Waste Fishing Nets and Eco-innovation · Waste Fishing Nets and Eco-innovation Professor Martin...

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www.circularocean.eu

Waste Fishing Nets

and Eco-innovation

Professor Martin Charter

Director

The Centre for Sustainable Design

UCA

UK

640,000

The Causes of Ghost Fishing Gear

Category Root Cause Remedial Action

Abandoned

(deliberate non-retrieval)

Illegal, Unreported and

Unregulated fishing (IUU) Enforcement pressure

Illegal gear

Too much gear for timeOperational pressure

Discarded

(deliberate disposal at sea)

Too much gear for space

Chosen over onshore disposalEconomic pressure

Damaged gear

Lost

(accidental loss at sea)

Gear conflictSpatial pressure

Misplaced gear

Poor groundEnvironmental pressure

Extreme weather/strong currents

Source: MacFadyen, G. Huntington, T & Cappell R. (2009) 'Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing

gear'. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, No. 185; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper,

No 523. Rome UNEP/FAO

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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4285594/Adventurer-to-sail-plastic-boat-into-oceans-plastic-dump.html&ei=JolYVfSDEYelgwTqjoGICw&bvm=bv.93564037,d.eXY&psig=AFQjCNHV9McNrsGkDQefHX-46-yP7snFqA&ust=1431952034516052
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Use

