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1. Introduction
International body that promotes and enforces the provisions of
trade laws and regulations. The WTO has the authority to administer
and police new and exiting free trade agreements to oversee world
trade practices, and to settle trade disputes among member states.
The WTO was established in 1994 .The WTO began operation on
January 1,1995. The WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Critics charge that WTO trade rules do not sufficiently protect
workers’ rights, the environment, or the human health.
In the last fifty years, great progress has been made in
integrating developing countries into the multilateral trading system
and in their participation in the WTO. But the progress has been
uneven, with some developing countries still only marginally integrated
in the global economy.
The pace and scope of liberalization has varied among
developing countries, all have participated in the process.
In goods sector all developing countries have conducted
programmes of tariff reform and reduction. Many have also reduced
export taxation and subsidies. In services, developing countries have
made significant steps in autonomous liberalization and bound many
sectors, modes of delivery and investment regimes.
These important developments in trade policies have been
complemented by liberalization of exchange controls and restrictions
on current account.
1
This paper reviews how the development dimension has been
addressed for developing countries in the the WTO and to check if the
implementation of free trade is beneficial for developing countries or
not.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
“Developing countries vs WTO”
WTO members are distinctly divided into two categories:
Developing countries
Developed countries
Most of the articles and agreements of WTO are favoring
developed countries. The rule and law makers of WTO are developed
countries and they are the significant fund provider to WTO. They use
their authority to shape WTO’s laws and regulations according to their
own needs. But there is no one who listens to the problems of the
developing countries, economic interests of developing countries are
not secured by WTO. Therefore the gap between the developed and
under developed countries is widening.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
To check the benefits of free trade for developing
countries.
To determine the factors creating hurdles for developing
countries under WTO.
2
The scale at which developing countries adopt free trade
liberalization.
These factors would be discussed with the following
variables:
GDP
External Debt
Trade balance
1.3 Methodology
To conduct this study we first gathered data from different
sources. Main sources of data are:
3
Economic Survey of Pakistan
PDR
The Economist
International Statistical Review
1.4 Organization of Data
First provided introduction of WTO then statement of the
problem is provide then objectives of the study i.e., Developing
Countries vs. WTO. Then we reviewed the different research article by
different economies of the world and summarized these articles. Then
we sorted out different finds from the tables provided in this whole
literature considering different variables such as GDP, Trade Balance,
External Debt etc. In the end different suggestions are recommended
for developing countries to achieve economic progress.
4
2. Review of literature
Greider (December 1999) says that WTO lack authority to control
the trading issues of world. The countries which sponsor the WTO to
run its issues are not allowing WTO to take such steps which are
against them and are in favor of developing countries. WTO must also
use its authority to remove child labor, improvement in working
conditions of laborers in member countries. If the governments of
countries will check these issues then this thing is against WTO
agreement.
Elizabeth Becker (August, 2002) in this article discusses about
the harmful effect on the developing countries of the farm subsidies
America is providing. The 2/3rd of the population of the developing
countries live on farms and America subsidies on farm production in
their sector are becoming very harmful for developing countries.
Tutwiler (June, 2005) explains that trade relates to growth and
that economic growth is essential to end poverty in developing
countries. He explains that agriculture growth, rural development, and
poverty alleviation can be done with free trade within fellow
developing countries.
Vogel (2005) says that WTO has the power to check new and
exiting free trade agreements and it has the authority to settle any
trade dispute among the member countries. WTO is formally
structuralized and has its own law. Some people criticize WTO because
its rule does not provide protection to the rights of workers. WTO is
also criticized because; the press is not allowed to know about WTO
decisions on the trade disputes.
5
Vogle says (2006) that the constitution of WTO protects the
property rights but does not protect the rights of workers and
environmental concerns are becoming the cause of criticism. If reforms
are not made in WTO, then WTO will collapse. Human rights and
environmental concerns are not protected by WTO, so there will be
many challenges because the companies to get success use child
labor, prison labor etc. These issues are the direct challenges for the
authority of WTO.
Dr. Abdul Sapoor (November 2006) says that countries which
want to get the benefit of free trade and want to transfer these
benefits to the poor people of that country should take some
complementary steps in education, transportation, and health facilities.
China and Indonesia have invested in roads and agriculture facilities
which have helped them to reduce poverty. Bangladesh has improved
the female employment rate by giving them loans and producing their
products at home and then exporting their products.
