbetweeninvertebratesandtourismbecauseinvertshelpkeepwaterqualityclearandsomethingismissingiftheyarenotthere

• Developmentthreattocoralsisfromroadbuilding• Fireisusedtoclearlandforfarming,creatingwildfiresthatthreatenforests.• ThereisaneedtobetterunderstandthekeythreatstobumpheadparrotfishhereinYap• Mangroves:needforline=telegraphline.Woodisusedforthepoles.

Keychallenges:

Keychallengesarticulatethelinksbetweenprimaryconservationtargets,threatstothosefeatures,driversandsocialoreconomicoutcomes.TwokeychallengeswereidentifiedforYapState:

1. Overfishingofreeffishandinvertebratescausedbyreplacementoftraditionalfishingpracticeswithmodernmethodslowersaccesstolocalfoodsupplyandincomeforlocalcommunities,withnegativeimpactsonYapesecultureandhealth.

2. Landdevelopmentisleadingtothedestructionofforestsandmangroveswhichthreatensfoodsecurityandlocalculturalpractice,andnegativelyimpactsnurseryhabitatforfishspecies.

Reef Fish

Overfishing

Erosion

Coral bleaching

Habitat loss

Poaching

Loss of traditional

fishing practices

Change in lifestyle

Climate change

Land development

Commercial fishing

Subsistence fishing

Traditional use

Tourism

Loss of tradition

Loss of income source for community

Impact on people's health

Marine invertebrates

Commercial fishing

Subsistence fishing

Tourism

Loss of income source for community

Impact on people's healthOverfishing

ErosionHabitat loss

Dredging

TyphoonClimate change

Loss of traditional

fishing practices

Land development

Reef Fish

Overfishing

Erosion

Coral bleaching

Habitat loss

Poaching

Loss of traditional

fishing practices

Change in lifestyle

Climate change

Land development

Commercial fishing

Subsistence fishing

Traditional use

Tourism

Loss of tradition

Loss of income source for community

Impact on people's health

Marine invertebrates

Commercial fishing

Subsistence fishing

Tourism

Loss of income source for community

Impact on people's healthOverfishing

ErosionHabitat loss

Dredging

TyphoonClimate change

Loss of traditional

fishing practices

Land development

Corals

Pollution

Climate change

Human negligence

Development

Tourism

Traditional use Loss of tradition

Loss of incomeBleaching

Dredging

Coastal development

Habitat for fish

Coastal protection

Food security

More damage from storms

Turtles

Food source

Tourism

Loss of food security (outer

islands)

Loss of culture / traditions

Loss of income

Over harvest

Pollution

Nest erosion

New fishing techniques

Non-compliance with laws & cultural

practice

Human negligence

Climate change

Income

Forests

Land development

Natural disaster

Business expansion

(ETG)

Farming

Local medicine

Habitat for food source

Less fruit bat & pigeon to eat

Loss of cultureTyphoon

Wildfire

Invasive species, fungus & disease

Lumber for local house &

canoes

Decline in human health

New sawmills

Bumphead parrotfish

Soil erosion

Local foodMass fishing

Commercial fishing

Customary exchange Loss of culture

Loss of income

Catching undersize fish

Juvenile habitat

destruction

Access to refridgeration

High demand for fish

consumption

Modern fishing

methods

Forests

Land development

Natural disaster

Business expansion

(ETG)

Farming

Local medicine

Habitat for food source

Less fruit bat & pigeon to eat

Loss of cultureTyphoon

Wildfire

Invasive species, fungus & disease

Lumber for local house &

canoes

Decline in human health

New sawmills

Bumphead parrotfish

Soil erosion

Local foodMass fishing

Commercial fishing

Customary exchange Loss of culture

Loss of income

Catching undersize fish

Juvenile habitat

destruction

Access to refridgeration

High demand for fish

consumption

Modern fishing

methods

Corals

Pollution

Climate change

Human negligence

Development

Tourism

Traditional use Loss of tradition

Loss of incomeBleaching

Dredging

Coastal development

Habitat for fish

Coastal protection

Food security

More damage from storms

Turtles

Food source

Tourism

Loss of food security (outer

islands)