Remanufacturing, Refurbishment,

Upgrade

2nd Use

Cumulative environmental impact

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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjr0PWMpqLJAhXIXhoKHW86CKwQjRwIBw&url=http://lauradunn.com/fashion-posts/raw-oceans/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNE9ZlDYZGPaKOwUvLGiJOt9btLOlA&ust=1448222136331084
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBwcLFpqLJAhWCQxoKHV4EDyYQjRwIBw&url=http://startupfashion.com/bionic-yarn-sustainable-fabric-recycled-plastic-bottles&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNGh4ZOQQKhHqX7eZXJytzQ4CKNtUA&ust=1448222235967360
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBwcLFpqLJAhWCQxoKHV4EDyYQjRwIBw&url=http://startupfashion.com/bionic-yarn-sustainable-fabric-recycled-plastic-bottles&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNGh4ZOQQKhHqX7eZXJytzQ4CKNtUA&ust=1448222235967360
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwitnurNqKLJAhXEOxoKHUrhBNEQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ecouterre.com/surfs-up-for-rizs-recycled-and-recyclable-board-shorts-for-men/riz-board-shorts-4/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNE9uqEoxTXMt9qW59intWQ6EJdtJw&ust=1448222790515178
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwitnurNqKLJAhXEOxoKHUrhBNEQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ecouterre.com/surfs-up-for-rizs-recycled-and-recyclable-board-shorts-for-men/riz-board-shorts-4/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNE9uqEoxTXMt9qW59intWQ6EJdtJw&ust=1448222790515178
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj_is_MqqLJAhVCVRoKHbRQCKQQjRwIBw&url=http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/bof-exclusive/inside-kelly-slaters-new-kering-backed-surf-lifestyle-brand-outerknown&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNGqCK-UDwLNP1fku71CpUlUly3ftQ&ust=1448223361606131
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj_is_MqqLJAhVCVRoKHbRQCKQQjRwIBw&url=http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/bof-exclusive/inside-kelly-slaters-new-kering-backed-surf-lifestyle-brand-outerknown&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNGqCK-UDwLNP1fku71CpUlUly3ftQ&ust=1448223361606131
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2sJOFq6LJAhUDMhoKHTeCCpUQjRwIBw&url=http://www.azula.com/kelly-slater-outerknown-infinitely-recyclable-clothing/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNEWCSv0o14KEMzImXEYSrF0vVhPpw&ust=1448223442583828
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2sJOFq6LJAhUDMhoKHTeCCpUQjRwIBw&url=http://www.azula.com/kelly-slater-outerknown-infinitely-recyclable-clothing/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNEWCSv0o14KEMzImXEYSrF0vVhPpw&ust=1448223442583828
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwin1IGt5aPJAhVBvRoKHclGBRAQjRwIBw&url=http://www.fishpondusa.com/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNH8UeDMVfiC1MSnwKNUmIoS86qbPA&ust=1448273493989990
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwin1IGt5aPJAhVBvRoKHclGBRAQjRwIBw&url=http://www.fishpondusa.com/&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNH8UeDMVfiC1MSnwKNUmIoS86qbPA&ust=1448273493989990
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiZ5IfNrKLJAhWINhoKHcEOBMMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.norsestore.com/catalog?brand=klaettermusen&psig=AFQjCNEoBNYnj3KczIRs7tomgSpF_VXftw&ust=1448223835405179
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiZ5IfNrKLJAhWINhoKHcEOBMMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.norsestore.com/catalog?brand=klaettermusen&psig=AFQjCNEoBNYnj3KczIRs7tomgSpF_VXftw&ust=1448223835405179
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjg1f6oraLJAhVMExoKHXB7CgkQjRwIBw&url=http://www.sneakerfreaker.com/sneakers/parley-for-the-oceans-x-adidas-ultra-boost/&psig=AFQjCNE29BgrxPyq0eTGhEGHqBXWpqgefQ&ust=1448224025429678
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjg1f6oraLJAhVMExoKHXB7CgkQjRwIBw&url=http://www.sneakerfreaker.com/sneakers/parley-for-the-oceans-x-adidas-ultra-boost/&psig=AFQjCNE29BgrxPyq0eTGhEGHqBXWpqgefQ&ust=1448224025429678
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiro8Sr9rjMAhVEJcAKHce7B4gQjRwIBw&url=https://www.surfdome.com/lifestyle_blog/bureo_skateboards/&bvm=bv.121070826,d.dmo&psig=AFQjCNEScNZD1pY5jjDjdpgzszx46phe7g&ust=1462193722309613
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiro8Sr9rjMAhVEJcAKHce7B4gQjRwIBw&url=https://www.surfdome.com/lifestyle_blog/bureo_skateboards/&bvm=bv.121070826,d.dmo&psig=AFQjCNEScNZD1pY5jjDjdpgzszx46phe7g&ust=1462193722309613
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwisg4_krqLJAhVD1BoKHeMLCzsQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ghostgear.org/solutions/bureo-turning-nets-decks&psig=AFQjCNE7_IsxZIDbG4T107pQVmMS9RddgQ&ust=1448224372109657
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwisg4_krqLJAhVD1BoKHeMLCzsQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ghostgear.org/solutions/bureo-turning-nets-decks&psig=AFQjCNE7_IsxZIDbG4T107pQVmMS9RddgQ&ust=1448224372109657
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjOiIH4xtLOAhWDUhQKHUITCFsQjRwIBw&url=https://www.surfdome.com/lifestyle_blog/dream-big-bureo-skateboards/&psig=AFQjCNGN84Osxd2Grzjfw7OCH50tVPRrHg&ust=1471870446461936
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjOiIH4xtLOAhWDUhQKHUITCFsQjRwIBw&url=https://www.surfdome.com/lifestyle_blog/dream-big-bureo-skateboards/&psig=AFQjCNGN84Osxd2Grzjfw7OCH50tVPRrHg&ust=1471870446461936
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiJpJfxpKLJAhWKVxoKHdLRCCYQjRwIBw&url=http://net-works.com/&psig=AFQjCNGu-WMJK5ZxJmSWGH5Mn78f-heLTA&ust=1448221653068194
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiJpJfxpKLJAhWKVxoKHdLRCCYQjRwIBw&url=http://net-works.com/&psig=AFQjCNGu-WMJK5ZxJmSWGH5Mn78f-heLTA&ust=1448221653068194
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjAut2r56PJAhWLXBoKHRYjDY4QjRwIBw&url=http://www.interfaceflor.com.au/Product_Catalogue/Latest_Collection/Net_Effects_Gallery.aspx&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNHIqRB6VvpG4d3uf4m2ugAulFHsQg&ust=1448273989267777
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjAut2r56PJAhWLXBoKHRYjDY4QjRwIBw&url=http://www.interfaceflor.com.au/Product_Catalogue/Latest_Collection/Net_Effects_Gallery.aspx&bvm=bv.108194040,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNHIqRB6VvpG4d3uf4m2ugAulFHsQg&ust=1448273989267777

