View
220
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
1/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG *HQGHU &RQVWUXFW
.DUHQ .HLIHU %R\GSURIHVVRU7KH 3HQQV\OYDQLD 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\( PDLO NN E#SVX HGX
$EVWUDFW
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
WUDQVIRUPDWLYH IHPLQLVW FRDOLWLRQ WKDW DFNQRZOHGJHV LQWHUGHSGLIIHUHQFH LQ GHYHORSLQJ VWXGHQWV DELOLW\ WR FRQFHSWXDOL]H WKHSROLWLFDO PRELOL]DWLRQ WR FKDQJH V\VWHPV RI RSSUHVVLRQ
.H\ :RUGV IHPL QLV W SHGDJ RJ\ YLVXD O FXOW XUH F\EHUI HPL QLVPWUDQVIRUPDWLYH LGHQWLW\ SROLWLFV DUFKLWHFWXUH RI SDUWLF
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
2/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
>,I@ WKH RWKHU LV OHIW WR EH GLIIHUHQW VHSDUDWH LQGHSHQDFNQRZOHGJHG WKXV WKH UHIXVDO RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ LV D IRUPD UHFRJQLWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQFH DQG RI SRZHU GLYLGHV LV QRW HQRWR GR SROLWLFV WRJHWKHU ZH QHHG WR FURVV WKURXJK WKH OWDNH WKH ULVN RI DFWLYHO\ LGHQWLI\LQJ ZLWK RWKHUV YHURXUVHOYHV :HLU S
*HQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQV DUH SROLWLFDO LQ WKH VHQVH WKDWLGHQWLW\ SROLWLFV RI JHQGHU LQYROYHV H[SRVLQJ LQ RUGHULQWHUQDOL]HG VH[LVP )RU WUDQVIRUPDWLYH LGHQWLW\ SROLWLFV WWKRVH LQYROYHG LQ WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ QHHG WR LQYHVWLJD
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
KRRNV S
7R FRXQWHU W VKLUWV WKDW VWDWH 7KLV LV ZKDW D IHPLQLVW ORRNV OLNH DDJH JHQGHU UDFH DQG RWKHU LGHQWLW\ FRQVWUXFWV GLIIHU IURP SDWULDUFVWHUHRW\SHV RI IHPLQLVWV
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
3/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
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
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV WR VKDUH WHDFKLQJ VWUDWHJLHV WKDQG SURPRWH DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRZ YLVXDO FXOWXUH FRQVWUXFWHQWDQJOHG ZLWK UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI UDFH DJH VH[XDOLW\ VRF
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
7KH YLVXDO FXOWXUH DQG JHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV SUHVHDUWLFOH DUH EDVHG LQ PRUH WKDQ \HDUV RI WHDFKLQJ \RXQJ FKLOGUH
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
4/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
LQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDO DQG LQWHUFXOWXUDO JURXSV DGXOWV SUH.SUH VHUYLFH WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV LQ GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUDOHVSHFLDOO\ RQ UHFHQW H[DPSOHV IURP P\ WHDFKLQJ DQG VWXGHQW WUDOHDUQLQJ LQ D YLVXDO FXOWXUH DQG JHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQV FRXUVHVSULQJ DW $OSHQ $GULD 8QLYHUVLWlW .ODJHQIXUW LQ $XVWULD 6WFRXUVHV FROODERUDWH LQ D FULWLFDO LQWHUSUHWDWLYH SURFHVV RH[SRVH DQG ZRUN WRZDUGV HQGLQJ VH[LVP UDFLVP DQG RWKHU LVPV WKXPDQV , HPSOR\ IRXU WKHPHV WR RUJDQL]H WKH LQTXLU\ SURFHVVHVKHUH D SROLWLFL]LQJ JHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQV E IDFLOLWDWLQJ IHYLVXDO FXOWXUH F FUHDWLQJ ZHOO EHLQJ DQG G FKDOOHQJLQJKDUPIXO FRQVWUXFWLRQV ZLWK QHZ PHGLD LQWHUWH[WV
3ROLWLFL]LQJ *HQGHU &RQVWUXFWLRQV
6KLIW IURP D PHWDSK\VLFDO WR DQ HWKLFDO DQG SROLWLFDO PRGHD VWDWLF WR D UHODWLRQDO PRGHO RI LGHQWLW\ WR D PRGHO RRQ ZKDW PDWWHUV ZKDW LV PHDQLQJIXO IRU XVRXU GHVLUHVFRPPLWPHQWV LGHDOV :HLU S
,GHQWLW\ DV D JLUO RU ZRPDQ LV D SROLWLFDO GLOHPPD IRU IHPLQFRPPRQDOLWLHV GR QRW H[LVW WKHQ ZKDW LV WKH EDVLV WKH HVVHSUD[LV" +HVVH %LEHU *LOPDUWLQ /\GHQEHUJ S $OLVRQRWKHU IHPLQLVWV KHOS XV RXW KHUHLGHQWLW\ LV QRW DERXW HVVFDWHJRU\ VXFK DV ZRPDQ RU PDQ EXW LV DOZD\V LQ WKH PDNLQJEHFRPLQJ 6RPH PHWDSKRUV RI D UHODWLRQDO PRGHO RI LGHQWLW\ LQF $Q]DOG~D V PHVWL]D 5RVL %UDLGRWWL V QRPDG 0DULi/XJRQH V ZRUOG WUDYHOHU DQG &KDQGUD 7DOSDGH 0RKDQW\VERUGHU FURVVLQJ 'RQQD +DUDZD\V F\ERUJ DQG ,ULV 0DULRQ
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
5/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
DFWLYLVP LQ WKH IRUP RI FRXQWHUSRLQWV WR VWHUHRW\SHV WKDW OLPLWSRWHQWLDO ZD\V RI EHLQJ D UHVSHFWHG YDOXHG VRFLDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH
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
RI VWUXJJOHV DJDLQVW VSHFLILF H[SORLWDWLYH VWUXFWXUHV DQG V\VGHWHUPLQHV RXU SRWHQWLDO SROLWLFDO DOOLDQFHV S ,GHLVVXH LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU SROLWLFDO FRDOLWLRQV WR LPSURYH FRQGLWLRQV([DPSOHV RI TXHVWLRQV , SRVH IRU DPDSSLQJ LGHQWLW\ H[HUFLVH LQFOXGH
:KDW FDWHJRULHV GR \RX RFFXS\",V WKDW RFFXSDWLRQ ZLOOLQJ RU XQZLOOLQJ" 1DWXUDO RU LPSRVHG"
:KDW GR WKH FDWHJRULHVPHQ ZRPHQ JHQGHUDQG VH[XDOLW\VLJQLI\ WR \RX" :KDW FDWHJRULHV PDWWHU PRVW WR \RX ZKHQ GLVFXVVLQJ \R
LGHQWLWLHV DQG WKRVH RI RWKHUV"
8VH RI :HE DSSOLFDWLRQV HQDEOH DQ DUFKLWHFWXUH RI SDUWLF25HLOO\ S L H WKH XVH RI IUHH RU RSHQ VRXUFH SURJUDPV
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
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
6/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
DUW DQG KLV HYHQWXDO GHFLVLRQ WR JLYH XS SDLQWLQJ HQWLUHO\ LQIUHHODQFH OLEUDULDQ DW WKH %LEOLRWKqTXH 6DLQWH *HQHYLqYH LQFKDOOHQJHG WKH PXVHXP V\VWHP DQG WKH LGHD RI ZKDW FDQ EH FRXQEXW DOVR GUHZ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQV RI LQIRUPDWL
