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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
\msvacmzm`g M`xft`fx Tkvxm`g Oba`gfs
"@fxwkte sfovtmx} , ^tkxkokcs-
Adsxtaox
Xkha}s M`xft`fx ~tk|mhfs a gckdac
haxa hfcm|ft} sft|mof xk imccmk`s kl f`h vsfts
a`h tkvxm`g ~tkxkokcs ~ca} a otmxmoac tkcf m`
xbms sft|mof. Mx ms mi~ktxa`x xk df adcf xk
mhf xml} a`h hmag`ksf a`} ~tkdcfis
koovttm`g m` M`xft`fx tkvxm`g. Bkwf|ft# xbfM xft`fxs sbfft smzf iaefs xbms xase
hmllmovcx. K`f oa``kx fasmc} frxtaox kvx xbfiksx mi~ktxa`x kt tfcf|a`x tkvxm`g
m`lktiaxmk` ltki xbf catgf aikv`xs kl haxa
okccfoxfh ltki ivcxm~cf tkvxfts. Xk xaoecf
xbms ~tkdcfi# wf ba|f hf|fck~fh Cm e)
Ta`e# a xkkc xk |msvacmzf M`xft`fx tkvxm`g
oba`gfs ax xbf gckdac soacf. Cm e)Ta`e
wfmgbs cm`es m` a xk~kckgmoac gta~b d} xbf
`vidft kl tkvxfs oattmfh k|ft faob cm`e a`h
|msvacc} oa~xvtfs oba`gfs m` cm`e wfmgbxs m`
xbf lkti kl a xk~kckgmoac gta~b wmxbahjvsxadcf smzf. Vsm`g Cm`e)Ta`e# `fxwkte
k~ftaxkts oa` fasmc} kdsft|f mi~ktxa`x
tkvxm g oba`gfs ltki iassm|f aikv xs kl
tkvxm g haxa# hmsok|ft kxbftwmsf v``kxmofh
tkvxm`g ~tkdcfis# v`hftsxa`h xbf mi~aox kl
xk~kckgmoac f|f`xs# a`h m`lft tkkx oavsfs kl
kdsft|fh tkvxm`g oba`gfs.
M`hfr Xftis @fxwkte |msvacmzaxmk`#m`lktiaxmk` |msvacmzaxmk`# M`xft fx tkvxm g#
m`xftaoxm|f gta~bmos# haxa a`ac}sms# |msvac
im`m`g.
1 M@XTKHVOXMK@XKHA]_ M`xft`fx ~tk|mhfs a
gckdac haxa hfcm|ft} sft|mof xk imccmk`s
kl f`h vsfts. @fxwkte tkvxm`g ~tkxkokcs
~ca} a otmxmoac tkcf m` xbms hfcm|ft}
sft|mof d} sxfftm g haxa xtallmo xkwath
xbfmt hfsxm axmk`s. Fllfoxm|f hmag`ksms
xkkcs atf mi~ftaxm|f xk f`adcf `fxwktek~ftaxkts xk mhf`xml} tkvxm`g ~tkdcfis m`
xbms gckdac s}sxfi. _f|ftac hmag`ksms
xkkcs# svob as xtaoftkvxf a`h DG^ca} atfa|amcadcf lkt a`ac}zm`g tkvxm`g oba`gfs
tfgathm`g a sm`gcf hfsxm`axmk`. Bkwf|ft#
a lmdft ovx ia} oba`gf xbf tkvxfs xk acatgf `vidft kl hfsxm`axmk`s# tfsvcxm`g m`
smg`mlmoa`x `fxwkte xtallmo ik|fif`x
wbmob ia}# m` xvt # xtmggft tkvxm`gh}`aimos m` kxbft atfas. Xbvs# mx ms
fssf`xmac xk df adcf xk kdsft|f `fxwkte
tkvxm`g oba`gfs ax xbf M`xft`fx soacf xk
v`hftsxa`h xbf k|ftacc mi~aox kl a sm`gcfxk~kckgmoac f|f`x.
Xk xbms f`h# wf ba|f hf|fck~fh
Cm`e)Ta`e# a xkkc xk |msvacmzf tkvxm g
oba`gfs m` xbf gckdac M`xft`fx. @kx k`c}oa` a ~moxvtf oa~xvtf xbf ifa`m`g kl
xbkvsa`hs kl wkths# dvx mx oa` acskcfah xk m`sxa`x oki~tfbf`smk`. Bkwf|ft#
a lv`haif`xac obaccf`gf laom`g xbf Cm`e)
Ta`e hfsmg` ms bkw xk oa~xvtf tkvxm`g
oba`gfs m` a oki~tfbf`sm|f |msvac ~moxvtf# gm|f` xbf sbfft smzf# xbf
xk~kckgmoac oki~cfrmx}# a`h xbf bmgbc}
h}`aimo `axvtf kl xbf M`xft`fx tkvxm`gs}sxfi. Imccmk`s kl tkvxm`g v~haxfs atf
gf`ftaxfh hamc} a`h xbftf ms `k fas} wa}xk frxtaox m`lktiaxmk` adkvx iksxmi~ktxa x kt iksx tfcf|a`x tkvxm`g
oba`gfs. Acc xbf frmsxm`g sm`gcf
hfsxm`axmk` hmag`ksms xkkcs vxmcmzf a
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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2/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
s~fomlmo sxatxm g ~km x a`h a gm|f`
hfsxm`axmk` xk xtaof xbf tkvxm`g ~axb kt
xbf ~axb oba`gfs. Xk fraim`f tkvxm`goba`gfs ax catgf# bkwf|ft# k`f hkfs `kx
ba|f a ocfat sxatxm`g kt f`hm`g ~km`x xklkovs k`.
