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Anne-‐Marie Boulay, Ph.D.The unbreakable link between Sustainability and WaterASABE conference, Montreal, July 14th, 2014
Water Footprint: introduction to a sustainability tool for water use
Water: How much is there?
2
Human water use (3%)
Precipitation on land:
119’000 km3 / year (100%)
Runoff (38%)Evaporation and transpiration (62%)
2.1% 0.3% 0.6%
Water: what is the problem?
3
"There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people -‐ and the environment -‐ suffer badly."
World Water Council3900 children die every day from water borne
diseases
1 out of 6 people lack access to safe drinking water
8 Mighty rivers are running dry from overuse, greatly affecting humans and ecosystems (Colorado, Indus, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Rio Grande, Yellow, Teesta and Murray)
4
Water quantity issues
Water quality issues
Source: Boulay et al, 2013
As Kelvin said…
5
“If you can not measure it, you can not improve it.”
Life Cycle approach: a global view
6http://www.linkcycle.com
Pesticide
Crude OilIron Ore
Phosphate
CO2
Irrigation Water
Cu
…
…
Mid-point – damage conventional framework
SO2
Zero emissions? Emissionselsewhere!
Electric car: Better or Worst?
Human Health
Ecosystem Quality
Resources
Toxic Impacts
Respiratory effects
Ionizing radiation
Ozone layer depletion
Photochem. oxydation
Acidification
Eutrophication
Land use
Abiotic ressouce use
Biotic ressource use
Global warming
Pesticide
Crude OilIron Ore
Phosphate
CO2
Irrigation Water
Cu
…
…
Problems Areas of protection
Mid-point – damage conventional framework
Jolliet 2004, Life cycle initiative
SO2
Methodological tool, decision making
Quantifies potential environmental impacts
Entire life cycle of a product
ISO standards 14 040/44
Water availability
From inventory, to risk, to impacts…
10
Pollution
AcidificationEutrophication
Toxicity
Resource Availability
[DALY / y] [PDF-‐m2-‐y / y] [MJ / y]
Human health Ecosystem quality Resources
WATER FOOTPRINT
Inventory of water use and emissions
Water-‐related problems (midpoint)
Water-‐related
damages (or endpoint)
(c) Quantis
Types of water footprint metrics and
assessments
11
Water Footprint Network (WFN)
12
A Volumetric Approach:
Blue water
Green water
Grey water
ISO 14046: Water footprint: Principles, requirements and guidelines
13
Developed in an international consensus-‐based process 2009 – 2014Approved in May 2014Published in August 2014
14
–Should be life-‐cycle based
–Could be “stand-‐alone” or part of a full Life Cycle Assessment
–Results should include impact assessment (volumes not sufficient) and address regional issues
–Both quantity and quality should be considered
–Comprehensive impact assessment related to water (not only water use but all impacts related to water)
–Can result in one or several indicators
ISO 14046 WATER FOOTPRINTIMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Water Footprint types as per ISO 14046
15
Water availability
Water degradation
MIDPOINTProfile of midpoint indicators
-Water scarcity footprintOR
- Water availability footprint
-Human toxicity-Ecotoxicity-Eutrophication-Acidification
ENDPOINTHuman health -‐ Malnutrition and/or
water related diseasesHuman toxicity
Ecosystems -‐ Terrestrial ecosystems- Aquatic ecosystems
-Ecotoxicity-Eutrophication-Acidification
“qualified” water footprint (ex: “degradation” WF, “scarcity” WF, etc)
Water footprint
Types of Water Footprints
16
LCA Water Footprint
Water Availability Footprint
Water Scarcity Footprint
Water Degradation
Footprint
Water Availability Footprint
Carbon Footprint
Other Footprints
Water Footprint
Reduced water availability from consumption
Reduced water availability from
consumption and degradation
Reduced water availability from
consumption and degradation + direct
pollution impacts
Example: Water Footprint from a load of laundry
17Source: Boulay et al (2013b)
SUPPLIERS MANUFACTURING USE END-‐OF-‐LIFE
Various European countries and India Spain
France
France
Energy Water
Evaporation