9HVQD S
8VLQJ DQ DUFKLWHFWXUH RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 'HERUDK 6PLWK 6KDQHGLWRUV RI WKH9LVXDO &XOWXUH *HQGHU 9&* MRXUQDO RIIHU WKH IROORZLSURPSWV UHODWHG WR WKH DUWLFOHV LQ 9&* YROXPH WR JHQHUDHQFRXUDJH \RX ZLWK \RXU VWXGHQWV WR VKDUH VWRULHV DERXW YLJHQGHU IURP D IHPLQLVW SHUVSHFWLYH
6KDUH D VWRU\ DERXW DJLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ RQH WKDW LV GLIIHUHRI DJLQJ DQG H[SRVHV LVVXHV RI SRZHU DQG SULYLOHJH
6KDUH D VWRU\ DERXW EHFRPLQJ RU RI FRQVWUXFWLQJ VXLQWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\6HOHFW D IDPLO\ SKRWR DQG VKDUH D VWRU\ RI IDPLO\6KDUH D VWRU\ DERXW PRWKHULQJ HVSHFLDOO\ RQH WKDW GLIIHURI PRWKHULQJ6KDUH D FULWLTXH RI SDWULDUFKDO YLVXDO FXOWXUH
6KDUH D VWRU\ DERXW PDVFXOLQLW\ HVSHFLDOO\ RQH WKDVWHUHRW\SHV RI PDVFXOLQLW\
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
7/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
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
)HPLQLVW SHUVSHFWLYHV DV DUWLFXODWHG DW D SDUWLFXODU WLPH DQGXQGHUVWRRG LQ WZR RYHUDUFKLQJ VRPHWLPHV RYHUODSSLQJ DSSURDFKHVRU UDGLFDO IHPLQLVP 6RPH IHPLQLVWV ZRUN WR UHIRUP WKH SDWULDUFV\VWHP DQG RWKHUV ZRUN IRU UDGLFDO FKDQJH RI WKH V\VWHP 6RPH FRERWK UHIRUP DQG UDGLFDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ &\EHUIHPLQLVW SURMHFWV >RI UHIRUP DQG UDGLFDO IHPLQLVP@ GR QRW ZRUN DV D PDVVLYH IURQW LQRI FRXQWHU FXOWXUDO PRYHPHQWV WKH\ DUH VXEYHUVLYH LQILOWPDLQVWUHDP ZLWK LURQLF EUHDNV FLWDWLRQV DQG GHIRUPDWLRQV 6WHUP
)HPLQLVW UHIRUPLVWV VHHN WR JUDQW ZRPHQ FLYLO ULJKWV ZLWKLQ
ZKLWH VXSUHPDFLVW FDSLWDOLVW SDWULDUFKDO V\VWHPV KRRNV5DGLFDO IHPLQLVWV DWWHPSW WR FKDQJH D FXOWXUH RI GRPLQDWLRQ ZLWKHFRORJLFDO YLVLRQ RI KRZ WKH SODQHW FDQ VXUYLYH DQG KRZ HYHU\RQHKDYH DFFHVV WR SHDFH DQG ZHOO EHLQJ KRRNV S 5DIHPLQLVWV SURPRWH GHFRORQL]DWLRQ DQWLFDSLWDOLVW FULWLTXH D
0RKDQW\ ,Q WKH V UDGLFDO IHPLQLVWV ZHUH GLVPDZLWQHVV VR PDQ\ ZRPHQ RI DOO UDFHV DSSURSULDWLQJ IHPLQLVW MDUJVXVWDLQLQJ WKHLU FRPPLWPHQW WR :HVWHUQ LPSHULDOLVP DQG WUDQFDSLWDOLVP KRRNV S $ QHRFRORQLDOLVW SHUVSHFWLYH SHJHQGHU H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG RSSUHVVLRQ $ IHPLQLVW SHUVSHFWLYH DGGUHSROLWLFV RI JHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ D ZD\ WKDW GRHV QRW UH LQVFLPSHULDOLVP VH[LVP DQG PLVRJ\Q\
'LVFXVVLRQ DQG DFWLYLWLHV LQ P\ FRXUVHV LQFOXGH VWXGHQWV LGHQVRXUFHV IURP ZKLFK WKH\ KDYH OHDUQHG DERXW IHPLQLVP DQG SDWUL
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
8/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
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