Zaidi (2006) says that one of the main objectives of WTO is to
safe guard the share of developing countries especially of least
developing countries in global trade so that their needs for economic
development can be fulfilled. Some of the developing countries like
China, India, Malaysia, Brazil, Korea has got benefits from liberalization
of trade. Due to factors such as high technology and large scale
economies.
Greider, in this article discusses that the developing countries
don’t fully trade with each other. Exporters of developing countries are
still having trade with developed countries. The markets of developed
countries provide low profits and there are many restrictions to enter
to these markets. But many developing countries provide different
6
attracting investment opportunities for other developing countries.
These developing countries can get benefit by trading with each other.
Paul says that the main responsibility of WTO is to promote free
trade. Agriculture is the main source of economic growth in developing
countries. Developed countries insists developing countries to open up
their agriculture markets and stop providing subsidies on agriculture
products. In textile sector the same attitude is adopted by the
developed countries towards developing countries. Agriculture and
textile are the main sources of foreign trade for developing countries.
Although the developing countries says that they have opened their
markets for free trade but the true picture is that the developed
countries resists to import products from developing countries.
Blusteim explains that the developing countries are not happy
with the pro-industrialized countries policies of free trade. Developing
countries are asked by developed countries to cut down bigger
percentage of tariffs on agriculture products, so that the developed
countries can sell more of their products to the developing countries.
Steven says that WTO has two main purposes to make rules for
world trade and to settle trade disputes between the nations. The
members of WTO consist of industrialized nations as well as developing
countries. The economist who supports WTO says that the WTO is
beneficial for the expansion of trade in the world and it will help to turn
low inflation and it will increase product quality.
7
WTO is an organization which drafts trade rules for global trade
and tries to end the disputes among the member countries.
Industrialized/developed countries are not letting the WTO “PRO
POOR”. Some of the WTO policies are against worker rights and
environmental concerns. Some of the developed countries have
received some benefits due to liberalization of trade but most of the
developing countries are not reaping the benefits of economic
progress.
8
3. Findings and Analysis of data
Although some policies of WTO (Liberalization of Markets-Free
Trade ) has helped some of the developing countries like China, India,
Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia to boost-up there economies but the most
developed countries like African countries, Pakistan etc. have not
reaped the benefits by the adoption of WTO policies. It is because
when we compare the scale of economy of Pakistan with China we
come to know that the market size, land and the population strength of
China is far greater than of Pakistan. But when we compare Pakistan
with Korea we come to know that the Koreans have much less land and
population than Pakistan but they have developed themselves in high
tech industry.
9
TABLE 3.1 GLOBAL TRADE AND DVELOPINF COUNTRIES TRADE
Country
Global Trade Developing Countries Trade
1990 2004 1990 2004
Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports
China 1.77 1.47 6.5 5.9 7.31 6.56 19.75 19.95
Hong Kong 2.35 2.28 2.9 2.9 9.69 10.15 8.84 9.70
Singapore 1.50 1.68 2.0 1.7 6.22 7.48 5.97 5.82
S. Korea 1.86 1.93 2.8 2.4 7.66 8.60 8.45 7.97
Mexico 1.16 1.20 2.1 2.2 4.80 5.36 6.27 7.33
Taiwan 1.91 1.51 2.0 1.8 7.91 6.75 6.03 5.96
Malaysia 0.84 0.81 1.4 1.1 3.47 3.60 4.21 3.74
India 0.51 0.65 0.81 1.0 2.11 2.90 2.41 3.38
Brazil 0.89 0.62 1.1 0.7 3.70 2.77 3.21 2.34
Thailand 0.65 0.91 1.1 1.0 2.71 4.06 3.25 3.39
In 1990, the share of 10 leading developing countries—China,
Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico, Malaysia, India,
Thailand, and Brazil – in global exports and imports was 13.44 and
13.06 % respectively. In 2004, the share of the same 10 countries in
global exports and imports had reached 23% and 20% each.
Minus these 10 economies, the percentage share of developing
countries in global exports and imports in 1990 was 10.77% and 9.49%
respectively. In 2004, that share was 10.75% for exports and 10.43%
for imports. The share of the 10 leading economies in total exports and
imports of developing countries in 1990 was 55% and 58%
respectively. The share has increased to 68% for exports and 69% for
imports in 2004.
