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What Have We Learned So Far?
A Theoretical Perspective
Miklos GyulassyColumbia University
January 16, 2004
Quark Matter 2004, Oakland CA
NSAC Long Range Plan 1983
RHIC
“He is tethered to a tree and constrained by a fence, but the chain is not secure and the fence is low enough to leap over.
The unicorn could escape if he wished. Clearly, however, his confinement is a happy one, to which the ripe, seed-laden pomegranates in the tree testify.”
R.Stock QM04:“Unicorn Captured”
http://www.medieval-tapestry-wallhangings.com/unincap1.html
“The QM04 conference left me with contradictory impressions:
On the one hand, most scientists seem to think that we’re getting closer to identifying a quark-gluon plasma.
On the other hand, there seemed to be significant disagreement on what a quark-gluon plasma IS! “
QM04 Dilemma: J.K. Davidson, Science Writer, S.F.Chron.
Outline of My Talk:1)QCD Theory definition of QGP2)Operational definition of QGP3)Evidence for QGP as of QM044)First hints of CGC
PQCD theory definition of a QGP
B>0 EoS
B
LQCD B>0
QGP EoS
T
B
P(T)
TFamily
T=1.6 Tc
LQCD
QGP EoS vs T
P/PSB
T/Tc2sc dP /d
Speed of QGP sound
QGP Soft point
Tc=160 MeV
pQCD theory definition of a QGP
Thermal Rates
TransportProperties
TransportProperties
TE(p ,M, ,L)
Energy Loss
Thermal
pT
Lrad
Weak coupling QCD theory of CGC seed of QGP
Color Glass
Small x
Large x
5glue
A 2 2T T
d N
dyd k d r
2A AxG (x,Q )
QGP = Bulk Collective + Parton Dynamic + Discriminator
= PQCD + pQCD + dA
My Operational definition of QGP
My conclusion: “overwhelming evidence” at QM04that QGP Bulk Matter is made in AuAu at 200 AGeV
1) Evidence for PQCD via vn bulk collective flow of 104 , K,p,
= vn(pT,m)
1
2) Evidence for pQCD jet quenching in Au+Au at RHIC
+ (R+I)AA
2
3) Evidence jet un-quenching in D+Au = Null Control
+ (R+I)DA
3
2+3 are necessary but 1 is critical for sufficiency !
10
1
WA97/NA57
Nparticipants
Pb+Pb
103100
p+Pb
NA50
NA49
Necessary QGP Precursors at SPS 2000
/Drell-Yan
Hadro Chemical EquilibCollective Flow
Medium Dispersion
pQCD
WA98
CERES/SPS
Below RHIC energies, Bulk Flow does not reach QGP hydro!
2 2chdN /dyd x (fm )-
^
17 AGeV
CERES 17 AGeV
But Critical Missing Signature of the QGP at SPS
Asym. pQCD Jet Quenching
Bulk PQCD Hydro
qn Coalescence
The QGP Fingerprint at RHIC = Bulk collective flow PQCD(T)
Jet Quenching
pQCD Parton Dynamics
Jet Tomography
2nd and 3rd Lines of Evidence for QGP
Single Hadron Tomography from SPS, RHIC, LHC
1. Cronin dominates at SPS
2. Cronin+Quench+Shadow
conspire to give ~ flat
suppression out to highest pT
at RHIC with R~Npart/Nbin
3. Predicts sub Npart quench,
positive pT slope of R at LHC
and RLHC(40)~RRHIC(40)
Ivan Vitev and M.G, Phys.Rev.Lett. 89 (2002)
D+Au vs Au+Au @ 200 GeV:
IV,MG(02)
dNglue/dy= 1000
Single JetTomography
Jet-Jet Corr.
trig4 6 GeV/c
0.2 4 GeV/c
T
assocT
p
p
Soft-Jet CorrelationsDi-Jet Tomography
RHIC BaryonAnomaly
Four independent calibrations of Initial QGP density
1. Bjorken Backward extrapolation
2. Hydrodynamic initial condition needed for v2(pT)
3. Jet Tomography: dNg /dy = 1000
4. Gluon saturation pT<Qs predicted dNg /dy = 1000 at Qsat = 1 GeV at y=0
T
2 30 0
3Bj 0
E /N 0.5 GeV, dN /dy 1000,
1/p 0.2 fm/c, V (0.2fm) R 30 fm
500Gev/30 fm 100
p p= =
t = = = p =
e = = e
3Hydro Bj 02 500Gev/30 fm 100e > e = = e
J ets Bj 0100e » e » e
30 0( ) 100 15 GeV/fmet » e =
KHHTS HN
GLVWW SW
BMMcVEKRT
The END of searching for the QGP
The BEGINNING of measuring its properties
• 12D Correlations• Heavy Quarks• Direct Photons • Leptons• and its relation to CGC
trig4 6 GeV/c
0.2 4 GeV/c
T
assocT
p
p
C2
v2
• Indirectly, yes, as seed of QGP at y=0
• Possible Hints at y=3 (BRAHMS)
• But 30 year old soft beam physics Must be first subtracted !