&RPPRQ DVVXPSWLRQV WKDW QHHG WR EH GLVSHOOHG DUH WKDW
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
SURSDJDQGD LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV ZKLFK UHVXUIDFHG VXUURXQGL2EDPDV SURPLVH RI KHDOWKFDUH UHIRUP L H KHDOWKFDUH IRUVRFLDOLVP FDQQRW EH DFKLHYHG ZLWKRXW SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLFDQG LI WKHUH LV QR VRFLDOLVP WKHUH LV QR WUXH GHPRFUDF\0DWULDUFK\ FDQQRW EH DFKLHYHG ZLWKRXW IHPLQLVW SULQFLSOHV RI DV\VWHP RI DQ LQWHJUDWLYH SRZHU IRU FR FUHDWLRQ RI WKH SUHVHQ0DWULDUFK\ LQYROYHV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ FRPPXQLW\ LQ D IRUP RI VKDUGRHV QRW WDNH DZD\ IURP RWKHUV IRU WKH EHQHILW RI D IHZ
3DWULDUFKDO YLROHQFH LQ WKH KRPH LV EDVHG RQ WKH EHODFFHSWDEOH IRU D PRUH SRZHUIXO LQGLYLGXDO WR FRQWURO RWKHUVIRUPV RI FRHUFLYH IRUFH KRRNV S 7R H[SORUH WKHJHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ YLVXDO FXOWXUH LQ WHUPV RI GLIIHUHQWLQKHUHQW LQ SDWULDUFKDO DQG IHPLQLVW SUDFWLFHV VWXGHQWV F
6HH .LPPHO S
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
9/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
WKDW DUH SDUW RI WKHLU HYHU\GD\ ZRUOG DQG UHVSRQG LQ YLVXDO GLDLPDJHV WR TXHVWLRQV RI ZKR ZKHQ ZKHUH DQG ZK\ GRHV DQ\RQH KDYHULJKW WR XVH IRUFH WR PDLQWDLQ DXWKRULW\ 6WXGHQWV FDQ DOVR FUHHQYLVLRQ FKDQJH VXFK DV UHVSRQGLQJ YLVXDOO\ WR WKH TXHVWLRQ:KDW DUHOLEHUDWRU\ YLVLRQV RI PDVFXOLQLW\"
)DFLOLWDWLQJ )HPLQLVW &ULWLTXHV RI 9LVXDO &XOWXUH
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
4XHULHV WR LQYHVWLJDWH JHQGHUHG FXOWXUDO FRGHV LQ FXOWXULQFOXGH )URP ZKHUH GR WKH PHDQLQJV \RX DVVRFLDWH ZLWK D VHOHFWHGDUWLIDFW RULJLQDWH" $UH WKH PHDQLQJV IURP NQRZOHGJH \RX KDYH JDLQH
\RXU RZQ REVHUYDWLRQV RI OLIH" $UH WKH\ IURP LPDJLQDWLYH DVVRFLDWLRWKH\ IURP VRFLHW\V LGHDV RI WKH WUXH QDWXUH RI WKH DUWLIDFW" :KDRI WKH YDULRXV PHDQLQJV RI WKH YLVXDO DUWLIDFW"
,Q WHDFKLQJ RQH VHVVLRQ RI D FRPELQHG XQGHUJUDGXDWH DQG JUDGXDHGXFDWLRQ FRXUVH DW 1RUWKHUQ ,OOLQRLV 8QLYHUVLW\ DV D JXHVW2FWREHU , VHW XS D :HE DSSOLFDWLRQ9RLFH7KUHDG IRU VWXGHQWV DQG
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
10/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
WKRVH RXWVLGH WKH FODVV WR FULWLTXH WKH VWXGHQWV GLJLWUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV
+RZ LV VXEMHFWLYLW\ FRQVWUXFWHG LQ WKH LPDJH DQG ZKRVFRQVWUXFWHG":KR LV DGGUHVVHG E\ ZKRP DQG IRU ZKDW SXUSRVH":KDW SULRU NQRZOHGJH LV DVVXPHG",Q ZKDW ZD\ LV WKLV LPDJH DQ H[DPSOH RI SDWULDUFKDO YLVXDOLV WKLV D FULWLTXH RI SDWULDUFKDO YLVXDO FXOWXUH"'LVFXVV WKH LPDJH LQ WHUPV RI WKH W\SH RI SRZHU LW VXJJHVWLQWHUSUHW WKDW LW FRXOG HPERG\ GRPLQDWLRQ FRQVHQVXDO
