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Volvo 900 Series
The Volvo 900 Series is a range of executive cars pro-
duced by the Swedish manufacturer Volvo Cars from
1990[1] to 1998.[1] The900 Series was introduced in 1990
to replace the 700 Series from which it derived. Prior to
the end of its production, the series was renamed as the
Volvo S90 (saloon) and Volvo V90 (estate), becoming
the last rear-wheel-drive cars from Volvo.
Visible differences between the 700 and the 900 Series
included redesigned rear styling of the saloon models (late
700 estates and early 900 estates are visually identical.)
The 960 was introduced in 1991 along with a new familyof modular engines, and then was substantially revised
for the 1995 model year, improving the handling. The
range was first augmented and finally supplanted by the
Volvo 850 in 1993, with the last of the 900s being sold
in 1998. Some 900 Series were built as chassis for am-
bulances and hearses after the main production run had
been completed.
1 Volvo 940
Volvo 940 saloon (US)
Volvo 940 GL saloon (AU)
The Volvo 940 is among the last in the long-running line
of large rear-wheel drive cars from Volvo.
Introduced in September 1990, the 940 was essentially
a cosmetic reskin of the 740.[3] All drivetrains, and most
options available in the 940 had been available in the 740,
with the exception of the 780 Coupé. The 940 was more
closely related to the 740 than the 760, sharing the same
dashboard, drivetrain choices, and sheet metal from the
A-pillar forward. In contrast, the 960 was an evolution
of the 760. The 760 / 960 front sheet metal, indepen-
dent rear suspension, dashboard, and other interior fea-
tures were all exclusive to the two upscale models. The
estate, introduced in May 1991, was even harder to tellapart from its 745 predecessor.
The engines remained largely the same as for the 740,
with 2-litre and 2.3-litre four cylinder gasoline engines,
either naturally aspirated or turbocharged, as well as the
familiar 2.4-litre Volkswagen six-cylinder diesel and tur-
bodiesels being fitted. There were also sixteen valve ver-
sions of the gasoline engines, with a turbocharged version
of the 2.0 16V available in some markets with tight tax
limits, such as Italy, Belgium, and Portugal. An inter-
esting version added somewhat later was a low-pressure
turbocharged version of the B230 – maximum power was
only up slightly, from 131 to 135 PS (96 to 99 kW), buttorque increased throughout the range and the car suf-
fered from virtually no turbo lag because of the small
size of the charger. The 155 PS (114 kW) turbocharged
2.0 was first presented in February 1991,[3] originally in-
tended for Italy and other such markets it was later also
installed in the British market 940 SE.
The SE badge was in fact one of the more confusing
badges. In the US, the 940 SE was in fact a 960 Turbo
with the four-cylinder B230FT engine, the 940 SE badge
presumably chosen by Volvo in order to maintain the link
between name and number of cylinders. In Sweden, the
940 SE was an ordinary non-turbo 940 with some op-tional extras as standard, most notably painted mirrors
and bumpers. In the UK, the 940 SE was a 2-litre Turbo
with some extras as standard aimed specifically at the
company car market as 2-litre engines receive a tax ben-
efit. In Thailand the 940 SE was a Turbo (LPT) model
with leather seats, ABS brakes and SRS Airbag.
1.1 North America
In the United States, the 1991 940 was offered in three
versions: the 940GLE used a DOHC 16-valve version of
the 2.3-litre engine with a 6,000 rpm redline. The 940Turbo used a turbocharged 2.3-litre engine, and the top-
end 940SE (turbo) included body-coloured trim, and the
1
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2 2 VOLVO 960
premium features (leather, power seats/moonroof, etc.)
as standard equipment.
Volvo 940 estate (Australia)
This is one of the Volvo vehicles that was produced at
Volvo’s former manufacturing facility in Halifax, NovaScotia. In 1993, 940s built at that plant were affixed with
roundels at the rear window, to celebrate the plant’s 30th
anniversary.
In 1991, the 940 GLE was downgraded with a 114 bhp
2.3-litre 4-cylinder engine and sold as the 940 GL (or ba-
sic 940 in some export markets). The 940 SE was in actu-
ality a 960 Turbo soldas the 940 SE, while the 940 Turbo
remained largely unchanged. Production of the 940 Se-
ries ended on 5 February 1998.
2 Volvo 960
2.1 1990–1994
Autumn of 1990 marked the launch of the Volvo 960 in
time for the 1991 model year. This was the replacement
for the 760. The 1991 960 was an evolutionary progres-
sion of the 1990 760, but it was also one of the first cars
to feature the work of British designer Peter Horbury.