Has the CGC been seen at RHIC also?
Soft Beam Jets : dM/M Dominate Low pT at high y
Beam Jets
Beam + Mini Jets
3
See: http://nt3.phys.columbia.edu/people/gyulassy/Talks/RBRC_120503/
D+Au HIJING
Proton+Emulsion dataW. Busza review 1976(Acta Phys. Pol. B8, 333)
Brodsky, Gunion, Kuhn
PRL39(77)1120
Color Neutralization Model
Feynman gas dy=dx/x= dM/M
The low pT TriangleBoundary ConditionCondition on RpA(y,pT<1)
Preliminary: Hot-off-the-QM04-coffee-table
Addendum to Di Nezza, Steinberg talks
While QGP reflects
onCGC
TheQGP
istamed
Appendix
The D+Au triangle
RdAu(pT<1,y)
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.7
A Low pT<0.5 Triangle boundary controls forward rapidity RdA D/Au
Experimental To Do List
•-5 < Y < 5 dAu to kinematic pT bounds CGC search •C2(phi1,phi2, pt1,pt2, eta1,eta2, fl1,fl2, Mult, A,B, Ecm)
• Heavy Quark tomography c and b, Hidden quarkonia
• Charm and Beauty Flow
• Direct Photons thermometry
• Tagged direct photon -quark jets!
• Excitation functions Ecm~50-100, A=1 - 200
• Pentaquark factory
Theory To Do List
• HBT source puzzle
• ET/N Ecm invariance, Npart invariance
• vn(pT, y, m) collective flow
• Transport properties of QGP
• Baryon transport dynamics
• Transient CGC -> QGP dynamics
• QGP at finite muB
RHIC
QGP1
3
2
2
3
1
BulkPQCD
PartonpQCD
Null Control
1. Bulk PQCD Collective Elliptic Flow2. Parton pQCD Jet dynamics3. p+p Calibration and d+A Null Control
Three Lines Converge to QGP at RHIC
QGP =PQCD + pQCD + dA = v2 + (R+I) AA + (R+I)dA
Partonic Recombination
+ Fragmentation?
•Parameterized flow•How to justify assumed vT~0.55c at T=Tc?•Idealized hard sphere geom
•Flow is dynamically calculated PQCD•Radial flow in hadron phase is also important. At T=Tc, <vT>~0.25c T=100 MeV, <vT>~0.55c
R.Fries, B. Muller, …R.Fries, B. Muller, … T.Hirano & Y.NaraT.Hirano & Y.Nara
QGP Hydro + Jetsvs
Jet Quenching
XN Wang, MG
Gluon Shadow
P0=2GeV
Cronin
Shadow
Some Source Fits giving Rout=Rside=RK
out f
dNdx dt
K3 R
outˆx r K
tf
233
0 0 K2 ooR(K)
f3) (x (x )xx R )
out fo
x tx
2
3
K12R
f 0 out 0 K
K
11) (t ) (x x x 12 R )
12R
1
out 0 f K
K
12) (x x ) ( t 12R )
12R
2
K12R
ox
222 2out out K f out K f out fR x v t x v t (x t )
Invisible Dimension!
out fo
x tx
2
Drell-Yan andProduction at CERN/SPS
C. Lourenco NA50 QM01
( ) ( )DY DYA B q q AB pp ( ) !( )A B c c AB pp
Suppressed even in p+A !!
Results from the SPS
• data well described by pQCD + (intrinsic + initial) kT (A,Q) broadenning• data equally well described by hydrodynamic fit
A. Dress QM01
However,No RutherfordPower Law Tail
Statistical Models Work Well at SPS and RHIC
Statistical Thermal ModelsF. Becattini; P. Braun-Munzinger, J. Stachel, D. Magestro, J.Rafelski, J.Sollfrank et al. K.Redlich
* Works great, but there is not word of QCD in such analysis. Done entirely in color neutral Hadronic basis!
An equilibrated (Hagadorn) resonance gas was made
But shows no sign of a QGP !!
P+A Control Experiment
NA50 PbPb->J/Psi Suppression
Effect does not turn offWhen medium is absent!
Qui, Vary
Predicted Non-linear Initial State radiative energy loss in Cold A must be still tested via Central pA at both SPS and RHIC
ccqq
PartonicDiagnostics
The D+Au triangle
RdAu(pT<1,y)
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.7
A Low pT<0.5 Triangle boundary controls forward rapidity RdA D/Au
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