SRZHU
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ VWUDWHJLHV WR H[SRVH WKH SROLWLFV RI JHQGHU F,Q &KDSWHU RI(QJDJLQJ 9LVXDO &XOWXUH, ZLWK -DQH 0DLWODQG *KROVRQGLVFXVV IRXU HIIHFWLYH VWUDWHJLHVHPSW\ VSDFH RYHUOD\ VSRWOLUHSRVLWLRQLQJ ,Q D UHFHQW YHUVLRQ RI WHDFKLQJ WKHVH VWUDWVWXGLHV VWXGHQWV DW .ODJHQIXUW 8QLYHUVLWlW , SURYLGHG WKH IR
*DWKHU LPDJHV WKDW VHHP WR FRQWDLQ JHQGHU VSHFLILF REMHF
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
$XGLR UHFRUGHG UHVSRQVHV DUH DW KWWS H[SORUDWLRQV VYD SVX HGX YRLFHWKHQFRXUDJH \RX WR FULWLTXH WKH ZRUNV XVLQJ9RLFH7KUHDG DQG WKH VHW RI TXHVWLRQV DQG LQYVWXGHQWV WKDW \RX WHDFK WR GR VR WRR
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
11/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
12/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
$OVR LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU WKH9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG *HQGHU &RQVWUXFW9&*& FRXUVH D RQH ZHHN HLJKW KRXU SHU GD\ FRXUVH WKDW
.ODJHQIXUW 8QLYHUVLWl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
FULWLTXH H[DPLQHV WKLV WULDG DUWLVW DUW YLHZHUV E\ UDFFHSWHG LGHDV DQG YDOXHV DFFHSWLQJ SHUVRQDO PHDQLQJ LQ WKHYDOXLQJ RI DUW DQG H[SRVLQJ VWHUHRW\SHV RI JHQGHU UDFH GLV DEDQG VRFLDO FODVV FRQFHUQLQJ DUWLVWLF SURGXFWLRQ DQG YDOXLQJVXSSRUW FODLPV E\ HYLGHQFH WKDW LV WULDQJXODWHG E\ WKUHH GLIIHUIROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV FDQ JXLGH VXFK DQ LQTXLU\
)HPLQLVW 4XHVWLRQV DERXW 9LVXDO &XOWXUH:KDW DUH WKH RYHUW RU FRYHUW PHVVDJHV LQ D ZRUN WKDW FRDQG VRFLDO FODVV":KDW LV \RXU SHUVSHFWLYH RQ WKHVH PHVVDJHV":KDW GRHV WKH VXEMHFW PDWWHU PHDQ WR \RX"+RZ GRHV WKH ZRUN LPSDFW \RX"
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
13/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
,I D ZRUN RI SXEOLF DUW RIIHQGV D SDUWLFXODU JURXS RU LQGLYLGWKH ULJKWV RI WKH JURXS RU WKH LQGLYLGXDO",I D SDUWLFXODU JURXS OREELHV WR KDYH SXEOLF DUW UHPRYHG EHFKLVWRULFDO UHDVRQV IRU REMHFWLQJ WR LW KRZ VKRXOG WKHDGGUHVVHG" 5HIHU WR FRQWHQW LVVXHV UDLVHG DQG WKHPHV IURPFKDSWHUV LQ )HPLQLVP LV IRU (YHU\ERG\ KRRNV WR DUJXVXEVWDQWLDWH \RXU SRVLWLRQ
$IWHU DQRWKHU VWXGHQW SUHVHQWHG RQ 1LNL GH 6DLQW 3KDOOHV+21 DQG DQRWKHU UHIHUUHG WR *XGUXQ .DPSLV+|O]HUQH 9HQXV ZH GHFLGHGWR H[DPLQH WKH FXOWXUDO FRGHV RI 9HQXV DV D IDPLOLDU FXOWXUDO
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
H J *RG *RGGHVV 4XHHQ .LQJ 3DXO 3DXOD IURP PDOH WR IHPDOH
IHPDOH WR PDOH ,Q UHJHQGHULQJ VWXGHQWV H[SORUHG KRZ WKH PHDQLQJ FE\ WKH GLVFXUVLYH VSDFH RI JHQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQV WKDW VXUURXQGVFXOWXUDO FRGH RI9HQXV