Loss of culture / traditions

Loss of income

Over harvest

Pollution

Nest erosion

New fishing techniques

Non-compliance with laws & cultural

practice

Human negligence

Climate change

Income

Fruit bats

Local consumption

Less food security

Over harvesting

Breakdown in traditional

consumption system

Lack of enforcement

of laws

Source of income

MangrovesHabitat destruction

Natural disaster

(typhoon)

High demand for lime

High demand for coastal real estate

Shoreline protection

Lime production

Home development

Meeting houses

More storm damage

Loss of culture

Less affordable housing

Seed disperal

Goals

ReefFish

- Wanttoseemoreinthefuturetoprovidemorefoodsecurityandwellbeing- Foodsecurity=enoughforeveryonetoeatfisheveryday- Wewillbesuccessfulifwecanseeschoolsoffishinthelagoonagain,ifpeopledon'thaveto

travelsofartofish,andifcommunityobservationandmonitoringdemonstratesincreasesinfishabundance

MarineInvertebrates

- Wewanttoseemoreclams,trochus,seacucumbersandseashells(formoney).- Moreinvertebrateswillprovideandbeindicatedbyahealthyreefandcleanwater- Wewillbesuccessfuliftherearenomorecomplaintsfromfishersabouttoofewresources

(Rachelnotedtherearetoolstoelicitcommunityperceptionsaboutresourcestatus)

NOTES–Thereisacurrentmoratoriumonseacucumbercollection,butsomenon-compliance(soldforexport).Itisoftenwomeninvolvedincollectinginvertebrates.

Corals

- Wewanttoseemore,healthycorals,indicatedbyanincreaseinpercentcover,andmaintained/restoredcoraldiversity

- Progresswillbeassessedthoughmonitoringdata,communityperceptionsandinformationfromdivers.

NOTE–wecan’tpreventbleaching,butcanmonitorandrespond.

Turtles

- Wewantenoughturtlestoallowforsustainableconsumptionandtraditionaluse

NOTE–outerislandchiefsdistributeturtlecatch,butthesystemisbeingabused.Nowitisbeingshippedtoandsoldonthemainisland.

Fruit bats

Local consumption

Less food security

Over harvesting

Breakdown in traditional

consumption system

Lack of enforcement

of laws

Source of income

MangrovesHabitat destruction

Natural disaster

(typhoon)

High demand for lime

High demand for coastal real estate

Shoreline protection

Lime production

Home development

Meeting houses

More storm damage

Loss of culture

Less affordable housing

Seed disperal

Bumpheadparrotfish

- Wewanttoseeanincreaseinabundanceandsizeofbumpheadparrotfish,andrecoverthepopulationtopreviouslevels,sothattherewillbeenoughtoprovideforfutureculturalpractice(mainisland)

Forests

- Wewanthealthierforestsandvegetation,anincreaseinfruityieldingtrees.Thiswillprovideasustainablesourceoflumberandallowforrevivalinuseofmedicinalplantsandhealthierdiet

Mangroves

- Wewanttoseeanincreaseintheextentofmangroveforestareasandrehabilitationofdamagedmangroveforestareas

Fruitbats

- Wewanttoseemorebatcolonies(butareunsureofpopulationtrajectory)andanincreaseinthenumberofseed-bearingtreesasaresult(batsareprimaryseeddispersers)

NOTES–Therearelawsfortraditionaluse,butnon-compliance.Traditionallyonlyland-lockedvillagesshouldeatbat,nowotherseatforspecialoccasions.

StrategyMappingUsingthesituationanalysisthebreakoutgroupscameupwithstrategiesforachievingtheirgoalsforeachconservationtarget.

