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World War I-World War II Study Helper
Section 1, part 1: WWI, terms & People
• Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is.
militarism
militarism
• The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
imperialism
imperialism
• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Nationalism
Nationalism
• Belief that your national culture and interests are superior to any other.
WWI prewar alliances
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
WWI prewar alliances
Triple Alliance• Consisted of Germany,
Autria-Hungary, and Italy.
Triple Entente• Consisted of France, Great
Britain, and Russia.• Once the war actually
started, Italy switched over to the Triple Entente.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Leader of Germany during WW1.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Austrian Arch-Duke who was assassinated by a radical group in Serbia (Black Hand).
• His assassination was what started WWI.
Balkan Powder Keg
Balkan Powder Keg
• The various countries which made up the Balkans were trying to settle their borders, which made them very sensitive and always close to war.
• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Serbia was what started WW1.
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip
• Member of the Black Hand.• Assassinated Franz Ferdinand.
WW1 War Alliances
Allied Powers Central Powers
WW1 War Alliances
Allied Powers• Consisted of Britain, France,
Italy, Russia, and later in the war, the US.
Central Powers• Consisted of Germany and
Austria-Hungary.
Poison gas
Poison gas
• a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact; used in chemical warfare.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
• A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
• It was extremely dangerous and deadly, and caused many stalemates.
stalemate
stalemate
• A situation in which neither side in a war can seem to make any progress on the other.
War of Attrition
War of Attrition
• A style of warfare in which the primary goal is to “bleed-out” the other side until they lose their will to fight.
Section 1, part 2: WW1, Treaty of Versailles
• Directions: answer the given questions.
Who had to accept responsibility for the war?
Who had to accept responsibility for the war?
• Germany.• This was incredibly humiliating to Germany, as
well as partially false- there are numerous factors that went into starting WW1.
What was the League of Nations, and why was it ineffective?
What was the League of Nations, and why was it ineffective?
• an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.
• It was a part of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Part Plan.
• Weaknesses: The US didn’t join, which greatly weakened the organization, and the League had no military power, so it couldn’t enforce its rules.
Define: mandate
Define: mandate
• Created by the League of Nations.• In a mandate, a country would have control
over a piece of land (ex: Palestine). It would help to set up a government and later give that country full independence.
Define: self-determination
Define: self-determination
• States that that nations have the right to freely decide on their sovereignty and international political status without external compulsion or outside interference.
Define: reparations
Define: reparations
• Funds used to repair and rebuild after war.
Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he do?
Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he do?
• He was the president of the US during WWI.• He created the 14 Points Plan.
Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he believe?
Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he believe?
• A French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.
• He believed that Germany should be severely punished for WWI.
Section 2, part 1: Inter-war Years, Terms
• Directions: when given a term, say what it is.
Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
• The government put in place in Germany after WW1.
• It faced many problems, such as awful inflation and a pitiful economy.
• It would be overthrown by Hitler and the Nazis.
Fascism
Fascism
• A totalitarian government in which the belief that the government is more important than the people is central.
Appeasement
Appeasement
• the policy of giving in to the demands of another country in order to preserve the peace
Munich Conference
Munich Conference
• A diplomatic meeting at which the allied powers and Germany came to an agreement that Germany could occupy the Sudetenland as long as that would be the last land that they would try to acquire.
• Germany would break this agreement by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Section 2, part 2: Inter-war Years, Russia
• Directions: answer the given questions
Who was Czar Nicholas II?
Who was Czar Nicholas II?
• He was the czar of Russia that got overthrown by the communist revolution.
Who was Rasputin?
Who was Rasputin?
• He lived with the Czar’s family and helped to cure the czar’s son of a disease.
• When he began to have too much influence on the Czarina and her decisions, he was assassinated.
Who was VI Lenin?
Who was VI Lenin?
• He was the Bolshevik leader of the Communist Revolution.
Who was Joseph Stalin?
Who was Joseph Stalin?
• He was the leader of Russia following Lenin.• He ruled as a dictator and used terror tactics
to keep control of Russia.
What was the Soviet Union (USSR)?
What was the Soviet Union (USSR)?
• The new name for Russia once the communists took over.
Section 2, part 3: Interwar Years, Totalitarian Dictators
• Directions: when given a dictator, say:– What country he ruled.– His form of government.– How he came to power.
Benito MussoliniWhat country, type of Government Rise to power
Benito MussoliniWhat country, type of Government
• Italy.• Fascist state.
Rise to power• Italy was in chaos after WW1,
with multiple groups trying to get in power.
• Mussolini organized his supporters into a militant group called the Black Shirts.
• Through intimidation, Mussolini got Victor Emmanuel to offer him position as prime minister.
• By 1925, Mussolini had consolidated power and outlawed rival parties.