&UHDWLQJ :HOO EHLQJ $ 9LVXDO &XOWXUH 3HGDJRJ\
$FFRUGLQJ WR EHOO KRRNV IHPLQLVW SUDFWLFH LV WKH RQO\ PIRU VRFLDO MXVWLFH LQ ZKLFK FRQGLWLRQV IRU PXWXDOLW\ FDQ EH QXUWXLV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK HFRQRPLF VHOI VXIILFLHQF\ DQG HPSOR\PHQW WLPH VFKH
WKDW PHHW VRFLDO QHHGV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV 7R UHDFK WKLV JDFWLYLVP PLJKW HQYLVLRQ DQG LPSOHPHQW MRE VKDULQJ JRYHUQPHQW VX
6HH IHPLQLVW VRFLRORJLVW 0LFKDHO 6 .LPPHOV FULWLTXH RI WKH RYHUVLPSOJHQGHU GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH SRSXODU FXOWXUH PHWDSKRU WKDW PHQ DUH IURP 0DUV DQGIURP 9HQXV DQG KLV DUJXPHQW WKDW PHQ DQG ZRPHQ DUH PRUH VLPLODU WKDQ GLIIHUHQSROLWLFDO QHHG WR PDNH JHQGHU YLVLEOH LQ RUGHU WR FKDQJH ZRUN IDPLO\ DQGVRFLHWDO ZHOO EHLQJ
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
14/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
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
/RRN DW WKH YLVXDO FXOWXUDO QDUUDWLYHVDQG DVN :KDW DUH WKHFRQGLWLRQV WKDW VXVWDLQ SRYHUW\" :KDW DUH WKH FRQGLWLRQVFKDQJH SRYHUW\ WR HQYLVLRQ D ZRUOG ZKHUH UHVRXUFHV DUH VRSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU SHUVRQDO JURZWK DERXQG IRU HYHU\RQH LUUHVSHFODVV KRRNV S
6WXGHQWV LQ WKH JHQGHU VWXGLHV FRXUVHV WKDW , WDXJKWLQIRUPHG PH RI WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI &DULQWKLD V L H WKH VRXWUHJLRQ VRFLR SROLWLFDO KLVWRU\ WKURXJK WKH YLVXDO FXOWXFRQVWUXFWLRQV GLDORJXHV )RU H[DPSOH RQH RI PDQ\ WKLQJV WKDWWKH9LHQQD V /RVW 'DXJKWHUVILOP ZDV D FRPPHQW E\ RQH ZRPDQ WKDW VKIHHOV LOO ZKHQ VKH VHHV GLUQGOV DQG ORQJ ZKLWH VRFNV7KLV FDXJKW P\DWWHQWLRQ EHFDXVH RQH VWXGHQW LQ P\ 9&*& FRXUVH VDLG RQ WK
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
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
21/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
&RQFOXGLQJ IRU )XWXUH $FWLRQ 5H &RXUVHV
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
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
22/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW , ZLVK WR WKDQN -RDQQD 5HHV IRU KHU LQVLJKWIXO TDQG FRPPHQWV DERXW FURVV FXOWXUDO WHDFKLQJ LQ RXU HPDLO H[FKDLQIRUPHG WKLV DUWLFOH DQG , JUHDWO\ DSSUHFLDWH :DQGD % .QLJKW%R\G IRU WKHLU FULWLFDO UHDGLQJ RI D GUDIW RI WKLV DUWLFOH.ODJHQIXUW VWXGHQWV IRU WKHLU HQULFKLQJ GLDORJXH DQG 8WWD ,V5DWNRYLF ZKR RIIHUHG PH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR WHDFK LQ WKH =HQWUXQG *HVFKOHFKWHUVWXGLHQ DW $OSHQ $GULD 8QLYHUVLWlW .ODJHQIXUW
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
23/24
,Q-$( & 17$(&
9LVXDO &XOW*HQGHU&RQVWUXFWLR!