Volvo 960 estate (US)
The most significant change was that, in most markets,
the 960 was offered with an all-new aluminium 24-valve
DOHC inline six-cylinder engine, often referred to as“white block” in the Volvo community due to its bare alu-
minium block. Maximum power was 204 PS (150 kW) at
6,000 rpm. Some markets, such as Australia and Japan,
saw 1991 960s equipped with the same B280E/F V6 en-
gine (145 PS or 107 kW at 5,100 rpm) that had powered
the 1990 760.[5] The 1992 model year saw the U.S. in-
troduction of the DOHC inline six-cylinder engine. For
the Italian and Portuguese markets, the 960 was avail-
able with the16v 2-litre turbo (190/200 PS, 140/147 kW)from September 1990 until September 1993 along with
the inline sixes. Certain markets also received the 2.3
litre turbo 'Redblock' four, with 165 PS (121 kW) and
the Volkswagen built D24TIC with 116 or 122 PS (85 or
90 kW).[6]
The 960 received incremental changes for the 1992,
1993, and 1994 model years. Most visible were the new
more shapely seats, and redesigned seat-belts with hy-
draulic pretensioners for 1992. 1993 saw a new more
ergonomic shifter, and in 1994 dual front airbags were
introduced in some markets. The opaque sunroof was re-
placed by a sliding sunshade and glass window. In 1994,the US version of the 3-litre six was tuned for more torque
and a less peaky power delivery in favor of U.S. emissions
regulations, with 181 PS (133 kW) at 5,200 rpm and 270
N·m (199 lb·ft) at 4,100 rpm (as opposed to 267 N·m or
197 lb·ft at 4,300 rpm for the rest of the world).[7]
A small coachbuilder in Laholm, Sweden, called Nils-
son, worked under contract with Volvo to supply the
stretched 960 Executive (and later Royal model, with
Hermes leather interior). Nilsson provided a number of
different lengths and sealed the window in the c-pillar, for
more privacy in the rear. The Executive had longer rear
doors, longer versions had inserts behind the b-pillar.
For North America, the 1992–1994 Volvo 960s were
built in Kalmar, Sweden. The very first Volvo 960 for
the US-market rolled off the assembly line on August 12,
1991 as a 1992 model. The 1995 to 1998 960s were built
in Göteborg, Sweden. The first 1995 model year (facelift)
960 was built on June 27, 1994.
2.2 1994–1998
In 1994 (for the 1995 model year) the 960 received a
facelift, including changes to the grille and body-colouredpanels.[7] A smaller 2.5 version of the six-cylinder (2,473
cc) was also added to the lineup, with 170 or 180 PS (125
or 132 kW) for the B6244FS version.
Only the modular six-cylinder engines were available
from model year 1995 on. The front suspension was re-
designed to more closely match that of the 850. The rear
suspension received a completely redesigned multi-link
independent system with a single fibreglass transverse leaf
spring. The 1995 estate received independent rear sus-
pension. Volvo reported that the single composite leaf
spring used in the rear suspension of the 960 estate had
the same mass as just one of the two springs it replaced.[8]
Boge’s Nivomat self-levelling rear suspension system be-
came an option rather than standard equipment.
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3
Volvo 960 saloon
Volvo 960 estate (US)
Trim levels were GLT and SE for European markets.
From 1996, Volvo renamed the 960 in select markets as
Volvo S90 (saloon) and Volvo V90 (estate) in alignment
with the letter-and-number naming scheme used on their
other models. This renaming applied to several European
countries in late 1996, in North America from late 1996
for the 1997 model year, and in Australia from March
1997. Thenew name coincided with an improved air con-
ditioning system.
All US cars were equipped with an electronically con-
trolled Aisin AW-series automatic transmission. Begin-
ning in the 1995 model year, European cars with the 2.5
L engines were also available with a manual transmission,
the so-called M90, a strong new design that was derived
from the Volvo 850’s transmission. With the demise of
the 2.5 L engine, the M90 was paired with a detuned ver-
sion (180 PS or 132 kW) of the 3.0 L engine.
Volvo S90 saloon (US)
Production of the 960 and its S90 and V90 derivativesended on 5 February 1998.
The S90/V90 nameplate is set to return when Volvo in-
troduces its new flagship model in 2016.[9]
3 Volvo S90
In 2016, the S90 and V90 badges will return on two newluxury models replacing the current models, S80 and V70
respectively. They will be based on Volvo’s SPA platform
and feature similar engines to the ones available for the
Volvo XC90.