Adolf HitlerWhat country, type of Government Rise to power
Adolf HitlerWhat country, type of Government
• Germany.• Fascist State.
Rise to power• Tried to overthrow Weimar Republic
in 1923, but was unsuccessful and imprisoned.
• During his year in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf, which would become the central text of Nazi ideology.
• During Great Depression, Weimer Republic was in chaos, with both communists and fascists gaining seats in Reichstag.
• Fearing Nazis less than communists, the people elected Hitler as chancellor in 1933.
• He used the election to consolidate power and shift Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship.
Joseph StalinWhat country, type of Government Rise to power
Joseph StalinWhat country, type of Government
• USSR• Communist State
Rise to power• Lenin died in 1924.• Stalin and Leon Trotsky were
main leaders vying for power.• Stalin won the fight and
exiled Trotsky in 1929.• Once in power, Stalin
centralized all industries, took control of the media, and used terror to remove all political rivals.
Section 2, part 4: Inter-war Years, Japan
• Directions: when given a question, answer it.
Define: Meiji Restoration (also give causes and effects)
Define: Meiji Restoration (also give causes and effects)
• The rapid industrialization and modernization that took place during Emperor Meiji’s rule.
• Cause: US forced Japan to open its borders to US, so Japan hired Europeans to help to modernize the country.
• Effects: Japan became a world power because of strong military, dropped out of League of Nations when when League denounced aggressive its foreign policy.
Who was Hirohito
Who was Hirohito
• The Emperor of Japan before and during wwII.
Who was Tojo?
Who was Tojo?
• A Japanese general who initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Where in China did Japan invade?
Where in China did Japan invade?
• Manchuria.• When the League of Nations condemned this
action, Japan dropped out of it.
Define: Rape of Nanking
Define: Rape of Nanking
• When the Japanese invaded the city of Nanking, they did awful things to the people in it.
Section 2, part 5: Interwar Years, Nazis
• Directions: answer the given questions.
Define: Nazi Party
Define: Nazi Party
• National Socialist German Workers' Party: the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933.
Define: Mein Kampf
Define: Mein Kampf
• A book written by Adolf Hitler in prison which provided the basis for Nazi beliefs.
What did the Nazis mean when they called Germans the “master
race?
What did the Nazis mean when they called Germans the “master
race?• The think that Germans are superior to
everyone else, and that they should be treated as such.
Define: Anti-Semitism
Define: Anti-Semitism
• Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
Define: Liebensraum
Define: Liebensraum
• The belief that any place where Germans were should be annexed by Germany.
• This belief was key to Nazi ideology.
Define: Anschluss
Define: Anschluss
• Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria.
Define: Kristallnacht
Define: Kristallnacht
• The occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property.
Define: Nuremberg Laws
Define: Nuremberg Laws
• A series of anti-Semitic laws that defined Jews, excluded Jews from German society, and removed all their civil rights.
Section 2, part 6: Interwar Years, Other
• Directions: answer the given questions.
The Great Depression
causes effects
The Great Depression
causes• Overproduction (supply
produced was greater than demand).
• The stock Market– People were investing in risky
ways, and the banks were giving out loans for people to invest in that weren’t very safe.
– Buying on margin: borrowing money to invest in the stock market.
• International trade– Countries looked to protect
their own economies, so world trade came to a halt, which further hurt the world economy.
effects• The Stock Market in the US
crashed, which caused many people to lose all of their money.
• People who had borrowed from banks to invest couldn’t pay their loans back.
• When the US went into a deep depression, most of the other countries the world went down with it, since most depended heavily on the US for funds for things like reparations.
What was the US’s policy during the inter-war years and early
stages of WWII?
What was the US’s policy during the inter-war years and early
stages of WWII?• Isolationism.– The US wanted to stay out of European affairs as
much as possible.
Who invaded Ethiopia and why is this significant?
Who invaded Ethiopia and why is this significant?
• When Mussolini gained power in Italy, he showed Italian dominance by invading Ethiopia.
• He did this because he, just like many other Italians, remembered and was humiliated by the fact that the Ethiopians had resisted invasion from Italy previously.
Section 3, Part 1: Terms and People
• Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is.
War Alliances
Allied Powers Axis Powers
War Alliances
Allied Powers• Consisted of England and
France to begin with.• The US, Canada, and Russia
joined later.
Axis Powers• Consisted of Germany, Italy,
and Japan.
Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg
• Means “lightning war” in German.• An intense military campaign intended to
bring about a swift victory.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
• The US president who was in power during the majority of WWII.
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
• The English Prime Minister who was in power during WWII.
Charles De Gaulle
Charles De Gaulle
• The general who took control of Free-France during WWII.
General Eisenhower
General Eisenhower
• US general who was in charge of the war in Europe.
What was the allied policy on WWII?
What was the allied policy on WWII?