10
On the other hand, LDC (Least Developed Countries) – the
countries most in need of benefits—accounted for less than 1% of
global exports and imports in 1990 and continued to have that low
share in 2004. In terms of their in developing countries’ trade, the
situation is disappointing as well.
In 1990, LDCs accounted for 2.32% of exports and 3.14% of total
imports. In 2004, their share in exports and imports had fallen to
1.92% and 2.29% respectively.
The top ten exporters in south- south trade in 2003 were: China
(19.7%), Hong Kong (14.2%), South Korea (11.1%), Singapore (9.4%),
Taiwan (9.3%), Malaysia (6%), Thailand (4.1%), India (3.4%), Brazil
(3.3%) and Indonesia (3.1%). These countries together account for
83.5% of exports in south-south trade.
This makes it clear that the capacity to drive benefit from
opportunity thrown up by trade liberalization is dependent on the
supply side and strength of developing countries.
Two types of countries are beneficiaries of trade liberalization.
On the one hand, there are bigger countries like China and India
where firms can realize the economies of scale and thus price-out their
competitors in foreign countries by offering cheaper products.
On the other hand, there are smaller but relatively advanced
developing countries like South Korea and Singapore whose exports
depends on high tech value added products. These countries compete
not only on the basis of price but on the basis of product
differentiation.
It is also marked that while the developed countries insist on
continuation of their past practices, developing countries are being
11
forced to open up there markets and also withdraw the subsidies
provided to agriculture. Developed countries provide subsidies to many
sectors, agriculture in particular, which comprises of a small
percentage of population. These groups may be small but enjoy
enormous political clout and are capable of pressuring there
governments to continue subsidy on farm products.
As against this a country like Pakistan has to protect the interest
of millions of people, more than 50% of total population, dependent on
agriculture. Therefore if we apply the policies of WTO at the right
moment it will cost very heavily to the agriculture sector of Pakistan.
The general consensus is that WTO members are distinctly
divided into two categories, developed and developing countries. Most
of the articles and agreements are tilted towards developed countries.
To bring a change or amendment in these articles developing countries
will have to join their hands to reap the real benefits of globalization.
As regards textile quota phase out and its integration in free
trade regime, the experience of developing countries may be
expressed as 'completely disappointing'. Some of the textile products
have been termed 'sensitive' by the developed countries and their
integration is being done at a very slow pace. These products are the
main foreign exchange earners for the developing countries. Despite
the claim by the developed countries that their markets are open, they
resist import of various commodities from the developing countries by
imposing non-tariff barrier Considering the imports and exports of
developing countries, after attempting some polices, 2000 we came to
know that the balance of import and export is mostly negative. So if
these countries implements WTO right now, they will be at a great loss.
12
TABLE 3.2 Developing Countries Total External Trade( US MILLION )
Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Afghanistan
Import 550 551 950 2101 3401
Export 186 113 101 144 541.8
Balance -368 -438 -849 -1957 -2859.6
Azerbaijan
Import 1172.1 1431.1 1665.5 2626.2 3515.9
Export 1745.2 2314.2 2167.4 2590.4 3615.4
Balance 573.1 883.1 501.9 -35.8 99.5
Iran
Import 15086 18129 22036 28795 31300
Export 28461 23904 28237 33788 38790
Balance 13375 5775 6201 4993 7490
Kazakhstan
Import 5040 6445.6 6584 8408.7 13070
Export 8812.2 8631.5 9670.3 12926.7 18470
Balance 3772.2 2185.9 3086.3 4518 5400
Kyrgyzstan
Import 554.1 467.2 586.7 717.0 941.0
Export 504.5 476.1 485.5 581.7 718.8
Balance -49.6 8.9 -101.2 -136.3 -222.2
Pakistan
Import 10309 10729 10340 12220 15592
Export 8569 9202 9135 11160 12313
Balance -1740 -1527 -1205 -1060 -3279
Tajikistan
Import 675 687.5 720.5 880.8 1375.2
Export 784.3 651.5 736.9 797.2 914.9
Balance 109.3 -36 16.4 -83.6 -460.3
Turkey
Import 54502.8 41339 51533.7 69339.6 97361.5
Export 27774.9 31334.2 36059 47252.8 63074.8
Balance -26727.9 -10064.8 -15474.7 -22086.8 -34286.7
13
Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Turkmenistan
Import 1785 2349 2119.4 2512 2850
Export 2505.5 2620.2 2855.6 3632 4000
Balance 720.5 271.2 736.2 1120 1150
Uzbekistan
Import 2947.4 3136.9 2712 2964.2 3816
Export 3264.7 3170.4 2988.4 3725 4853
Balance 501.9 -35.8 99.5 760.8 980
World Total
Import 6697000 6452000 6693000 7778000 8619401
Export 6445000 6191000 6455000 7503000 8281385
Balance -252000 -261000 -238000 15281000 16900786
3.1 GDP Growth Rate
After 2000, the GDP growth rate of developing countries is
showing the positive results, the reason for this is completely not due
to WTO implication/liberalization but there are some other factors also
such as external aid etc.