Corals

- Review,improveandenforcelawsforpollutionanddredging(EPA)- Utilizecommunitymanagementstrategiestohelpminimizebleaching/improveresilience

throughdesign(community)

Turtle

- Reviewandimprovelaws,considerbanonsalestomainisland(EPA,enforcement?)- Bringbacktraditionalregulationsonturtlecatch(community)- Plasticbagban(inplacefor2years)- Stopeggconsumptionbyprotectingnests(communities,exampleonUlithi)- Regulationonlonglineuse

Mainchallengeishowtoenforcerules,especiallysincecommunitiesowntheirresources.Itwilltaketimetochangebehavior.Governmentneedstoregulatesales,butcommunitiesneedtohelpwithturtlenests.Weneedmoregovernmentleaderstoattendmeetingssoastoalignobjectivesandconcernswithcommunityrepresentatives.Forexample,economicdevelopmentaspirationsarenotincorporatedherebecausegovernmentagencyrepresentativesarenotpresent.

Banningturtlesalewillbeachallengewhereitistheprimarysourceofincomeforafamily.Whatalternativeincomeoptionsarethere?Maybelimitsalesinsteadofban?

Mangroves

- Establishno-takeareasonrecoveringmangroveforestareas(community)–thiswillpreventmangrovecutting,butwillbechallengedbypeoplewhodependonmangrovewoodforincome,andwillincreasethepriceoflime

- Establishrotating“take”areaswherecuttingisallowed,andthenre-vegetationactivities.Butcouldbehardifmangroveareasareinsufficient,andpeoplemightpoach.

- Identifyandprotecttheoldgrowthmangroveareas(community)- Sustainabledevelopment(community)

NOTES–Allmangrovesareowned.Traditionalpracticewassustainable,withdifferentpeopleallowedtoharvestparticularspeciesandnoclearcutting.

Suggested:mangroveplanting/re-vegetationactivitiesinareaswheremangroveextenthasdecreased(community)

Fruitbats

- Seasonalhuntingperiod.Butthiswouldneedtonotconflictwithcustomaryneedse.g.YapDay.

- Establishprotectedareasandregulationstopreventhuntingatroostsites,butenforcementchallenging

- Existinglawonlyallowsfortraditionalusebutisabused.Chiefsneedtoreactivateandenforcetraditionalpractice.

Bumpheadparrotfish

- Notakeareas(community)- Seasonalbans(community)- Banonusingmoderntoolstotake(community)- Sizelimitstopreventtakeofjuveniles- Baninnighttimespearfishing(community)

Challenges=lackofenforcementandlimitedpossibilitytocreateprotectedareaslargeenoughtoencompassspecieshomerange.

NOTE–Pohnpeitraditionalleaderscurrentlyrefusebumpheadparrotfishastribute,untilstocksrecover

Forests

- Protectedareas,focusedonareasimportantforfoodandbats(community)- Laws(governmentcanmakebutcommunityled)

Challenges=managinginvasivespeciesandnaturaldisasters.Wildfirescausedbypoorburningpractices.

Suggested:haveareasoftheforestwhereharvestoffruitsandbatsallowedbutnocutting(community);limitcanoebuilding,doesn'tneedtobeeveryyear(community)

Reeffishandmarineinvertebrates

- Conservationareas(community)- Gearrestrictions(community)- Limitorbanonsellingfish(community)- Sizeandspeciesrestrictionsoncatch(community)- Landdevelopmenttominimiseerosion(community)- Climatechangeconsideredinmanagementandactions(communitiesmadeaware)- Revisitexistinglaws(communitiesandgovernment)- Promotealternativefishinggroundsand/ormethodse.g.pelagicspecies,FADs,aquaculture- Betterenforceexistinglaws(communitiesandgovernment)- Proposetolessenpressureonmainislandreefsbyfacilitatingaccesstoouterislandreefs

Challenges=communitiescanonlyenforcetheirownareas.Communitycommitmenttounity–previouseffortstorewardpeopleforreportingviolationshaven’tworked.Weneedasystemtoallowandrewardanonymouswhistleblowers.Forbetweencommunityviolations,communitieseitherneedtoworkwiththegovernmenttoenforceorchiefsneedtocooperate.

Mapping&reviewofexistingPasGroupreviewedcurrentmapofPAstoagreeonconfirmedsitesversusproposedsites.

Anthony–Wacholabhavehadthoughtsaboutchangingtheirboundariesandwouldlikerecommendations.