Ecosystem Water Footprint
0.0E+00
5.0E-‐04
1.0E-‐03
1.5E-‐03
2.0E-‐03
2.5E-‐03
Terrestrial species Groundwater level Aquatic species Ecotox Eutrophication Aquatic acidification Thermal pollution
3.58E-‐03 2.40E-‐04 2.22E-‐05 4.59E-‐03 4.76E-‐03 2.21E-‐05 4.97E-‐06
Terrestrial species Groundwater level Aquatic species Ecotox Eutrophication Aquatic acidification Thermal pollution
Ecosystem im
pacts in PDF*m2*yr
End-‐of-‐life: packaging
End-‐of-‐life: product
Use: heating energy and moving the drum
Use: tap water
Manufacturing
Suppliers
Total:
IMPACTS FROM WATER DEGRADATIONIMPACTS FROM WATER CONSUMPTION
Source: Boulay et al (2013b)
COMMUNICATION AND LABELLING
19http://nescafe.outil-‐acv.com/ slide from Quantis
20
Method development: the WULCA working group of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle
Initiative
UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
21
Water Use in LCA (WULCA)Founded in 2007, now includes à 100 experts from 21 countries
– Phase 1: Proposed a framework to evaluate water in LCA (Bayart et al. 2009)– Phase 2: Review of different methods (Kounina et al. 2012)– Phase 3: Quantitative comparison (Boulay et al A and B, under review)
Current mandate (2014-2015): Guide the scientific development of a consensual and
operational method which shall be in line with both the ISO Water Footprint Standard and the LCA principles
www.wulca-waterlca.org
Anne-Marie Boulay, Ph.D. (Canada)Project Manager
Stephan Pfister, Ph.D. (Switzerland)Deputy Manager
SPONSORS
22
Anne-‐Marie Boulay, Ph.D. CIRAIG – École Polytechnique de Montréal
anne-‐marie.boulay@polymtl.ca23
Setting goals and scope
Water footprintaccounting
Water footprintsustainabilityassessment
Water footprintresponse
formulation
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
WFN framework LCA framework
Quantiative indicators (blue, green and greywater footprint)
Quantiative indicators(environmental impacts)
Setting the goal and scope
Accounting phase
Impact assessment phase
Interpretation and solutions
Generic frameworksteps
WATER FOOTPRINTNETWORK VS LCA
Source: Boulay, Vionnet et Hoekstra, 201324
Impact pathway Framework for Freshwater use
25
Water Inventory
Change of water
availability (Scarcity/ Stress)
Human Health
Ecosystems
Resources (Future
generations)
Malnutrition
Water-‐related diseases
Socio-‐economic assessment
LCA of backup technology
Areas of protection
Bayart et al, 2010
Endpoint WF profile Human health
Water Footprint Training Material26 Source: Boulay et al (2013b)
0.0E+00
2.0E-‐10
4.0E-‐10
6.0E-‐10
8.0E-‐10
1.0E-‐09
1.2E-‐09
1.4E-‐09
1.6E-‐09
E-‐Motoshita agri E-‐Motoshita dom E-‐Pfister E-‐Boulay distri E-‐ Boulay Marg E-‐Boulay distri -‐no quality
E-‐ Boulay Marg -‐no quality
Motoshita agri no TE
1.59E-‐09 1.54E-‐11 1.72E-‐11 7.51E-‐10 5.35E-‐10 1.10E-‐09 4.26E-‐10 6.47E-‐11
Daly pe
r load of laun
dry End-‐of-‐life: packaging
End-‐of-‐life: product
Use: heating energy and moving the drum
Use: tap water
Manufacturing
Suppliers
Sensitivity analysis for water quality and trade effect
Human health water footprint indicators
0.0E+00
5.0E-‐08
1.0E-‐07
1.5E-‐07
2.0E-‐07
2.5E-‐07
3.0E-‐07
3.5E-‐07
4.0E-‐07
4.5E-‐07
Human Tox E-‐Motoshita agri
E-‐Motoshita dom
E-‐Pfister E-‐Boulay distri E-‐ Boulay MargE-‐Boulay distri -‐no quality
E-‐ Boulay Marg -‐ no quality
Motoshita agri no TE
4.24E-‐07 1.59E-‐09 1.54E-‐11 1.72E-‐11 7.51E-‐10 5.35E-‐10 1.10E-‐09 4.26E-‐10 6.47E-‐11
Daly pe
r load of laun
dry End-‐of-‐life: packaging
End-‐of-‐life: product
Use: heating energy and moving the drum
Use: tap water
Manufacturing
Suppliers
Sensitivity analysisOriginal human health water footprint indicators
Boulay, A.-‐M., Bayart, J.-‐B., Bulle, C., Franceschini, H., Motoshita, M., Muñoz, I., Pfister, S., et al. (2013). Water impact assessment methods analysis (Part B): Applicability for water footprinting and decision making with a laundry case study. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Submitted.
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