14
TABLE 3.3 GDP Growth Rate (%)
Countries 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Afghanistan n.a. n.a. n.a. 15.7 8.0
Azerbaijan 11.1 9.9 10.6 11.2 10.2
Iran 5.93 5.38 7.83 8.03 5.6
Kazakhstan 9.8 13.5 9.8 9.2 9.4
Kyrgyzstan 5.4 5.3 0.0 6.7 7.1
Pakistan 3.9 1.8 3.1 6.4 8.4
Tajikistan 8.3 10.2 9.5 10.2 10.6
Turkey 7.4 -7.5 7.9 5.8 8.9
Turkmenistan 18.6 20.4 19.8 17.0 7.0
Uzbekistan 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 7.7
World 5.1 2.3 2.8 3.5 5.0
It seems that if the trade is liberalized and there is free trade, the
amount of debt on LDCs will increase.
15
TABLE 3.4 Dimensions of the LDC Debt Burden, 1970-2000
(billions of dollars)
Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Total
External debt
Of which
Africa
68.4
-----
180.0
14.9
635.8
55.6
949.0
64.7
1182.3
283.3
1808.9
304.1
2140.6
285.1
So the liberalization of trade in this field doesn’t favour LCDs
3.2 Current Overview of LDC Economies
According to UN data profile, the current economic condition of
least developed countries is given below:
16
TABLE 3.5 Least Developed Countries Economy
Economy 2000 2004 2005
GDP (current US $) 182.1 billion 261.0 billion 298.4 billion
GDP growth (annual %) 4.3 6.2 6.1
Inflation 5.3 5.8 6.5
Agriculture, value added(% of
GDP)33.2 28.4 27.8
Industry, value added (% of
GDP)23.8 26.1 27.3
Services, etc. ,value added(%
of GDP)43.0 45.5 44.6
Exports of goods &
services(% GDP)22.3 22.9 22.1
Imports of goods &
services(% GDP)29.5 31.8 31.5
Gross capital formation (% of
GDP)20.0 21.4 21.6
17
TABLE 3.6 Percentage share of developing countries in global trade
Indicators 1990 2000 2003 2004
Exports 24.21 31.97 32.38 33.46
Imports 22.53 28.99 29.27 30.43
The share of developing countries in global exports has gone up
from 24.21% in 1990 to 33.46% in 2004 and their share in imports
increased from 22.52% to 30.43% during this period thus the
developing countries taken as a group have done well in terms of their
share in global trade. But this performance can easily be attributed to
relatively advanced developing countries (Korea, China, Hong Kong,
Singapore, etc).
The evolution of developing countries' share of world trade in
total merchandise and in manufactures and gives a snapshot of their
current position in services trade.
The increase in the share of developing country merchandise
exports accounted for by manufactures, from 7 per cent in 1963 to 65
per cent in 1995 and 1997, reflects a shift in the export structure of
developing countries away from primary products and raw materials.
Again, regional differences are very marked: the share of merchandise
exports from China accounted for by manufactures rose from 25 per
cent to 88 per cent between 1963 and 1995, while the share of
manufactures in African merchandise exports rose from 2 per cent to
28 per cent over the same period
During the period 1970-1997, the openness of all regions to
trade (as measured by the share or merchandise trade in GDP at
18
constant prices) has increased considerably. For the world as a whole,
the trade-to-GDP ratio has risen from 13.8 to 26.5 per cent in this
period, with the most rapid increase between 1984-87 (when the ratio
stood at approximately 18 per cent) and 1997. In the same period, the
trade-to-GDP ratio for developing countries rose from 23 to 35 per
cent; most of this increase again took place since the mid-1980s.