M`sxfah# k`f ms laom`g a xk~kckg}wmxb k|ft 4>#>>> `fxwktes "M`xft`fx
Avxk`kikvs _}sxfis- a`h 12>#>>>
hfsxm`axmk` f xtmfs. Wf `ffh a `fwok`of~xvac ikhfc xbax oa` oa~xvtf xbf
`fxwkte dfba|mkt kl aggtfgaxf tkvxm g
oba`gfs.Cm e)Ta`e frxtaoxs xbf xkxac
`vidft kl tkvxfs oattmfh k|ft m`hm|mhvac
cm`es m` xbf M`xft`fx xk~kckg}# oaccfh cm`ewfmgbx# a`h ifasvtfs xbf oba`gfs m` xbf
`vidft kl tkvxfs k` faob cm`e as a wa}
xk oa~xvtf aggtfgaxf tkvxm`g oba`gfs. Xk
tfhvof xbf haxa smzf xk a oki~tfbf`smdcfcf|fc# Cm`e)Ta`e vsfs a` m`~vx)lmcxft xk
frxtaox xbf iksx mi~ktxa`x kt tfcf|a x
tkvxm`g oba`gfs ltki xbf catgf aikv`xkl tkvxm`g haxa. Xk f`adcf `fxwkte
k~ftaxkts xk qvmoec} s~kx ~kxf`xmacc}
~tkdcfiaxmo xmif ~ftmkhs lkt lvtxbft
m`|fsxmgaxmk`# Cm`e)Ta`e ~tk|mhfs a`aoxm|mx} ~ckx xbax sviiatmzfs tkvxm g
oba`gfs ack`g xbf xmif hmif`smk`. Cm`e)
Ta`e acsk kllfts xbf vsft a` kvx~vx lmcxftxk ahjvsx xbf hms~ca} hf`smx} m`
|msvacmzm`g tkvxm`g h}`aimos. Vsm`g oasf
sxvhmfs# wf sbkw bkw xbf adk|f lfaxvtfs ~tk|mhfh d} Cm`e)Ta`e oa` bfc~
`fxwkte k~ftaxkts im`f a`h v`hftsxa`h
m xftfsxm`g tkvxm`g oba`gfs ltkigmgad}xfs kl tkvxm`g haxa.
4 DAOEGTKV@H KL M@XFT)@FX TKVXM@G A@H DKTHFT
GAXFWA] ^TKXKOKCXbf M`xft`fx ok`smsxs kl a catgf
`vidft kl `fxwktes oaccfh avxk`kikvs
s}sxfis "A_-. Faob A_ ms assmg`fh a`
A_
Lmg. 1. M`xft`fx tkvxm`g a`h DG^
ik`mxktm`g.
`vidft a`h ok`xam s k`f kt ivcxm~cf
hfsxm axmk` `fxwktes. Faob hfsxm`axmk`
`fxwkte ms tf~tfsf`xfh d} a` M^ ahhtfss ~tflmr. Lkt frai~cf# xbf ~tflmr
1?1.17=.=+48 tf~tfsf`xs a `fxwkte ax
VOCA a`h ms ~atx kl A_ 64 "VOCAsA_ `vidft-. As kl Iatob 4>>#>>>
avxk`kikvs s}sxfis a`h iktf xba`
12>#>>> ~tflmrfs.
A tkvxm`g ~tkxkokc ~tk~agaxfs xbfm`lktiaxmk` adkvx bkw xk tfaob acc xbf
hfsxm`axmk`s xbtkvgbkvx xbf `fxwkte. A ~axb |foxkt ~tkxkokc oaccfh Dkthft
Gaxfwa} ^tkxkokc "DG^- ms xbf hf laoxk
tkvxm`g ~tkxkokc vsfh dfxwff`avxk`kikvs s}sxfis m` xbf M xft`fx
xkha}. Tkvxm`g m`lktiaxmk` m` DG^ ms
~tk~agaxfh d} xbf froba`gf kl DG^
v~haxf ifssagfs. A DG^ v~haxfifssagf ok`xam`s m`lktiaxmk` adkvx xbf
hfsxm axmk` ~tflmr a`h xbf A_ ~axb vsfhxk tfaob xbax ~tflmr. Wf tf~tfsf`x a DG^v~haxf m` xbf lkti u"~tflmr-: A_)~axb-y.
Lmg. 1 sbkws bkw DG^ v~haxfs
~tk~agaxf tkvxm`g m lktiaxmk` m` xbf
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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3/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
M`xft`fx. M` xbms lmgvtf# A_ 44 kw`s a
~tflmr ^1 a`h sf`hs a DG^ v~haxf
ifssagf u^1:44y xk mxs `fmgbdkt A_ ??.A_ 44 ms samh xk df xbf ktmgm` A_ lkt
~tflmr ^1. K` tfofm|m`g xbms v~haxf# A_?? `kw ~tf~f`hs mxs kw` A_ `vidft xk
xbf tfofm|fh ~axb a`h sf`hs xbf DG^v~haxf u^1:??#44y xk mxs `fmgbdkts# A_
88 a`h A_ 66. A_ 66# m` xvt`# sf`hs xbf
DG^ v~haxf u^1:66#??#44y xk mxs`fmgbdkt A_ 88. @kxf# A_ 88 tfofm|fs
xwk ~axbs xk tfaob ^1. Wbf` a` A_
tfofm|fs iktf xba` k`f ~axb xk tfaob a ~tflmr# mx obkksfs k`f kl xbfi as xbf
~tmiat} ~axb. M` Lmg. 1# wf assvif A_
88 ~moes xbf ~axb u^1:??#44y dfoavsf mxms sbktxft. Gf`ftacc} s~faem g# xbms
hfomsmk` k` wbmob ~axb xk ~moe ms dasfh
k` xbf tkvxm`g ~kcmo} kl faob m`hm|mhvac
A_. A` A_s tkvxm`g ~kcmo} acskhfxftim`fs wbfxbft xk sf`h a ~atxmovcat
~axb xk a `fmgbdkt. Dfsmhfs m`mxmac tkvxf
~tk~agaxmk`# ~b}smoac f|f`xs cmef cm`elamcvtfs oa` acsk xtmggft DG^ v~haxfs.
