World War I-World War II Study Helper. Section 1, part 1: WWI, terms & People Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is

World War I-World War II Study Helper

Section 1, part 1: WWI, terms & People

• Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is.

militarism

militarism

• The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

imperialism

imperialism

• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism

Nationalism

• Belief that your national culture and interests are superior to any other.

WWI prewar alliances

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

WWI prewar alliances

Triple Alliance• Consisted of Germany,

Autria-Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente• Consisted of France, Great

Britain, and Russia.• Once the war actually

started, Italy switched over to the Triple Entente.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Leader of Germany during WW1.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Austrian Arch-Duke who was assassinated by a radical group in Serbia (Black Hand).

• His assassination was what started WWI.

Balkan Powder Keg

Balkan Powder Keg

• The various countries which made up the Balkans were trying to settle their borders, which made them very sensitive and always close to war.

• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Serbia was what started WW1.

Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip

• Member of the Black Hand.• Assassinated Franz Ferdinand.

WW1 War Alliances

Allied Powers Central Powers

WW1 War Alliances

Allied Powers• Consisted of Britain, France,

Italy, Russia, and later in the war, the US.

Central Powers• Consisted of Germany and

Austria-Hungary.

Poison gas

Poison gas

• a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact; used in chemical warfare.

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

• A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

• It was extremely dangerous and deadly, and caused many stalemates.

stalemate

stalemate

• A situation in which neither side in a war can seem to make any progress on the other.

War of Attrition

War of Attrition

• A style of warfare in which the primary goal is to “bleed-out” the other side until they lose their will to fight.

Section 1, part 2: WW1, Treaty of Versailles

• Directions: answer the given questions.

Who had to accept responsibility for the war?

Who had to accept responsibility for the war?

• Germany.• This was incredibly humiliating to Germany, as

well as partially false- there are numerous factors that went into starting WW1.

What was the League of Nations, and why was it ineffective?

What was the League of Nations, and why was it ineffective?

• an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.

• It was a part of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Part Plan.

• Weaknesses: The US didn’t join, which greatly weakened the organization, and the League had no military power, so it couldn’t enforce its rules.

Define: mandate

Define: mandate

• Created by the League of Nations.• In a mandate, a country would have control

over a piece of land (ex: Palestine). It would help to set up a government and later give that country full independence.

Define: self-determination

Define: self-determination

• States that that nations have the right to freely decide on their sovereignty and international political status without external compulsion or outside interference.

Define: reparations

Define: reparations

• Funds used to repair and rebuild after war.

Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he do?

Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he do?

• He was the president of the US during WWI.• He created the 14 Points Plan.

Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he believe?

Who was Georges Clemenceau and what did he believe?

• A French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.

• He believed that Germany should be severely punished for WWI.

Section 2, part 1: Inter-war Years, Terms

• Directions: when given a term, say what it is.

Weimar Republic

Weimar Republic

• The government put in place in Germany after WW1.

• It faced many problems, such as awful inflation and a pitiful economy.

• It would be overthrown by Hitler and the Nazis.

Fascism

Fascism

• A totalitarian government in which the belief that the government is more important than the people is central.

Appeasement

Appeasement

• the policy of giving in to the demands of another country in order to preserve the peace

Munich Conference

Munich Conference

• A diplomatic meeting at which the allied powers and Germany came to an agreement that Germany could occupy the Sudetenland as long as that would be the last land that they would try to acquire.

• Germany would break this agreement by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Section 2, part 2: Inter-war Years, Russia

• Directions: answer the given questions

Who was Czar Nicholas II?

Who was Czar Nicholas II?

• He was the czar of Russia that got overthrown by the communist revolution.

Who was Rasputin?

Who was Rasputin?

• He lived with the Czar’s family and helped to cure the czar’s son of a disease.

• When he began to have too much influence on the Czarina and her decisions, he was assassinated.

Who was VI Lenin?

Who was VI Lenin?

• He was the Bolshevik leader of the Communist Revolution.

Who was Joseph Stalin?

Who was Joseph Stalin?

• He was the leader of Russia following Lenin.• He ruled as a dictator and used terror tactics

to keep control of Russia.

What was the Soviet Union (USSR)?

What was the Soviet Union (USSR)?

• The new name for Russia once the communists took over.

Section 2, part 3: Interwar Years, Totalitarian Dictators

• Directions: when given a dictator, say:– What country he ruled.– His form of government.– How he came to power.

Benito MussoliniWhat country, type of Government Rise to power

Benito MussoliniWhat country, type of Government

• Italy.• Fascist state.

Rise to power• Italy was in chaos after WW1,

with multiple groups trying to get in power.

• Mussolini organized his supporters into a militant group called the Black Shirts.