• Victory in Europe first.• Only after Germany and Italy were defeated
would they focus on defeating Japan.
Section 2, part 2: WWII, Important Events
• Directions: answer the given questions.
What was the thing that sparked WWII?
What was the thing that sparked WWII?
• When Germany invaded Poland, the Allied powers declared war on Germany.
How did the Axis powers trick France?
How did the Axis powers trick France?
• They invaded from a different direction than expected and captured Paris as well as most of Northern France.
How was France divided once the Axis Powers had invaded it?
How was France divided once the Axis Powers had invaded it?
• The north was ruled by the Axis powers via a puppet government. It was called Vichi France.
• The south of France remained independent. It was ruled by Charles de Gaulle, and was called Free-France.
What was the Battle of Britain?
What was the Battle of Britain?
• the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat between the RAF and the Luftwaffe that accompanied it.
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa
• The plan for German Armed Forces to crush Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England.
What was the attack on Pearl Harbor and what happened as a
result of it?
What was the attack on Pearl Harbor and what happened as a
result of it?• The Japanese bombed the US naval base Pearl
Harbor.• As a result, the US declared war on Japan and
Germany and Italy declared war on the US.
What was D-day?
What was D-day?
• The enormous campaign by the Allies to take back France.
• Many died, but the Allies won because of sheer numbers, as well as trickery that faked the Germans into thinking that they would try to invade from somewhere else.
What was the Battle of the Bulge?
What was the Battle of the Bulge?
• It was Hitler’s last offensive.• Though it temporarily stalled the Allies, they
were able to come back and defeat the Nazis.
Section 2, part 3: WWII, Persecution of Jews
• Directions: define the given terms.
genocide
genocide
• The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Holocaust
Holocaust
• The mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941–45.
• More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps.
ghetto
ghetto
• formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live.
Concentration camp
Concentration camp
• Camps where persecuted people, such as Jews, were held captive to work in terrible conditions.
The final solution
The final solution
• Germany's plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews during World War II, resulting in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.
Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg Trials
• A series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II.
Section 2, part 4: WWII, the Pacific Campaign
• Directions: answer the given questions.
Who was Douglas MacArthur?
Who was Douglas MacArthur?
• He was the US general who was in charge of the Allied troops in the Pacific.
Define: Island hopping
Define: Island hopping
• The US strategy of conquering only the Pacific Islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan and going around others.
Define: Kamikaze
Define: Kamikaze
• A Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.
Who was Harry Truman?
Who was Harry Truman?
• The US President who was in power at the end of WWII.
• He was the one who made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.
What two Islands were atomic bombs dropped on?
What two Islands were atomic bombs dropped on?
• Hiroshima• Nagasaki
Section 4: Other Acts of Genocide
• Directions: when given a genocide, say:– The time period when it happened.– Who was persecuted.– Who was doing the persecuting.– The reasons for the persecutions.– The methods used by the persecutors.
Armenia
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Armenia
Time period 1915-1918.
Who was persecuted Armenians.
The Persecutors Ottoman Turks.
The reasons for the persecution
•Way of life.•Religion.
The methods used by the persecutors
Jailed, tortured, hanged, shot, death marches.
Stalin’s Purges
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Stalin’s Purges
Time period 1930s.
Who was persecuted Russians.
The Persecutors Communists and Stalin’s Government.
The reasons for the persecution
Disloyalty to Stalin.
The methods used by the persecutors
Torture, shootings, hangings.
Cambodia
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Cambodia
Time period 1975-1979.
Who was persecuted Artists, monks, government officials, the educated, and minorities.
The Persecutors Pol Pot
The reasons for the persecution
Wanted to create a communist farming society, so he had to eliminate people who knew that communism was bad.
The methods used by the persecutors
Killing fields, shootings, starvations, and beheadings.
Rwanda
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Rwanda
Time period 1994.
Who was persecuted Tutsis.
The Persecutors Hutus.
The reasons for the persecution
•Ethnic differences.•A long history of conflict and dislike.
The methods used by the persecutors
Beating people to death, using machetes.
Bosnia
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Bosnia
Time period 1992-1995.
Who was persecuted Croat Muslims.
The Persecutors Serbs.
The reasons for the persecution
Religious, historical, and ethnic differences.
The methods used by the persecutors
Mass shootings, forced deportations, secret concentration camps, bombings, and mass rapes.
Sudan/Darfur
Time period
Who was persecuted
The Persecutors
The reasons for the persecution
The methods used by the persecutors
Sudan/Darfur
Time period 2003-2007.
Who was persecuted Civilians living in Darfur.
The Persecutors Government (ethnicity- Arab and Muslim).
The reasons for the persecution
•Opposition to government.•Religious and ethnic differences.•Economics (oil wealth).
The methods used by the persecutors
Government funded armed militias which allowed them to destroy villages and kill.
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