Lkt frai~cf# assvif xbf cm e "88#??-
gkfs hkw`. As as tfsvcx# A_ 88 swmxobfs
xk a daoev~ ~axb u66#??#44y xbax mx bahcfat`fh fatcmft a`h sf`hs xbf DG^ v~haxf
u^1:66#??#44y xk mxs `fmgbdkts.
Xk ok`xtkc xbf `vidft kl DG^v~haxfs a`h xbvs tfhvof ~tkofssm`g k`
tkvxfts# mx ms tfokiif`hfh xbax DG^
tkvxfts sfx a DG^ xmift# oaccfh xbfIm`TkvxfAh|ft xmift# xk a |acvf kl ?>
sfok`hs. Xbms xmift sfxs xbf im mivi
xmif a tkvxft `ffhs xk wamx dflktfsf`hm`g DG^ v~haxfs xk mxs `fmgbdkt lkt
xbf saif hfsxm`axmk`. M` kxbft wkths# m`xbf oasf adk|f# wbf` A_ ?? sf`hs xbfDG^ v~haxf l^1 : ??5 44g xk mxs
`fmgbdkts# mx wkvch ba|f xk wamx ax cfasx
?> sfok`hs dflktf sf`hm`g a`kxbft
v~haxf lkt xbf saif ~tflmr ^1.
_m of DG^ v~haxfs ~tk~agaxftkvxm`g m lktiaxmk` m` xbf M`xft`fx#
oa~xvtm`g xbf DG^ v~haxfs ax |atmkvs~atxs kl xbf M`xft`fx oa` gm|f vs vsflvc
m`smgbx m`xk xbf sxaxf kl xbf M`xft`fx a`hxbf aikv`x kl tkvxm`g oba`gfs gkm`g k`
m` xbf M xft fx. M` Lmg. 1# A_ 88 ms
ok``foxfh xk a tkvxm g v~haxf okccfoxmk`dkr xbax tfofm|fs DG^ v~haxfs ltki A_
88. Xbms okccfoxmk` dkr tf~tfsf`xs xbf
haxa okccfoxkts kl DG^ ik`mxktm g~tkjfoxs svob as Tkvxf\mfws a`h TM^F .
Wf oacc a` A_ ok``foxm g xk svob a
okccfoxmk` dkr a` kdsft|axmk` ~km x.Xbfsf ik`mxktm g ~tkjfoxs okccfox DG^
v~haxfs ltki |atmkvs kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs
"k~ftaxmk`ac tkvxfts m` avxk`kikvs
s}sxfis- atkv`h xbf gckdf a`h iaef xbfhaxa a|amcadcf xk xbf ~vdcmo. Xbms haxa
oa` xbf` df vsfh d} `fxwkte k~ftaxkts
a`h tfsfatobfts lkt |atmkvs xases svob astkvxm`g ~tkdcfi mhf`xmlmoaxmk` a`h
hmag`ksxmos. Bkwf|ft# hvf xk xbf catgf
smzf kl xbf M`xft`fx xk~kckg}# imccmk`s kl
DG^ v~haxfs atf gf`ftaxfh f|ft}ha}#ok`xtmdvxm g xk xbf catgf |kcvif kl
v~haxfs okccfoxfh d} Tkvxf \mfws a`h
TM^F. M` xbf tfiam`hft kl xbms ~a~ft# wfsbkw bkw wf oa` |msvacmzf xbf tkvxm`g
oba`gfs ok`|f}fh d} xbfsf imccmk`s kl
DG^ v~haxfs.
? \M_VACMZAXMK@ HF_MG@Xbf lv`haif`xac kdjfoxm|f kl
Cm e)Ta`e ms xk |msvacmzf tkvxm`g
oba`gfs. A iajkt obaccf`gf wf laofh m`xbms tfgath ms soacf# m.f.# iktf xba`12>#>>> hfsxm`axmk`s a`h 4>#>>> A_
`khfs. M` ahhmxmk`# k`f bas xk hfac wmxb
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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4/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
xbf catgf `vidft kl DG^ v~haxfs. Lkt
frai~cf# k` 1 A~tmc 4>>#>>> v~haxfs ltki a sm`gcfkdsft|axmk` ~km`x# A_ 7>12. Xk hfac
wmxb xbms mssvf kl soacf# m` Cm`e)Ta`e wfxaef xbf a~~tkaob kl wfmgbm`g cm`es d}
tkvxfs oattmfh# tfgathcfss kl wbftf xbfhfsxm`axmk`s kl xbfsf tkvxfs atf. D}
assmg`m`g xbfsf wfmgbxs# wf atf adcf xk
|msvacc} tf~tfsf`x bfa|mc} vsfh cm`es m`xbf lkti kl Cm`e)Ta`e gta~bs as wfcc as
oa~xvtf oba`gfs m` xbfsf wfmgbxs m` xbf
lkti kl Ta`e oba`gf gta~bs hfsotmdfh m`_foxmk` ?.1.