Some of developing countries like Brazil, China, India etc. the
percentage growth rate of their capital is very high but for the most of
developing countries it is low.
19
TABLE 3.7 Cumulative Percentage Annual Growth Rate (1995-2005)
Population CapitalTotal Factor
Productivity
North America 1.05 3.33 Low
Western
Europe0.10 0.83 High
Australia/New
Zealand0.97 1.84 Low
Japan 0.20 0.37 Low
China 0.83 9.08 Very High
Taiwan 0.73 4.52 Very High
Indonesia 1.31 1.82 Low
India 1.59 8.01 Medium
Other South
Asia2.10 3.39 Medium
Brazil 1.26 -0.69 High
Rest of World 1.65 4.15 Medium
20
3.3 Developing Countries' Participation in Trade
and Services
Based on balance-of-payments data, the total value of world
exports of commercial services was estimated at USD 1,310 billion in
1997. The United States and Canada were estimated to account for
approximately one-fifth of this total; Western Europe for 45 per cent;
Latin America for some 4 per cent; Africa for 2.1 per cent and Asia,
other than Japan and Australia, for some 16 per cent. Roughly,
therefore, developing countries accounted for about 21 per cent of
world exports of commercial services.
3.4 Developments since the Establishment of
The WTO
The trend towards fuller participation of the developing countries
in the multilateral trading system has continued since the
establishment of the WTO. Negotiations under the GATS which were
carried forward from the Uruguay Round have resulted in substantial
commitments from these countries. Another noteworthy area of their
participation has been the Information Technology Agreement. The
WTO Members have also taken further initiatives for the benefit of the
least-developing countries in the following fields:
1. Telecommunications
2. Financial services
3. Movement of natural persons
21
3.5 The Implementation of the WTO
Agreements: Developing Countries' Concerns
In reviewing the implementation of the WTO Agreements,
developing country Members have identified a variety of issues
reflecting their diverse interests and priorities. These relate mainly to
the following areas: (i) trade opportunities for products of interest to
developing countries; (ii) provisions that require WTO Members to
safeguard the interests of developing countries; (iii) transitional
periods; and (iv) technical assistance to developing countries.
1. Increased trade opportunities
The persistence of impediments to market access in areas of
export interest to developing countries has been identified as a major
policy concern. Developing country Members have cited the adverse
effects of tariff escalation and tariff peaks both in relation to
agricultural products and industrial goods.
There are also concerns that burdensome administrative and
customs procedures, changes to rules of origin and frequent use of
safeguard measures are adversely affecting exports of textiles and
clothing products from developing countries.
2. Recognition and safeguard of interests
As noted, most of the WTO Agreements contain provisions for
the recognition and safeguard of developing countries' interests.
Developing countries have claimed that these provisions have been
largely ineffectual. Concerns have been also raised that initiatives are
lacking to facilitate the active participation of developing countries in
the relevant standard setting organizations.
22
3. Transitional periods
Transitional periods are intended to facilitate the implementation
of WTO Agreements by developing countries. It has been claimed,
however, that the transitional periods do not always give sufficient
time to deal with specific shortfalls in capacity that are faced by
individual Members, or with their precise development needs. Specific
areas in which a need for extension has been referred to by some
include those related to export subsidies for industrial products, TRIMS
and TRIPS.
23
4. Technical assistance
Many Members have stressed the critical and continuing need for
assistance to strengthen the technical capacity of developing countries
in order to permit them to meet their WTO obligations. In addition,
Members have emphasized the importance of matching assistance
more closely to the specific technical or legal needs of individual
developing countries. For this purpose, while recognizing the efforts
made by the international community, especially in the context of the
LDCs, there have been calls not only for an increase in technical
assistance, but also for more effectively co-ordinate technical
assistance from all sources.
Now considering PAKISTAN
Pakistan today meets most of the essential requirements that
the foreign businesses and investors are looking for. Macroeconomic
stability, deep-rooted structural reforms, high standards of economic
governance, outward looking orientation, liberalized trade and
investment regime, easy access to policy makers, low production
costs, sophisticated financial sector and its location as a regional hub
make it a highly attractive country for business and investment.