ECOMIND

DIBS

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=K8nlUgX3rYln5M&tbnid=t2LaKnWopn6_nM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://internetbusinesspress.com/category/suscin/&ei=iV1vU7CIO4LfOvitgbgD&bvm=bv.66330100,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHCGKNzGZ8cvp0Xqgd13n8V2UqC-Q&ust=1399893736562489
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=K8nlUgX3rYln5M&tbnid=t2LaKnWopn6_nM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://internetbusinesspress.com/category/suscin/&ei=iV1vU7CIO4LfOvitgbgD&bvm=bv.66330100,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNHCGKNzGZ8cvp0Xqgd13n8V2UqC-Q&ust=1399893736562489

•Re-Industrialisation 1.0

•Decentralisation

•Low Carbon

•Circular

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwid4N6n3tLOAhUHsxQKHSfyCO8QjRwIBw&url=http://econscapes.blogspot.com/2014/05/macro-innov-11-innovation-systems.html&bvm=bv.129759880,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNGsomhUIaVlwsmWZbE5WdbtVrwmzA&ust=1471876738736070
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKv19cfW3cgCFUu0FAodNigOjw&url=http://frankmareno.deviantart.com/art/Create-Your-Future-Wallpaper-427160430&psig=AFQjCNHsGqiWCTVQgHj4y9SbtkDBUTopRQ&ust=1445864317158650
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKv19cfW3cgCFUu0FAodNigOjw&url=http://frankmareno.deviantart.com/art/Create-Your-Future-Wallpaper-427160430&psig=AFQjCNHsGqiWCTVQgHj4y9SbtkDBUTopRQ&ust=1445864317158650
http://www.educationfutures.com/tag/maker/
http://www.educationfutures.com/tag/maker/
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiPnavAmsjKAhUHng4KHax6BGcQjRwIBw&url=http://www.adweek.com/prnewser/the-10-most-influential-videos-of-youtubes-first-10-years/109120&psig=AFQjCNFrrDWZK-0ryD7TIRsgADFHMctgwQ&ust=1453922744565672
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiPnavAmsjKAhUHng4KHax6BGcQjRwIBw&url=http://www.adweek.com/prnewser/the-10-most-influential-videos-of-youtubes-first-10-years/109120&psig=AFQjCNFrrDWZK-0ryD7TIRsgADFHMctgwQ&ust=1453922744565672

`

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=makers&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=IU3uf_KHp2eb0M&tbnid=PAQv1iVRGmAt4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/10/features/the-makers&ei=xhuuUf6zGYap0AXFioDIDg&bvm=bv.47244034,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNF9KbbOHuToOjiNpB_jQSK-3daCFQ&ust=1370451179232885
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=makers&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=IU3uf_KHp2eb0M&tbnid=PAQv1iVRGmAt4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/10/features/the-makers&ei=xhuuUf6zGYap0AXFioDIDg&bvm=bv.47244034,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNF9KbbOHuToOjiNpB_jQSK-3daCFQ&ust=1370451179232885
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=fixers+collective&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2YRxNJtM0Qjj9M&tbnid=S3TMVCafagDKvM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://badatsports.com/2013/in-conversation-community-glue-workshop-and-fixers-collective/&ei=0XIGUpSxCczM0AWhpYGYBg&bvm=bv.50500085,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNFNo-dwYDvtsWc6Hs85kHYkbv2ybg&ust=1376240536436779
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=fixers+collective&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2YRxNJtM0Qjj9M&tbnid=S3TMVCafagDKvM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://badatsports.com/2013/in-conversation-community-glue-workshop-and-fixers-collective/&ei=0XIGUpSxCczM0AWhpYGYBg&bvm=bv.50500085,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNFNo-dwYDvtsWc6Hs85kHYkbv2ybg&ust=1376240536436779