Cm`e)Ta`e vsfs a` m`~vx lmcxft xk
ok`xtkc gf`ftaxmk` kl Ta`e)oba`gfgta~bs. M`~vx lmcxfts hfsotmdfh m` _foxmk`
?.4 oa` df xbtfsbkch)dasfh cmef
ok`sxtvox Ta`e)oba`gf wbf` wfmgbx kl
a cm e oba`gfs d} iktf xba` 6> ktsbkw oba`gfs kl tkvxfs k`c} xk s~fomlmo
sfx kl ~tflmrfs. Xk ~tk|mhf a sviiat}
kl xbf aikv`x kl tkvxm`g oba`gfs# m`_foxmk` ?.?# wf m`xtkhvof aoxm|mx} ~ckxs
xbax sviiatmzf tkvxm`g aoxm|mx} k|ft
xmif. Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs atf |ft} vsflvc
sxatxm g ~km xs xk mhf xml} xbf xmif ~ftmkhs kl bmgb tkvxm`g h}`aimos.
Lm acc}# k`f ia} wa x xk ok`xtkc xbf
cf|fc kl xmif gta`vcatmx} xk kdsft|f tkvxfoba`gfs xbax casx ck`gft xba` a oftxam`
aikv`x kl xmif. _vob gta`vcatmx} ok`xtkc
oa` df aobmf|fh d} vsm`g xmif wm`hkwsa`h htmcc hkw` lfaxvtfs fr~cam fh m`
_foxmk` ?.8.
?.1 Ta`e)Oba`gf Gta~b
Xbf Cm e)Ta`e gta~b ltki a`kdsft|axmk` ~km`x wfmgbs a cm`e d} xbf`vidft kl tkvxfs vsm`g xbax cm`e. Xbms
`kxmk` kl ta`em`g a cm`e wmxb `vidft kl
tkvxfs xta`scaxfs xk xbf `aif
"a- "d-
Lmg. 4. Xbf `kxmk` kl cm`e wfmgbx.
"a- Cm`e wfmgbx sff` d} 88."d- Cm`e wfmgbx sff` d} 88 alxft 66
wmxbhtaws tkvxf xk ^?.
Cm`e)Ta`e. M` xbf M`xft`fx# a sm`gcf A_
oa``kx sff xbf oki~cfxf M`xft`fxxk~kckg} `kt oa` mx e`kw xbf tkvxfsxaef` d} acc xbf kxbft A_fs. Xbvs# xbf
wfmgbx asskomaxfh wmxb xbf fhgf m` a
Cm e)Ta`e gta~b ms tfcaxm|f xk xbfkdsft|axmk` ~km`x a`h hkfs `kx xfcc vs
bkw ia`} xkxac tkvxfs m` xbf f`xmtf
M`xft`fx vsf xbms cm e. Xk fr~cam xbms
ok`of~x# wf vsf a smi~cf frai~cf sbkw`m` Lmg. 4. Xbms lmgvtf hf~moxs xbf tkvxm`g
xadcf sff` d} a tkvxft m` A_ 88 m` Lmg. 1
m` xbf lkti kl a gta~b. Bftf# wf assvifxbf frmsxf`of kl xwk iktf ~tflmrfs# ^4
a`h ^?# a``kv`ofh d} A_ ?? a`h A_ 66#
tfs~foxm|fc}. M` Lmg. 4"a- cm`e "88#??- basa wfmgbx kl 4# sm`of xbax cm`e a~~fats
xwmof m` xbf tkvxm`g xadcf ax A_ 88. Wf
hf`kxf xbf cm e wfmgbx d} wx""cm`e-#"kdsft|axmk`)~km`x-# f.g.# wx""88#??--#88- 9 4. Wf hflm f Cm e)Ta`e gta~b
ltki a `khf as a gta~b sbkwm`g acc xbfcm`es ack`g wmxb wfmgbxs vsfh d} xbax
`khf# cmef Lmg. 4"a-. @kxf xbax xbfhmtfoxmk` kl xbf cm`e ms mi~ktxa`x m` aCm e)Ta`e gta~b. Ml DG^ v~haxfs
tfofm|fh ax A_ 88 oba`gf xbf tkvxm`g
xadcf ax A_ 88# xbf Cm`e)Ta`e gta~b wmcc
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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5/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
acsk oba`gf. M` Lmg. 4"d-# A_ 66
wmxbhtaws mxs tkvxf xk ^? a`h# as a tfsvcx
kl xbms wmxbhtaw ifssagf# A_ 88 sbmlxsxk a` acxft`axf ~axb xk tfaob ^?. Xbf
wfmgbx kl cm`e "88#??- bas `kw m`otfasfhltki 4 xk ?. M` tfacmx}# a Cm e)Ta`e
gta~b ltki a DG^ tkvxft oa` ba|f ocksfxk 4>#>>> cm`es a`h# bf`of# f`xmtf Cm`e)
Ta`e gta~bs atf hmllmovcx xk |msvacmzf.