24
TABLE 3.8 Overview of the Economy After Military COUP
October 1999 October 2004Change in the
Indicator
GDP Growth
Rate4.2% 6.4% Positive
Inflation 5.7% 4.6% Positive
External
Debt/GDP52% 37% Positive
Exports US$ 7.8 billion US$ 13 billion Positive
Foreign Direct
InvestmentUS$ 472 million US$ 950 million Positive
Unemployment 6% 8% Negative
At the time of army coup, October 1999 in Pakistan the economic
condition was not very good. Soon after the military takeover Pakistan
was forced to become the part of alliance against the terrorism in the
world. Pakistan had a dramatic economic changes after military
takeover. It is not because of good economic policies but it is because
of external aid which Pakistan received after becoming the part of
global alliance against terrorism.
At the time of army coup the GDP growth rate of Pakistan was
4.2% which exceeded to 6.4% in 2004. Similarly, the exports has risen
from US $ 7.8 billion to US $ 13 billion. But the unemployment level
has risen from 6% to 8%. So if Pakistan adopts more policies for trade
liberalization there is a risk of more unemployment.
Considering the case of Pakistan especially, we come to know
that the imports of Pakistan were always greater than its imports, but
the ratio of trade balance shows that it is going towards negative side,
25
just before the liberalization of trade Pakistan had very high trade
balance.
TABLE 3.9 EXPROTS, IMPORTS, & TRADE BALANCE AT CONSTANT
PRICES OF 1960-70 ( $ US Million )
Years Exports Imports Trade Balance
1949-50 176 595 -419
1959-60 176 479 -303
1969-70 338 690 -352
1979-80 855 1714 -859
1989-90 1167 1634 -467
1995-96 2509 3402 -893
If there is liberalization of trade, there will more deficit in foreign
trade because before liberalization Pakistan local industry was unable
to cover the import/export deficit and if there is free trade there will be
more losses.
3.6 New trade liberalization polices
adopted by Pakistan (Current Issues)
Now considering Pakistan’s current agreements on free trade we
come to know that the Pakistan has just signed (November 2006) free
trade agreement with China. China being a friendly neighbor is always
very supportive to Pakistan especially in economic field. China is also
going to open its first ever economic zone (Outside China) in Pakistan
26
which is an example of corporation in trade between developing
countries.
On the other hand India is asking Pakistani government to award
it as a most favored nation status for trade. Pakistani government has
liberalized trade to some extent and has removed duties and lifted ban
on some of daily household (almost 150 products) use products (2005-
06). So Pakistani government is not allowing complete free trade with
India because if Pakistani government does so then their will be
bombardment of Indian made products which are low in price as
compared to products which are manufactured in Pakistan. This will
cause the local producers to suffer a lot. Pakistani government has to
decide at what level, when and how much liberalized trade with India.
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
Free trade no doubt, increases the size of the pie but the
distribution of enlarged pie is uneven with bigger and relatively more
advanced countries getting the lion’s share. Hence no surprisingly in
the wake of liberalization bigger or relatively more advanced
developing countries have performed far better than smaller or less
advanced developing countries.
Developed countries have moved towards service based
economy and their growth have showed, the demand for primary
commodities has fallen.
So developing countries have moved towards the production of
value-added exports and these exports have increased.
Even in case of South-South trade beneficiary are again bigger
and relatively advanced economies.
27
Two types of developing countries are beneficiaries of trade
liberalization:
China and India competitiveness is based on price.
Enjoying economies of large scale.
Korea and Singapore are beneficiaries because their
exports are high tech value added products.
Complementary measures must be taken, such as
Improvement in the quality of education.
Investment in rural roads and other infrastructure.
Support for agricultural research and extension.
Creation of effective social safety nets for poor.
Developing country like Pakistan must liberalize to make WTO
regime PRO POOR.
Press must be allowed to overview the hearing of different disputes
among the member countries. Make WTO more democratic. More
authority must be given to developing countries to participate in
different functioning of WTO.
It needs the policy space of Pakistan (developing countries) to
decide What, When and How much to liberalize.
In order to make WTO regime more PRO POOR Pakistan need to
explore non-traditional market like that of Latin America and South
Africa.
28
29
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