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO R
5HIHUHQFHV
$Q]DOG~D * %RUGHUODQGV 7KH QHZ PHVWL]D OD IURQWHULD6DQ
)UDQFLVFR &$ 6SLQVWHUV $XQW /XWH%UDLGRWWL 5 0HWDPRUSKRVLV 7RZDUGV D PDWHULDOLVW WKHRU\
EHFRPLQJ 0DOGHQ 0$ 3ROLW\ 3UHVV LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK %ODF3XEOLVKHUV
%UDLGRWWL 5 1RPDGLF VXEMHFWV (PERGLPHQW DQG VH[XDO GLIIHUHQFH LFRQWHPSRUDU\ IHPLQLVW WKHRU\ 1HZ
7/29/2019 Visual Culture and Gender Constructions
24/24
9LVXDO &XOWXUH DQG*HQGHU
&RQVWUXFWLRQV
,Q-$( & 17$(&
!!
0RKDQW\ & 7 )HPLQLVP ZLWKRXW ERUGHUV 'HFRORQL]LQJ WKHR SUDFWLFLQJ VROLGDULW\ 'XUKDP 1& 'XNH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
0RKDQW\ & 7 :RPHQ ZRUNHUV DQG FDSLWDOLVW VFULSWV ,GGRPLQDWLRQ FRPPRQ LQWHUHVWV DQG WKH SROLWLFV RI VROLGD $OH[DQGHU & 7 0RKDQW\ (GV)HPLQLVW JHQHDORJLHV FRORQLDOOHJDFLHV GHPRFUDWLF IXWXUHVSS 1HZ 7HVWLPRQ\ EHIRUH WKH -RLQW (FRQRPLF &RPPLWWHH 8 6 &RQJUHVV@ 5HWULHYHG 0D\ IURP
KWWS VHDUFK"T FDFKH X=FIRO. S8- ZZZ JDR JRY QHZLWHPV G W SGI :RPHQ V VDODULHV FRPSDUHG WR PHQ
V VDODULHV FG KO HQ FW FOQN JO XV FOLHQW ILUHIR[ D6WHUPLW] ( $UWIHP WY7KH IHPLQLVW DUW SURMHFW 5HWULHYHG 2FWREHU
IURP KWWS DUWIHP WY $UW)HPB798QJHU 0 9LHQQD V ORVW GDXJKWHUV>'9'@ 3RO\ILOP YLGHR 0RELOHILOP9HVQD 9 'DWDEDVH DHVWKHWLFV 2I FRQWDLQHUV FKURQR
FDSVXOHV ;DQDGX $OH[DQGULD DQG WKH :RUOG %UDLQ ,Q 9 9HVQ' 6PLWK - 9DX[ (GV'DWDEDVH DHVWKHWLFV ,VVXHV RI RUJDQL]DWDQG FDWHJRU\ LQ RQOLQH DUWQ S $, 6RFLHW\ 7KH -RXUQDO RI+XPDQ &HQWUHG DQG 0DFKLQH ,QWHOOLJHQFH6SULQJHU )HEUXDU\ 0DUFK5HWULHYHG 2FWREHU IURPKWWS YY DUWV XFOD HGX $,B6RFLHW\ YHVQDBHVVD\ KWPO
:HLU $ *OREDO IHPLQLVP DQG WUDQVIRUPDWLYH LGHQWLW\ SRO+\SDWLD
Recommended