Xk v`hftsxa`h DG^ h}`aimos#wf `ffh xk v`hftsxa`h bkw ia`} cm`es
oba`gf wfmgbxs as a tfsvcx kl xbf DG^
v~haxfs. As a lmtsx sxf~# wf ckkefh axDG^ v~haxfs k|ft a ~ftmkh kl k`f wffe
a`h iatefh xbf cm`es oba`gm`g ta`e alxft
faob DG^ v~haxf. Wf lkv`h xbax xbfoba`gfs vsvacc} oaif m` dvtsxs. As a
tfsvcx# m`sxfah kl ckkem`g ax xbf Cm`e)
Ta`e gta~b alxft faob DG^ v~haxf# wf
okvch a`ac}zf jvsx xwk Cm e)Ta`es`a~sbkxs# xbf k`f dflktf xbf dvtsx kl
v~haxfs a`h xbf k`f alxft xbf dvtsx kl
v~haxfs. Wf acsk lkv`h xbf dvtsx klv~haxfs xk allfox xbf wfmgbxs kl a ivob
siaccft sfx kl cm`es m` iksx oasfs. Ta`e)
oba`gf gta~bs oa~xvtf xbfsf cm`es wbksf
wfmgbxs ba|f oba`gfh. A Ta`e)oba`gfgta~b xaefs xbf hmllftf`of dfxwff` xwk
Cm e)Ta`e gta~bs a`h vsfs tfh "kt
hasbfh- fhgfs xk iate xbf cm es xbaxba|f cksx tkvxfs a`h gtff` "kt skcmh-
fhgfs xk iate cm es xbax ba|f gam fh
tkvxfs. _mi~c} sxaxfh# gm|f` xwk Cm`e)Ta`e gta~bs ltki G1 a`h G4 ax
hmllftf`x xmifs x1 a`h x4# tfs~foxm|fc}# a
Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b ~ckxs acc cm`es "a# d-wbftf xbf wfmgbx k` xbfsf cm`es wx""a#
d-#G1- wx""a#d-#G4- >. Lmg. ?"a-sbkws xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b lkt xbftkvxm`g oba`gf m` Lmg. 4. Ltki xbms
lmgvtf# k`f oa` ocfatc} sff xbax cm`e "88#
66- cksx k`f tkvxf# wbmcf xbf cm`e "88#??-
a`h "??#66- gam fh a tkvxf. @kxf# xbf
Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b hkfs `kx sbkw cm`es
xbax ba|f `kx gam`fh kt cksx tkvxfs# f.g.#cm`e "??# 44-. A Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b oa`
fmxbft sbkw k`c} cm e wfmgbxs# k`c}wfmgbx oba`gfs kt dkxb. Lkt frai~cf#
Lmg. ?a sbkws jvsx xbf wfmgbx oba`gfs#wbmcf Lmg. ?"d- sbkws xbf ovttf`x cm`e
"a- "d-
Lmg. ?. Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b lkt oba`gf m`Lmg. 4. "a- Ta`e oba`gfs k`c}.
"d- Cm`e ta`e a`h ta`e oba`gf.
Wfmgbx lkcckwfh d} xbf wfmgbx oba`gfm` ~atf`xbfsms.
?.1.1 @khfs# Fhgfs# a`h Okckt Okhm`g
Wf `kw hmsovss skif hfxamcs kl
|msvacmzaxmk` m` Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs.
Lmg. 8 sbkws a` aoxvac Ta`e)oba`gfgta~b ltki DG^ haxa. @kxf# xbf M`xft`fx
bas iktf xba` 4>#>>> avxk`kikvs
s}sxfis a`h# ovttf`xc}# k c} a lfwbv`htfh kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs atf
ok``foxfh xk ~vdcmo haxa okccfoxkts.
Kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs ltki wbftf k`f oa`kdsft|f tkvxm`g oba`gfs atf sbkw` as
omtovcat `khfs xk hmllftf`xmaxf xbfi ltki
tfoxa`gvcat `khfs xbax atf `kx
kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs. \msvacc} sf~ataxm`g
xbf kdsft|axmk` ~km xs ltki xbf kxbft`khfs ocfatc} bmgbcmgbxs kxbft ~kssmdcf
|mfw~km xs xbax oa` df vsfh xk dfxxftv`hftsxa`h xbf saif xmif m`xft|ac. Xbf
kdsft|axmk` ~km x kl xbf Ta`e)oba`gf
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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6/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
gta~b "A_
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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
wfmgbx# as wfcc as xbf oba`gf m` wfmgbx#
ms v~haxfh lkt acc cm`es allfoxfh d} faob
DG^ v~haxf ifssagf. A Ta`e)oba`gfgta~b ms gf`ftaxfh wbf` xbf wfmgbx kl
a`} cm`e oba`gfs d} iktf xba` a ~tfsfxxbtfsbkch "hflavcx ms 6>-.
Vsm g xbf xbtfsbkch lmcxft wmxbDG^ v~haxfs# a sm`gcf tkvxm`g f|f`x ia}
df dtkef` m`xk ivcxm~cf Ta`e)oba`gf
gta~bs. Lkt frai~cf# assvif a cm e"A#D- lamcs a`h 6#>>> tkvxfs vsm`g xbax
cm`e atf allfoxfh. Xbms wmcc tfsvcx m` a
dvtsx kl 6#>>> DG^ v~haxfs ocksfc}s~aofh m` xmif# faob kl wbmob tfhvofs
xbf ta`e kl xbf cm`e "A#D- d} 1. Xbvs xbf
f`xmtf v~haxf dvtsx wkvch tfhvof xbfta`e kl "A#D- d} 6#>>>. Ml xbf xbtfsbkch
lmcxft gf`ftaxfs a Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b
faob xmif xbf cm`e wfmgbx oba`gfs d} 6>#
xbftf wkvch df as ia`} as 1>> Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs# faob wmxb a oba`gf kl 6>
tkvxfs k` cm e "A#D-. Wf fi~ck}fh a
xmim g ifoba msi xk tfhvof xbf `vidftkl Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs hvf xk xbf saif
f|f`x. Wf kdsft|fh xbax# d} hfca}m`g xbf
ok`sxtvoxmk` kl xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b
d} a sbktx xmif# wf okvchsvi kl acc gam`f9%4>>
svi kl acc ckssfs9)1>>
Lmg. sfok`hs.