No-onepresentcanspeakforRiken

YapCAPhavebeenapproachedbyRumungcommunity–theyarepotentiallyinterestedinprotectingthewesternsideoftheirfishingground,includingthebluehole.TheexistingMPAmarkediscurrentlyfished–Mikeremoved.

Reey–Currentboundaryisaccurate,wouldlikemanagementrecommendations.

Nimpal-Currentboundaryisaccurate,wouldlikemanagementrecommendations.Willalsorecognizetraditionalusearea.NOTE–fortraditionaluseareas,usesoftboundariestoavoidcausingboundarydisputes)

Ngulu–ZoneA=notake,B=commercialfishingallowed(includingYFA),C=previouslyclosedfor3years,nowopen.Managementwasreviewedin2014sodoesnotneedtoberevisitednow.

Ulithihasbanonharvestingturtleeggsfromtwoislands.

AddingSitestotheYapPANThegroupdiscussedwhattheprocessshouldbeforaddingnewsitestothePAN

- DraftPANbilliswiththelegislature;weneedtodeterminehownewsiteswillbeofficiallyadded

- BernaproposedthatifacommunityisworkingwithYapCAP,theirPAinformationcanbeshared.Groupagree.

- Berthasuggestedthatnewsitesshouldbeaddedwhenthecommunityhasendorsedthemanagementplanandmanagementisinplace

- BeforePANmembership,communitiescanapplyforsmallgrantstohelpdeveloptheirmanagementplan

- AgreedthatmembershipoftheYapPANrequiresamanagementplan.

NextSteps

1. Dr.RebeccaWeeks&LizTerkwillproducetechnicalreportwithrecommendationsbasedonthe3-daymeetingbyendofFebruary2017.

a. Recommendationonexisting&proposedareasb. Recommendationonotherfisheriesmanagementstrategiesc. Providepresentationcontentstogovernmentpartners/traditionalleaders(By2nd

weekofDecember2016)d. Scorecardsonexistingandproposedprotected/managedareas

2. YapCAP&YLMANpresentationtogovernmentpartners/traditionalleadersofmeetingresult.BerthaisdoinganOceans5presentationinDecember2016andwillincluderesults.

3. YapCAP&YLMANtofollowupwithproposedsitesonmainislandonlyandreportbackASAPonwhethertheyareinterestedstillinprotectedareaandwhethertheyareinterestedinrecommendations.

4. BernaneedtoforwarddraftYapPANvisiontoLiz&RebeccabyNov.28th20165. Ifcommunitiesareinterestedincomprehensivefisheriesplan,that’ssomethingthatTNC

canfacilitate.YapStatewidecomprehensivefisheriesplanning(YLMAN&YFA).

Appendix1.Agenda

YapProtectedAreasNetworkDesignWorkshop

November18th,21st&22nd

YapCAPConferenceRoom

Friday:Wherearewenow,wherearewegoing?

9:00–9:30am

Workshoppurposeandparticipantsintroductions

Berna

9:30–10:15 HistoryofPANandpreviousGAPanalysis

Berna PreviousplansthathavebeendevelopedforFSMandYapState,andthestrengthsandweaknessesofthoseprocesses/products.Settingthescene

10:15-10:30 Break

10:30–11:30 Systematicconservationplanningandbenefitsofscalinguplocalefforts

Rebecca Positioncurrentprocessaspartofadaptivemanagementcycle,outlinesystematicconservationplanningprocess,andexplainhowspatialprioritizationworks.usePohnpeiasexample

11:30–12:30 Wherearewenow? Discussionaboutsuccessesandchallengesw.existingPAs

12:30–1:30 Lunch

1:30–2:00 Wherearewenow?Gapanalysisresults.

Rebecca CurrentPAachievementofMCtargetsandcomparisonwithPohnpei.

2:00–3:00 PlanningScope&PANvision

Berna Identifythescopeofplanning,sothatitisclearwhattheplancoversandwhatitdoesnot,andwhoisexpectedtousetheplantoimplementconservationstrategies.Decideonaclearandcommonvision–adescriptionofthedesiredstateorultimateconditionthatweareworkingtoachieve.

3:00-3:15 Break

Notes:Ali,RebeccaandBerna.TrytoseeifLancefromYapCAPcanhelp.