4 Specifications
4.1 Engines
These engines were offered in the 900 Series vehicles over
the years:
• B200E: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch K-
Jetronic 115 hp (86 kW)
• B200F: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch
LH-Jetronic 111 hp (83 kW)
• B200K: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Renix ig-
nition, 200K had standard head unlike 230K
• B200ET: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch
Motronic engine management (155 hp)[16]
• B200FT: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch LH-
Jetronic 156 hp (116 kW)
• B204E: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally
aspirated
• B204F: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally
aspirated and catalyzed
• B204FT: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, tur-
bocharged
• B204GT: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, tur-
bocharged
• B230E: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch K-
Jetronic fuel injection
• B230F: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, 114 hp
• B230K: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Renix
ignition, Heron head (introduced for the '85 model
year)
• B230ET: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch
Motronic (introduced in the '85 model year)
• B230FK: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Low Pres-
sure Turbo ('95— )
• B230FT: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, 162 hp
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4 7 EXTERNAL LINKS
• B234F: 2.3 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally
aspirated, 153 hp
• B230FB: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated
• B280E: 2.8 L V6, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-
Jetronic 2.2, 154 hp (115 kW) Nordic or 168 hp
(125 kW) European version even fire crankshaft
• B280F: 2.8 L V6, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-
Jetronic 147 hp (110 kW), even fire crankshaft
• D24: 2.4 L inline-6 diesel, 82 hp (61 kW), naturally
aspirated (Volkswagen)
• D24T: 2.4 L inline-6, turbodiesel, 109 hp (81
kW), variant of the LT35 engine manufactured by
Volkswagen
• D24TIC: 2.4 L inline-6, turbodiesel, intercooled,
122 hp (91 kW), variant of the LT35 engine manu-
factured by Volkswagen
• B6244/B6254: 2.5 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally as-
pirated
• B6304: 2.9 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally aspirated
[17]
4.2 Transmissions
Volvo offered various transmissions depending on the
year/model/engine combinations including the:
• M46 manual transmission (4-speed + Laycock de
Normanville overdrive)
• M47 manual transmission (5-speed)
• M90 manual transmission (5-speed)
• AW30-40 electronically controlled automatic trans-
mission (4-speed, lockup torque converter)
• AW70/AW70L automatic transmission (3-speed +
overdrive, lockup torque converter on some models)
• AW71 automatic transmission (3-speed + overdrive)
• AW72L automatic transmission (4-speed, lockup
torque converter)
• ZF4HP22 automatic transmission (4-speed, lockup
torque converter)
5 Notes
6 References
[1] https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/
pressreleases/10669/1990-1999-a-historical-review
[2] http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1995/1995_940/
95940_9_1.html#specs
[3] Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 (in Italian).
Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. 1992. pp. 1169–1172.
[4] http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1998/1998_
SV90/98S90_125.htm#129
[5] “Exchange: Volvo 960 Basegrade”. Goo-net. Retrieved
2010-12-03.
[6] Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992 (in Italian).
Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. 1992. pp. 1173–1174.
[7] “Press launch information pack– Volvo 960 1995” (PDF).
Volvo Car Corporation. June 1994.
[8] Composite leaf springs - Volvo
[9] Holder, Jim (14 April 2015). “2016 Volvo S90 to rival
Jaguar XF”. Autocar. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
[10] http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1993/1993_940/
93940_9_1.html#9.5
[11] http://www.volvopartswebstore.com/showAssembly.
aspx?ukey_assembly=243755&ukey_make=865&
ukey_model=11969
[12] http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1997/1997_960/
97960_901.htm#9:3
[13] http://780coupe.com/technical-info/
[14] https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/tech/data/
700-900DataSheet91_94-Sec2c.pdf
[15] http://www.volvotips.com/index.php/940-960/
volvo-940-960-buyers-guide/
[16] Lindh, Björn-Eric (1986). Volvo: The Cars – From the
20s to the 80s (2nd English ed.). Malmö, Sweden: För-
lagshuset Norden. p. 214. ISBN 91-86442-14-7.
[17] http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/
road-test-volvo-940-1585774.html
7 External links
• Volvo Cars Heritage
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8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 Text
• Volvo 900 Series Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_900_Series?oldid=710422106 Contributors: Kierant, SidP, Bobrayner,
Vossanova, Jimp, Lavenderbunny, SmackBot, Hmains, SilkTork, Cydebot, OSX, IFCAR, Magioladitis, Arrivisto, VolkovBot, Marlow925,
GTHO, Lotsofmagnets, 842U, Christian Giersing, Addbot, Yobot, Xqbot, Mr.choppers, MerlLinkBot, GliderMaven, John of Read-
ing, WikitanvirBot, Shencypeter, Midas02, SporkBot, Kevjgav, Rmashhadi, BaboneCar, VanishedUser sdu8asdasd, Distancerunner15,
MusikAnimal, Cloverleaf II, Dexbot, Wheelbase&lengthguy, Monkbot, EurovisionNim, Nano9725 and Anonymous: 43
8.2 Images
• File:1990-1993_Volvo_940_GL_sedan_(2011-06-15)_02.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/
1990-1993_Volvo_940_GL_sedan_%282011-06-15%29_02.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: OSX
• File:1992_Volvo_940_GL_station_wagon_(2015-07-15)_02.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/
1992_Volvo_940_GL_station_wagon_%282015-07-15%29_02.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: OSX
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Volvo-940.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Volvo-940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: IFCAR
• File:Volvo_960_rear_20080331.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Volvo_960_rear_20080331.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rudolf Stricker
• File:Volvo_960_wagon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Volvo_960_wagon.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: IFCAR
• File:Volvo_960_wagon_--_07-04-2011.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Volvo_960_wagon_--_
07-04-2011.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: IFCAR
• File:Volvo_S90_sedan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Volvo_S90_sedan.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: IFCAR
8.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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