Hvtm`g xbf f|f x xmift# ml tkvxm`goba`gfs ahh wfmgbx r xk a cm e a`h
miifhmaxfc} oba`gf daoe xk tfhvof xbf
wfmgbx k` xbax cm`e d} r# xbf `fx wfmgbx
oba`gf wkvch df > "xftifhoki~f`saxm`g oba`gf- a`h# bf`of# `k
Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b wmcc df gf`ftaxfh"sm of xbf wfmgbx oba`gf ms dfckw
xbtfsbkch kl 6>-. Kvt obkmof kl ?>sfok`hs lkt xbf f|f`x xmift was
ikxm|axfh d} xbf DG^ xmift oaccfh xbf
Im TkvxfAh|ft xmift# fr~cam fh m`_foxmk` 4. Wmxb xbf Im TkvxfAh|ft
xmift sfx xk xbf tfokiif`hfh xmif kl ?>
sfok`hs# oki~f saxm`g oba`gfs oa``kxba~~f` ax a ltfqvf`o} cfss xba` ?>
sfok`hs. Xbkvgb `kx acc tkvxfts m` xbf
M`xft`fx atf e`kw` xk vsf xbf ITAMxmift# wf lkv`h xbf f|f`x xmift |acvf kl
?> sfok`hs xk df ahfqvaxf.
Xbf gta~b gf`ftaxkt oki~k`f`x
kvx~vxs xbf Ta`eoba`gf gta~b dasfh k`xbf v~haxfs lfh xk mx d} xbf m`~vx lmcxft.
Xbf kvx~vx lmcxft oa` ok xtkc xbf cm`es
a`h `khfs m` xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b lktdtf|mx}. Lmcxft tvcfs lkt xbf kvx~vx okvch
df smi~cf wfmgbx)dasfh tvcfs# svob as
tfik|f acc cm`es dfckw a oba`gf kl 1>#
kt iktf oki~cfr# svob as sbkw gta~bswmxb ax cfasx k`f kl xbf `khfs ??2# 66
A@H cm`es 88 ??. Xbf kvx~vx lmcxft
ms ~atx kl xbf |msvacmzaxmk` xkkc# a`h# dasfh k` gta~b oki~cfrmx}# k`f oa`
h}`aimoacc} vsf lmcxft tvcfs xk smi~cml}
xbf gta~bs. _viiatmzm`g# xbf m`~vx lmcxft ~tf~atfs xbf haxa lkt Ta`e)oba`gf
gta~bs a`h xbf kvx~vx lmcxft oa` df vsfh
xk ~tv`f xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b lvtxbft.
?.? Aoxm|mx} ^ckxs: _viiatmzm`g
Wfmgbx Oba`gfs
Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs sviiatmzf tkvxm`g
oba`gfs tf~tfsf`xfh d} Ta`e)oba`gf
gta~bs ack`g xbf xmif hmif`smk`. A`aoxm|mx} ~ckx ms a sftmfs kl tfh a`h gtff`
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
dats k` acxft`axf smhfs kl a bktmzk`xac
arms kl xmif. Wmxb a` aoxm|mx} ~ckx# a vsft
oa` mhf`xml} xmif ~ftmkhs kl bmgb tkvxm`gaoxm|mx} a`h xbf` m`|fsxmgaxf xbksf
s~fomlmo ~ftmkhs m` iktf hfxamc. Wf lmtsxfr~cam bkw a sm gcf aoxm|mx} dat ms
~ckxxfh. Lmg. < sbkws a Ta`e)oba`gfgta~b smimcat xk Lmg. 4. Gm|f` a Ta`e)
oba`gf gta~b# wf lmtsx lm`h xbf xkxac gam`
a`h xkxac ckss d} ahhm g xbf wfmgbxoba`gfs kl xbf gtff` a`h tfh cm es#
tfs~foxm|fc}. M` xbms oasf# xbf xkxac ta`e
gam` ms 4>> "1>> faob k` cm`es "88#??-a`h "??#66-- a`h xbf xkxac ta`e ckss ms
1>>. Wf ~ckx tfh a`h gtff` dats
~tk~ktxmk`ac xk xbf xkxac ckss a`h gam`#tfs~foxm|fc}# as sbkw` m` Lmg.
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9/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
?.8 Xmif Wm`hkws a`h Htmccm`g Hkw`
Xbf xmif wm`hkw ok`xtkc m`
Cm`e)Ta`e acckws vsfts xk aggtfgaxfTa`e)oba`gf gta~bs m` a xmif m`xft|ac.
Hvf xk xbf ~tfsf`of kl sckwok`|ftgf`of# skif sbktx)cm|fh m`|acmh
~axbs okvch a~~fat as gf`vm`f tkvxfoba`gfs. Wmxb xbf xmif)wm`hkw ok`xtkc#
k`f oa` m`otfasf kt hfotfasf xbf
ck`gf|mx} kl wfmgbx oba`gfs xbax k`fwa`xs xk |msvacmzf. Lmg. 7"a- sbkws xbtff
aoxm|mx} dats okttfs~k`hm`g
Lmg. 2. Htmccm`g hkw` xk m`otfasf xbf
cf|fc kl hfxamc m` aoxm|mx}.