3D Printing

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=U4cpNC-cEMtE5M&tbnid=EhfPKAhvzhMaQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://replicatorinc.com/blog/2011/10/user-generated-content-and-community-diy-sites-by-the-numbers/&ei=4DldUqXhK8uKhQf1z4G4CA&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNHstVHwtMW03OuPK80AnYITBnPpew&ust=1381927761894150
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=U4cpNC-cEMtE5M&tbnid=EhfPKAhvzhMaQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://replicatorinc.com/blog/2011/10/user-generated-content-and-community-diy-sites-by-the-numbers/&ei=4DldUqXhK8uKhQf1z4G4CA&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNHstVHwtMW03OuPK80AnYITBnPpew&ust=1381927761894150
https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http://insitehk.wordpress.com/2012/06/26/makerbot-industries-robots-that-make-things/&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=3EAL8fXMe0VYOM&tbnh=80&tbnw=248&zoom=1&docid=mFP1Bugo0yxXUM&ei=PTpdUvjcH8i3hQfOmoHYCw&ved=0CAIQsCU
https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http://insitehk.wordpress.com/2012/06/26/makerbot-industries-robots-that-make-things/&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=3EAL8fXMe0VYOM&tbnh=80&tbnw=248&zoom=1&docid=mFP1Bugo0yxXUM&ei=PTpdUvjcH8i3hQfOmoHYCw&ved=0CAIQsCU
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fM5vsbww9pxY0M&tbnid=dzQyKFeSVs5FQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.geocyclab.fr/glossaire/rep-rap/&ei=szpdUriaI4SphAeghoGQAQ&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNFaXMnS5ritasalkyOy6wlYPBGJdA&ust=1381927941258252
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fM5vsbww9pxY0M&tbnid=dzQyKFeSVs5FQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.geocyclab.fr/glossaire/rep-rap/&ei=szpdUriaI4SphAeghoGQAQ&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNFaXMnS5ritasalkyOy6wlYPBGJdA&ust=1381927941258252
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=83Xt0vD39bwa7M&tbnid=K5JCG3HbJJE9wM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.3dfuture.com.au/2012/04/reprap-full-kit-available-for-780/&ei=f0pdUvGBDITxhQfrjYCwCw&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNGXNC4VimsbYYVZrZZ5SIXgkMQEKQ&ust=1381931978198933
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=83Xt0vD39bwa7M&tbnid=K5JCG3HbJJE9wM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.3dfuture.com.au/2012/04/reprap-full-kit-available-for-780/&ei=f0pdUvGBDITxhQfrjYCwCw&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNGXNC4VimsbYYVZrZZ5SIXgkMQEKQ&ust=1381931978198933
http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dd3dhZPBf35F5M&tbnid=0cEaYN3u6sP9jM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.makerbot.com/replicator2-press-assets/&ei=LUtdUpWWCMWJhQfsz4DwAg&bvm=bv.53899372,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNEDbnTv7G-uH-WTR_l1ByYm8FMO0w&ust=1381932144714894
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjf_KeQpNXOAhWDOBQKHYz_AMcQjRwIBw&url=http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/byfusion-machine&bvm=bv.129759880,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNHGaGiIBXMGOqJIzVJNO_8rAml1Ig&ust=1471964198977701
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CIRCULAR ECONOMY BUSINESS MODEL

An organization’s chosen system of inter-connected and inter-dependent decisions and activities that determines how it creates, delivers and captures value over the short, medium and long term that enables the sustainable management of resources in products and services, and product-services

Source: Adapted from BS8001 – draft guidelines

BUSINESS MODEL TYPES

• On demand

• Digitization

• Product life-cycle extension / re-use

• Remanufacture and manufacture from secondary materials

• Product as a service / Product Service System

• Sharing economy and collaborative consumption

www.circularocean.eu

WP3 (WPT1) Green Enterprise and Business Engagement

Tasks• Feasibility Study• Facilitating Eco-innovation• Encouraging Eco-innovation• Eco-innovation Network

Development• Eco-innovation Toolkit

Development• Eco-innovation Capacity Building

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwirk9vc6aPJAhXCOxoKHQBzAWQQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ivarhagendoorn.com/photos/series/fishing-nets-28&psig=AFQjCNG9CCzjl1lPudyl_Lfw0ySzsWSeEg&ust=1448274663204453
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