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What is Hydrography?. Surveying Puget Sound, 1927. What is Hydrography?. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Definition: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Surveying Puget Sound, 1927
What is Hydrography?
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
What is Hydrography?• International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
Definition:‐ Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals
with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection. (14 September 2011, www.iho.int)
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
(USM and UNB Intro to Hydrography, GGE1001)
Three Aspects• Coastal Hydrography is concerned with the development of
ports and harbors, coastal erosion problems, the utilization of harbor and coastal conservation services and, especially, the safety of navigation in coastal waters.
• Off-shore Hydrography is concerned with ‐ The provision of hydrographic data as an extension of the coastal zone
normally encompassing the continental shelf‐ The development of mineral deposits, including hydrocarbons ‐ Provision of data for fisheries management
• Oceanic Hydrography is concerned with the acquisition of hydrographic data in the deep ocean areas for the depiction of sea-floor geomorphology.
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
71% of the Earth surface is covered with water, yet only about 10% of the seafloor has been surveyed by echo sounders at a resolution of 1 minute or better. –IHO, 2011
Why Hydrography is Important
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
3.4 Million Square Nautical Miles
NOAA’s Charting Responsibility
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Critical Areas and Priorities• NOAA Maintains approximately
1,000 nautical charts encompassing U.S. Territorial waters and the EEZ‐ Nearly 50% of all soundings on
current charts were acquired utilizing leadlines prior to 1940
• These areas are prioritized into categories:‐ Critical Areas; ‐ Emerging Critical Areas‐ Resurvey Areas‐ Priority Areas
» Divided into Priorities from 1 to 5Leadline Sounding Operations
C&GS, 1928
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Critical Areas and Priorities• Prioritized by the following factors:
‐ Shipping Tonnage and Trends‐ Vintage of Surveys in the Area (Year, Equipment, Process)‐ Under-keel Clearance of Vessels‐ Potential for Unknown Dangers to Navigation due to
dynamic bottom or human influence‐ Requests for surveys from Pilot’s Associations, the U.S.
Coast Guard, and the Marine Community through NOAA’s Regional Navigation Managers
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Critical Areas and Priorities• Of the 43,000 SNM identified as Critical in 1994, only
14,980 SNM remains
• Nationally, 36,545 SNM of modern, Full Bottom Coverage completed since 1994
• NOAA, through ships and contractors, survey approximately 1,300 – 1,600 SNM per year with existing resources and funding levels
NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities, 2011
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Who is Responsible
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Why do we survey?
• Emma Mærsk‐ Length: 1,302 ft ‐ Beam: 184 ft‐ Draught: 51 ft
Bigger, Taller, Longer Ships
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Hydro & Homeland Security• The Oceanographer of the Navy
requested NOAA to provide side scan sonar imagery of shipping channels and harbors to the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO)‐ NOAA collected data at 34 strategic
commercial ports‐ NAVO collected data at 14 military
ports‐ NAVO processes and stores data
• This data is used as a baseline for comparison
Klein 5000 Side Scan Sonar
Detailed Side Scan Sonar Imagery
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Hydro & Homeland Security
• If a threat condition occurred, the Navy will use the baseline data of pre-existing objects so they can search for new objects, utilizing mine counter-measure assets more effectively to determine if a mine has been placed on the seafloor.
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Leadline Single Beam Multi Beam
Pre - 1940 1940 - 1998 1998 - Present
Bottom Coverage by Survey Method
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Shallow Water Multibeam• Direct measurement
of Depth• Multibeam sonar
systems are rigidly attached to the survey vessel
• Less swath width than Side-Scan
Project: OPR-O190-RA-11
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Side-Scan Sonar• Underwater Imagery‐ Although depths can be
correlated, not a direct measurement
• Used to look for features‐ Features will be surveyed
with Multibeam• Side-Scan “Towfish” are
towed behind the survey vessel
• Very wide coverage swath
Side-Scan Image of USS Monitor
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Hydro Types
Ship’s Multibeam
Side Scan Sonar
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
NOAA Hydrographic Fleet
Thomas JeffersonNorfolk, VA 1992
RainierNewport, OR 1968
FairweatherKetchikan, AK 1968 / 2004
R/V Bay Hydro IISolomons, MD
Navigation Response Teams (NRT’s)
Six Teams, Nationwide
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Nancy Foster
Ronald Brown
Oscar Dyson
Hi’ialaki
Gloria Michelle Henry Bigelow
Okeanos Explorer Bell M. Shimada
Pisces
Other Hydro-Capable NOAA Vessels
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
NOAA’s Navigation Services: Nautical Charting
• Nautical Charts‐ 1,000 Paper Charts‐ 998 Print-on-Demand‐ 380 Electronic Navigation
Charts (ENCs)• Coast Pilot‐ Nine Volumes
encompassing U.S coastal and intracoastal waters
• Notice to Mariners‐ Provides Updates for all
charts and Coast Pilots
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
NOAA’s Navigation Services: Navigation Response Teams (NRT’s)
• Small teams located around the country‐ NRT-1; Gulf of Mexico‐ NRT-2; Southeast‐ NRT-3; Northwest‐ NRT-4; Great Lakes‐ NRT-5; Northeast‐ NRT-6; Southwest
• Highly mobile units providing site surveys and rapid disaster response
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
Nautical Charts
National Spatial Reference System
Hydrographic Surveys
Research and DevelopmentModels and New Technologies
Real Time Tides and Currents
Products for Safe Navigation
What is Hydrography? – NOAA Hydro Training 2012
The End
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