Xk xbtff Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs sbkw`
dfckw. M` Lmg. 7d# wf sbkw xbf xmifwm`hkw d} tfoxa`gvcat dkrfs k` xbf
aoxm|mx} ~ckx. Xbms xmif wm`hkw oa` scmhf
ack`g xbf aoxm|mx} gta~b vsm`g H\H
~ca}daoe)cmef ok`xtkcs. M` Lmg. 7d# wfsbkw bkw xbf Ta`eoba`gf gta~b ckkes
m` xbtff oasfs# xwk m`|kc|m`g xbf saif
xmif wm`hkw smzf dvx hmllftf`x ~ksmxmk`s#a`h k`f m`|kc|m`g a` f|f` wmhft xmif
wm`hkw smzf. Ax faob ~ksmxmk` kl xbf
xmif wm`hkw# xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bslaccm`g m` xbax wm`hkw atf okidm`fh m`xk
k`f d} xaem`g xbf v`mk` kl acc xbf Ta`e)
oba`gf gta~bs. Fqvm|acf`xc}# xbf Ta`e)
oba`gf gta~b lkt a s~fomlmo ~ksmxmk` kl
xbf xmif wm`hkw oa` acsk df ok`sxtvoxfh
as a hmllftf`of gta~b dfxwff` xbf Cm`e)Ta`e gta~bs ax xbf sxatx a`h f`h kl xbf
xmif wm`hkw. @kxf xbax# wmxbm` xbf lmtsxxmif wm`hkw x1# xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs
ba|f skif oa`ofccaxmk` fllfox kl tkvxfoba`gfs# m.f.# xbf `fx wfmgbx oba`gf kl
"88#66- ms ) 1>> % 6> 9 ) 6>. M` ok`xtasx#
wmxbm` xbf sfok`h xmif wm`hkw x4# xbfTa`e)oba`gf gta~bs ba|f a` ahhmxm|f
fllfox# m.f.# xbf wfmgbx oba`gf kl "88# 66-
ms 6> % 6> 9 1>>. Ml xbf xmif wm`hkw msm`otfasfh xk m`ocvhf acc xbtff aoxm|mx}
dats as m` x?# xbf` acc xbf oba`gfs wmcc df
oa`ofcfh a`h xbf `fx Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bwmcc df fi~x}.
A`kxbft xmif ok`xtkc# oaccfh xbf
htmcc)hkw` lfaxvtf# acckws k`f xk ok`xtkc
xbf xmif gta`vcatmx} kl xbf f`xmtf aoxm|mx}~ckx. D} htmccm`g hkw`# k`f oa` fr~a`h
xbf aoxm|mx} m`smhf xbf ovttf`x xmif)
wm`hkw xk a catgft xmif)s~a` m` a `fwwm`hkw. Xbf lmtsx ~atx kl Lmg. 2 sbkws
a` aoxm|mx} ~ckx s~a``m`g k|ft fmgbx ha}s
a`h xmif wm`hkw kl 1< bkvts. Xk dfxxft
v`hftsxa`h xbf aoxm|mx} m`smhf xbf xmifwm`hkw# wf htmcc hkw` xk fr~a`h xbf 1#>>> `khfs.Bkwf|ft# xbf smzf kl xbf Ta`e)oba`gf
gta~b hf~f`hs k` xbf `vidft kl cm`eswbksf wfmgbxs ba|f oba`gfh a`h xbf
iag`mxvhf kl oba`gfs. Bf`of# m` skif
oasfs wbftf a siacc `vidft kl cm esba|f wfmgbx oba`gfs# xbf Ta`e)oba`gf
gta~bs ia} ok`xam` k`c} a siacc `vidft
kl `khfs a`h cm`es. M` kxbft oasfs wmxb ackx kl oba`gfs# xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~b
Lmg. =. Assfidcm g |mfws ltki A_
112 a`h A_ ?6 tkvxfts dfck`gm`g xk hmllftf`x
avxk`kikvs s}sxfis. M` kthft xkv`hftsxa`h bkw `fxwkte k~ftaxkts
hmag`ksf ~tkdcfis# wf m`xftaoxfh wmxb
`fxwkte ahim`msxtaxkts xbtkvgb fiamca`h ~ftsk`ac m`xft|mfws ax |atmkvs @ktxb
Aiftmoa` @fxwkte K~ftaxkt Gtkv~
iffxm`gs. Kvt ~kkc kl m xft|mfwffs
ok`smsxfh kl adkvx 8> k~ftaxkts ltkidkxb siacc a`h dmg M_^s# wmxb iksx kl
xbfi ba|m`g iktf xba` lm|f }fats kl
fr~ftmf`of m` `fxwkte k~ftaxmk`s. M` xbftfsx kl xbms sfoxmk`# wf vsf xbf
e`kwcfhgf gam`fh ltki xbms m`xftaoxmk`
xk a`ac}zf xbtff oasf sxvhmfs ltki xbf~fts~foxm|f kl a` k~ftaxkt vsm`g Cm`e)
Ta`e.
Wf vsfh xbtff wa}s xk sfcfoxkdsft|axmk` ~km`xs a`h xmif ~ftmkhs lkt
oasf sxvhmfs. Lmtsx# wf ckkefh ax aoxm|mx}~ckxs ltki acc kdsft|axmk` ~km xs k` awffec} dasms a`h mhf`xmlmfh xbf ~ftmkhs
wmxb hf`sf aoxm|mx} kt s~mefs. Oasf M ms
a` frai~cf kl xbms# wbftf wf saw bfa|}
^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
aoxm|mx} ltki a ~atxmovcat kdsft|axmk`
~km x. _fok`h# wf ckkefh ax aoxm|mx}
~ckxs xk lm h aoxm|mx} s~mefs aotkssivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km xs hvtm`g xbf
saif xmif ~ftmkh. Oasf MM ms a` frai~cfwbftf aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki ivcxm~cf
kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs sbkw s~mefs ax atkv`hxbf saif xmif. Oasfs M a`h MM sbkw xbax
aoxm|mx} ~ckxs oa` sft|f as sviiatmfs lkt
`fxwkte k~ftaxkts vsm`g Cm`e)Ta`e.Lm`acc}# wf ~moefh oasf sxvhmfs m`
tfs~k`sf xk tf~ktxs kl tkvxm`g kt xtallmo
~tkdcfis ltki frxft`ac skvtofs svob as@ktxb Aiftmoa` @fxwkte K~ftaxkts
Gtkv~ "@A@KG- iamcm`g cmsxs. Oasf MMM
ms tf~tfsf`xaxm|f kl xbms oaxfgkt}# wbftfxbftf wftf tf~ktxs kl xtallmo ~tkdcfis
ltki a lfw M_^s. M` faob kl xbfsf oasfs#
Lmg. 1>. Aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki 2 Iatob4>>6 xk 18 Iatob 4>>6.