• Through intimidation, Mussolini got Victor Emmanuel to offer him position as prime minister.

• By 1925, Mussolini had consolidated power and outlawed rival parties.

Adolf HitlerWhat country, type of Government Rise to power

Adolf HitlerWhat country, type of Government

• Germany.• Fascist State.

Rise to power• Tried to overthrow Weimar Republic

in 1923, but was unsuccessful and imprisoned.

• During his year in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf, which would become the central text of Nazi ideology.

• During Great Depression, Weimer Republic was in chaos, with both communists and fascists gaining seats in Reichstag.

• Fearing Nazis less than communists, the people elected Hitler as chancellor in 1933.

• He used the election to consolidate power and shift Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship.

Joseph StalinWhat country, type of Government Rise to power

Joseph StalinWhat country, type of Government

• USSR• Communist State

Rise to power• Lenin died in 1924.• Stalin and Leon Trotsky were

main leaders vying for power.• Stalin won the fight and

exiled Trotsky in 1929.• Once in power, Stalin

centralized all industries, took control of the media, and used terror to remove all political rivals.

Section 2, part 4: Inter-war Years, Japan

• Directions: when given a question, answer it.

Define: Meiji Restoration (also give causes and effects)

Define: Meiji Restoration (also give causes and effects)

• The rapid industrialization and modernization that took place during Emperor Meiji’s rule.

• Cause: US forced Japan to open its borders to US, so Japan hired Europeans to help to modernize the country.

• Effects: Japan became a world power because of strong military, dropped out of League of Nations when when League denounced aggressive its foreign policy.

Who was Hirohito

Who was Hirohito

• The Emperor of Japan before and during wwII.

Who was Tojo?

Who was Tojo?

• A Japanese general who initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Where in China did Japan invade?

Where in China did Japan invade?

• Manchuria.• When the League of Nations condemned this

action, Japan dropped out of it.

Define: Rape of Nanking

Define: Rape of Nanking

• When the Japanese invaded the city of Nanking, they did awful things to the people in it.

Section 2, part 5: Interwar Years, Nazis


Define: Nazi Party

Define: Nazi Party

• National Socialist German Workers' Party: the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933.

Define: Mein Kampf

Define: Mein Kampf

• A book written by Adolf Hitler in prison which provided the basis for Nazi beliefs.

What did the Nazis mean when they called Germans the “master

race?

What did the Nazis mean when they called Germans the “master

race?• The think that Germans are superior to

everyone else, and that they should be treated as such.

Define: Anti-Semitism

Define: Anti-Semitism

• Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Define: Liebensraum

Define: Liebensraum

• The belief that any place where Germans were should be annexed by Germany.

• This belief was key to Nazi ideology.

Define: Anschluss

Define: Anschluss

• Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria.

Define: Kristallnacht

Define: Kristallnacht

• The occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria against Jews and their property.

Define: Nuremberg Laws

Define: Nuremberg Laws

• A series of anti-Semitic laws that defined Jews, excluded Jews from German society, and removed all their civil rights.

Section 2, part 6: Interwar Years, Other


The Great Depression

causes effects

The Great Depression

causes• Overproduction (supply

produced was greater than demand).

• The stock Market– People were investing in risky

ways, and the banks were giving out loans for people to invest in that weren’t very safe.

– Buying on margin: borrowing money to invest in the stock market.

• International trade– Countries looked to protect

their own economies, so world trade came to a halt, which further hurt the world economy.

effects• The Stock Market in the US

crashed, which caused many people to lose all of their money.

• People who had borrowed from banks to invest couldn’t pay their loans back.

• When the US went into a deep depression, most of the other countries the world went down with it, since most depended heavily on the US for funds for things like reparations.

What was the US’s policy during the inter-war years and early

stages of WWII?

What was the US’s policy during the inter-war years and early

stages of WWII?• Isolationism.– The US wanted to stay out of European affairs as

much as possible.

Who invaded Ethiopia and why is this significant?

Who invaded Ethiopia and why is this significant?

• When Mussolini gained power in Italy, he showed Italian dominance by invading Ethiopia.

• He did this because he, just like many other Italians, remembered and was humiliated by the fact that the Ethiopians had resisted invasion from Italy previously.

Section 3, Part 1: Terms and People

• Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is.

War Alliances

Allied Powers Axis Powers

War Alliances

Allied Powers• Consisted of England and

France to begin with.• The US, Canada, and Russia

joined later.

Axis Powers• Consisted of Germany, Italy,

and Japan.

Blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg

• Means “lightning war” in German.• An intense military campaign intended to

bring about a swift victory.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• The US president who was in power during the majority of WWII.

Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill

• The English Prime Minister who was in power during WWII.