Monday:

9:00–9:30am Introducenewparticipantsandworkshopplan

Berna

9:30–10:00 recapFriday Liz Presentscope&visionforagreement

10:00-10:45 LatestscientificadvicefordesigningMPAs

Liz Presentationandopendiscussion:Refinebiophysicaldesignprinciplestoachievegoals/objectivesbiophysicaldesignprinciplesforMPAs

10:45–11.00 Break

11:00-12:00 Wherearewenow?Gapanalysisresults.

CurrentPAachievementofMCtargetsandcomparisonwithPohnpei.

12:00–1:00 Lunch

1:00–3:00 DesigningMPAnetworksforimportantfishspeciesinYap

Groups,facilitatedbyLiz&Rebecca

MPAsizeactivity,followedbyplenarydiscussion

3:00-3:15 Break

3.15–4.30 SituationAnalysis–conservationtargets&threats

Rebeccaintro,Marine&terrestrialgroups

Listspecificfeaturesthatneedtobeconsidered(species,habitats,sites);identifythreatstothem&social&economicoutcomes[note:includesimportantfishspp]

Tuesday:Operationalizing

9:00-9:15 RecapofDay2 Liz/Berna Summaryofkeychallenges

9:15–10:30 Goals Liz Definewhatconstitutessuccess,forbothconservationandconnectedoutcomesforhumanwell-beingRepresentationtargetsforprimaryfeaturesandhabitatsurrogatesLookatconservationfeaturesandsaywhatwewanttosee

10:30–10:45 Break

10:45-12:00 Strategymapping

Rebecca/Berna Identifypossiblemanagementstrategiesandconstructresultschains

12:00–1:00 Lunch

1:00–2:00 Social,economicandculturalgoals&objectives,targets

Rebecca/Berna/Liz Whataretheimportanttrade-offsandhowcanweconsidertheminplanning?Presentationonoptionsforfisheriesdata(Rebecca)&discussion

2.00–2.15 Break

2.15–3:45 Dataneeds&Mappingexercise(MiketobringblankmapsofYap)

Mike&Rebecca Reviewmapsofconservationfeaturesandprimaryinterests(notingwheresurrogatesarerequiredforprimaryinterests)• Mapopportunitiesandconstraints

onPAplacementMapkeythreatsandspatialuses

3:45-4:00 Wrapup&Nextsteps Liz/Berna Revisitconservationplanningframeworkwithwhatwehaveachievedandwhatwewilldonext

Appendix2.Participants

Participant Entity Day1 Day2 Day3

1.BrianRamngen BalebatMPAcommunity

X X X

2.DanielForang ReeyMCAcommunity X

3.PatrickSogaw ReeyMCAcommunity X X X

4.JohnathanFichibman Gachparcommunity X X X

5.ChristinaFillmed YapStateEPA X

6.SabinoSauchomal YapCAP X

7.RachaelNash MCRegionalOffice X X X

8.JamesG.Lukan Dept.ofR&D X

9.RayTamow Dept.ofR&D X

10.JulianaAdgil YapFishingAuthority X X X

11.AnthonyYalon YapCAP X X X

12.MagmayMagmay Weloycommunity/NimpalMCA

X X X

13.JesseG.Lukan Weloycommunity X X X

14.MichaelGaag Weloycommunity/NimpalMCA

X

15.JaniceTamangided TamilResourcesConservationTrust(TRCT)

X X

16.MichaelRuw YapCAP/Ngulu X X X

17.FrancisRuegorong DivisionofAgric.&Forestry,Dept.ofR&D

X

18.ThomasGorong NimpalMCAcommunity X X X

19.XavierJibemai MarineResources,Dept.ofR&D

X

20.JordanPaam BalebatMPAcommunity

X

21.ClementMohoral HistoricPreservationOffice

X X X

22.OwenFoneg Gachparcommunity X

23.AkiraSueba TRCT/JICA X X

24.VittFoneg TRCT X

25.JacobFalan YapStateEPA X X

26.DebraLaan YapGEF5R2R X

27.BerthaReyuw YapCAP X X