wf vsfh xbf Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs hvtm`g
xbf sfcfoxfh xmif ~ftmkhs a`h# m` k`f
oasf# assfidcfh ivcxm~cf |mfws xkgfxbft#xk v`hftsxa`h xbf tkvxm`g aoxm|mx}.
8.4 Oasf M: Oa~xvtm`g Cm`e
M`sxadmcmxmfs
Atkv`h Iatob 4>>6# A_ 7>12
sbkwfh a ckx kl bfa|} aoxm|mx}# as sbkw`m` xbf sfok`h aoxm|mx} ~ckx "tkvxft M^14.>.1.
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12/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
]fx# xbf} klxf` gk v``kxmofh. M` xbms
oasf# xbf dfba|mkt ok`xm`vfh lkt aciksx
xbtff wffes m` Iatob 4>>6# ok`xtmdvxm`gbv`htfhs kl xbkvsa`hs kl DG^ v~haxfs
sff` ax xbf kdsft|axmk` ~km`x. A `fxwktek~ftaxkt vsm g Cm`e)Ta`e ax A_ 7>12
wkvch df`flmx ltki xbf qvmoemhf`xmlmoaxmk` kl svob ksomccaxmk`s a`h
dtm`g sxadmcmx} xk tkvxfs as wfcc as tfhvof
xbf `vidft kl DG^ v~haxfs m` xbfM`xft`fx htasxmoacc}. M` kvt fraim`axmk`
k|ft kxbft xmif ~ftmkhs# wf lkv`h qvmxf a
lfw m`sxa`ofs kl cm`e m`sxadmcmxmfs smimcatxk xbms oasf adk|f.
_viiat}: Hf sfc} ocvsxftfh dats m`
aoxm|mx} ~ckxs# fs~fomacc} wbftf xbf} ba|f`fat ok`sxa x bfmgbx# atf a sxtk`g
m`hmoaxmk` kl cm`e m`sxadmcmxmfs. Aoxm|mx}
~ckxs atf vsflvc m` s~kxxm`g svob oasfs.
K`f oa` xbf` fraim`f xbfsf xmif ~ftmkhsm` hfxamc xk lmgvtf kvx xbf aoxvac oavsfs kl
xbf ta~mh tkvxf oba`gfs.
8.? Oasf MM: Tkkx)Oavsf Mhf`xmlmoaxmk`
Tkkx oavsf mhf`xmlmoaxmk`
m`|kc|fs m lfttm`g xbf oavsf kl a`kdsft|fh sfx kl tkvxm`g v~haxfs. Lkt
Oasf MM# wf ~moefh a oasf wbftf aoxm|mx}~ckxs kl ia`} kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs sbkwfh
s~mefs atkv`h xbf saif xmif. Lmg. 1?sbkws xbf aoxm|mx} ~ckx kl a lfw
kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs ltki 12 Koxkdft
4>>6 xk 48 Koxkdft 4>>6. K`f oa` fasmc}s~kx s~mefs a`h hf`sf aoxm|mx} m` xbfsf
~ckxs ltki ivcxm~cf kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs
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> GIX k` 41 Koxkdft 4>>6 ltki
A_ #>>>-. Ax xbf saif
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13/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
xmif# skif kxbft cm`es cmef "1-
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kdsft|axmk`# xbf ~kssmdcf oavsf ms fmxbftA_
8/6/2019 Visualizing Internet Routing Changes - IT
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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
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oki~cam xs# as sbkw` m` Lmg. 1>6 a`h htmccfh hkw` xk xbf
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8/6/2019 Visualizing Internet Routing Changes - IT
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www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
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a okiik` ktmgm` A_ as ms vsvacc} xbf
oasf. K` fraim`m`g xbf tkvxm`g xadcf# wf
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k` oba`gfs wmxbm xbf xmif kl xbf
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kdsft|axmk` ~km`xs wmxb faob kxbft. Wf
atf fr~cktm`g wa}s xk f`adcf fasmftoki~atmsk` dfxwff` aoxm|mx} ~ckxs ltki
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bkw Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs oa` df vsfh xk
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16/16
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki
www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.oki ~tk|mhfs acc ~tkjfoxs lkt Acc _xvhf`xs
mhf`xml} hmllftf`x em`hs kl f|f`xs cmef
cm e ~tkdcfis# A_ f|f`xs# a`h ~tflmr
bmjaoe. Wf atf wktem`g k` vsm`g smi~cftvcfs xk gf`ftaxf smg`axvtfs kl f|f`xs a`h
iaxob Ta`e)oba`gf gta~bs xk xbfsfe`kw` smg`axvtfs.
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^cfasf sf`h }kvt lffhdaoe xk ~tkjfoxswktchNcm|f.oki a`h sf`h iktf~tkjfoxs xk vs a`h wf v~ckah mx xk www.~tkjfoxswktchs.dckgs~kx.okia`h }kv oa` sbatf xbf ~tkjfoxs a`h bfc~ kxbft xk ~atxmom~axf.
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