Charles De Gaulle

Charles De Gaulle

• The general who took control of Free-France during WWII.

General Eisenhower

General Eisenhower

• US general who was in charge of the war in Europe.

What was the allied policy on WWII?

What was the allied policy on WWII?

• Victory in Europe first.• Only after Germany and Italy were defeated

would they focus on defeating Japan.

Section 2, part 2: WWII, Important Events


What was the thing that sparked WWII?

What was the thing that sparked WWII?

• When Germany invaded Poland, the Allied powers declared war on Germany.

How did the Axis powers trick France?

How did the Axis powers trick France?

• They invaded from a different direction than expected and captured Paris as well as most of Northern France.

How was France divided once the Axis Powers had invaded it?

How was France divided once the Axis Powers had invaded it?

• The north was ruled by the Axis powers via a puppet government. It was called Vichi France.

• The south of France remained independent. It was ruled by Charles de Gaulle, and was called Free-France.

What was the Battle of Britain?

What was the Battle of Britain?

• the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat between the RAF and the Luftwaffe that accompanied it.

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa

• The plan for German Armed Forces to crush Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England.

What was the attack on Pearl Harbor and what happened as a

result of it?

What was the attack on Pearl Harbor and what happened as a

result of it?• The Japanese bombed the US naval base Pearl

Harbor.• As a result, the US declared war on Japan and

Germany and Italy declared war on the US.

What was D-day?

What was D-day?

• The enormous campaign by the Allies to take back France.

• Many died, but the Allies won because of sheer numbers, as well as trickery that faked the Germans into thinking that they would try to invade from somewhere else.

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

• It was Hitler’s last offensive.• Though it temporarily stalled the Allies, they

were able to come back and defeat the Nazis.

Section 2, part 3: WWII, Persecution of Jews

• Directions: define the given terms.

genocide

genocide

• The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Holocaust

Holocaust

• The mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941–45.

• More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps.

ghetto

ghetto

• formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live.

Concentration camp

Concentration camp

• Camps where persecuted people, such as Jews, were held captive to work in terrible conditions.

The final solution

The final solution

• Germany's plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews during World War II, resulting in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust.

Nuremberg Trials

Nuremberg Trials

• A series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II.

Section 2, part 4: WWII, the Pacific Campaign


Who was Douglas MacArthur?

Who was Douglas MacArthur?

• He was the US general who was in charge of the Allied troops in the Pacific.

Define: Island hopping

Define: Island hopping

• The US strategy of conquering only the Pacific Islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan and going around others.

Define: Kamikaze

Define: Kamikaze

• A Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.

Who was Harry Truman?

Who was Harry Truman?

• The US President who was in power at the end of WWII.

• He was the one who made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

What two Islands were atomic bombs dropped on?

What two Islands were atomic bombs dropped on?

• Hiroshima• Nagasaki

Section 4: Other Acts of Genocide

• Directions: when given a genocide, say:– The time period when it happened.– Who was persecuted.– Who was doing the persecuting.– The reasons for the persecutions.– The methods used by the persecutors.

Armenia

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors

The reasons for the persecution

The methods used by the persecutors

Armenia

Time period 1915-1918.

Who was persecuted Armenians.

The Persecutors Ottoman Turks.


•Way of life.•Religion.


Jailed, tortured, hanged, shot, death marches.

Stalin’s Purges

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors



Stalin’s Purges

Time period 1930s.

Who was persecuted Russians.

The Persecutors Communists and Stalin’s Government.


Disloyalty to Stalin.


Torture, shootings, hangings.

Cambodia

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors



Cambodia


Who was persecuted Artists, monks, government officials, the educated, and minorities.

The Persecutors Pol Pot


Wanted to create a communist farming society, so he had to eliminate people who knew that communism was bad.


Killing fields, shootings, starvations, and beheadings.

Rwanda

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors



Rwanda

Time period 1994.

Who was persecuted Tutsis.

The Persecutors Hutus.


•Ethnic differences.•A long history of conflict and dislike.


Beating people to death, using machetes.

Bosnia

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors



Bosnia


Who was persecuted Croat Muslims.

The Persecutors Serbs.


Religious, historical, and ethnic differences.


Mass shootings, forced deportations, secret concentration camps, bombings, and mass rapes.

Sudan/Darfur

Time period

Who was persecuted

The Persecutors



Sudan/Darfur


Who was persecuted Civilians living in Darfur.

The Persecutors Government (ethnicity- Arab and Muslim).


•Opposition to government.•Religious and ethnic differences.•Economics (oil wealth).


Government funded armed militias which allowed them to destroy villages and kill.

Documents

World War I-World War II Study Helper. Section 1, part 1: WWI, terms & People Directions: when given a term or person, say what/who the term/person is