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Extending Physics Capabilities of the PHENIX Detector with Calorimetry at Forward Rapidities. Vasily Dzhordzhadze University of California, Riverside for PHENIX Collaboration 21st Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics Breckenridge, February 05-12, 2005. PHENIX Detector. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Extending Physics Capabilities of the PHENIX Detector with Calorimetry
at Forward Rapidities
Vasily Dzhordzhadze University of California, Riverside
for PHENIX Collaboration21st Workshop on Nuclear
DynamicsBreckenridge, February 05-12,
2005
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PHENIX Detector
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RHIC Executive Summary
• Energy densities: Maximum dEt/d600 GeV at mid rapidity -> Initial > 5 GeV/fm3 > cr
• Elliptical flow: Strong elliptical flow v2 consistent with short thermalization times 0 ~ 1 fm/c
• Soft particle spectra: shapes & and yields consistent with hydrodynamic source emission. Particle ratios consistent with chemically equilibrated system before hadronization
• Hard particle spectra: strong pT suppression in central A+A (relaive to pp,pA & pQCD) consistent with final-state partonic energy loss in dense system: dNg/dy~1100
• Intermediate pT spectra: Enhanced baryon yields & v2 (compared to meson) consistent with quark recombination mechanisms in a thermal and dense matter
• All observations are consistent with formation of thermalized strongly interacting matter in central Au+Au collisions
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The Challenges to the Next Decade
• Move from exploration of new matter formed in A+A collisions to study of its property
• Accelerate progress in the developing spin program• Upgrade Detectors: Increase acceptance, Implement
vertex tracking, Implement jet measurment• Upgrade RHIC: X40 increase Luminosity
• PHENIX central arms : 900 in azimuth and ||<0.35
• PHENIX muon arms : full azimuth coverage and 1.2< ||<2.4
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Upgrades to PHENIXEnhanced PID: TRD-East (x)Aerogel/TOF West (x)
Vertex Spectrometer:Flexible Magnetic Field (x)Silicon vertex trackerTPC/HBD/GEM
Forward SpectrometersNew muon trigger chambersForward silicon detectorsForward Nosecone calorimeters
pA centrality detectorsVery forward hadron calorimeter(x)
DAQ/Trigger
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PHENIX Forward Muon Upgrade presented by Xie Wei at this Workshop
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Problems:
-only 40 cm apart from collision point …
-only 20 cm of space is available … and then …3.5
Labs of dead material downstream
Layout: PHENIX forward spectrometers
FST
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Goals for the W-Si Nosecone Calorimeter
• Precision measurement of the EM showers• Effective 0 discrimination• Good hadron separation• Jet finding and coarse jet energy
measurement• Ability of fast triggering• Nosecone coverage : full (3600) in azimuth
and 0.9<||<3.5
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Existing Technology Today: PAMELA
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e+e–ZH, Z at s=500 GeV
HCALCOIL
ECAL
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
62 mm
Silicon wafers with 6×6 pads (10×10 mm2)
62 m
m
200mm
360mm
LAL,LLR,LPC,PICM
Imperial College, UCL, Cambridge,Birmingham, Manchester, RAL
ITEP,IHEP,MSU
Prague (IOP-ASCR)
SNU,KNU
CALICE ECAL CALICE ECAL
360mm
Future: TESLA / CALICE
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““coarse” (leakage) compartmentcoarse” (leakage) compartment““fine” (electromagnetic) compartmentfine” (electromagnetic) compartment
00// identifier (Si strip layers) identifier (Si strip layers)
Photon Photon converter converter sectionsection
Shower maxShower max sectionsection
Si pad sensor Si pad sensor layerslayers
Tungsten absorber (16 mm)Tungsten absorber (16 mm)
Tungsten absorber (2.5 mm)Tungsten absorber (2.5 mm)
Ideas
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front view side view
40 cm
20 cm
/0
identifier
EMhadronic
Incoming electron (10GeV)
First 8.5cm: 16 layers of Tungsten (2.5 mm), Si(0.3 mm), First 8.5cm: 16 layers of Tungsten (2.5 mm), Si(0.3 mm), G10(0.8 mm), Kapton (0.2 mm) and Air(1.2 mm). G10(0.8 mm), Kapton (0.2 mm) and Air(1.2 mm).
– After first 6 layers there is a 0.5mm thick double layer of Si,G10,Kapton,Air (this is the /0 identifier).
Second half has a 6 layers with same sequence of materials, only Second half has a 6 layers with same sequence of materials, only thickness of Tungsten 16 mm.thickness of Tungsten 16 mm.
10 GeV electron
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Resolution for 1,5,10,40 GeV electron
11 5
10 40
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e 10 GeV
Electromagnetic Electromagnetic shower shower measurementsmeasurements
Expected Performance
E1/2
~ 20%*sqrt(e)
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2 Concept of Pion Rejection
2 = (Ei-Ee)2/2i i =1,3
2
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Mul
tiplic
ity p
er
even
t
Hadronic shower Hadronic shower rejectionrejection
++, 40 GeV/c, 40 GeV/c
Expected Performance
100 K Simulated
4.5 K Selected
Momentum GeV/c
Momentum GeV/c
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Pion Rejection
Momentum GeV/c
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JetsJets
Expected Performance
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Digitizer Boards
NCC readout location on
the surface of magnet pole
Central tracking communication lines
Living Together …
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Item Total
W 1.8 t
Si (calorimeter) 14 m2
Si (-0 identifier) 1.15 m2
Readout units (calorimeter) 288
Readout units (-0 identifier) 24
Sensors (16 pixels) 3776
SVX4 48
Digitization (subtowers) 8448
NCC Mechanical Concept
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receiver digitizerDelay/
event buffers
Smart DCM’s
NCC L1 trigger boardGlobal Trigger Sums
Digitize signal as early as possible
Generate low level trigger sums from the reduced bit ADC output locally
Generate regional triggers locally
receiver digitizerDelay/
event buffers
TriggerTrigger
NCC Readout Concept (Chi)
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4” High resistive wafer : 5 K4” High resistive wafer : 5 Kcmcm
Thickness : 300 microns Thickness : 300 microns 3 % 3 %
Tile side : 62.0 + 0.0Tile side : 62.0 + 0.0
- 0.1 mm- 0.1 mm
Guard ringGuard ring
In Silicone ~80 e-h pairs / micron In Silicone ~80 e-h pairs / micron 24000 e24000 e-- /MiP /MiP
Capacitance : ~40 pFCapacitance : ~40 pF
Leakage current : 5 – 15 nALeakage current : 5 – 15 nA
Full depletion bias : ~100 VFull depletion bias : ~100 V
Nominal operating bias : 200 VNominal operating bias : 200 V
One wafer is a Matrix of 4 x 4 pixels of 2.25 cm2.Important point : manufacturing must be as simple as possible to be near of what could be the real production for full scale detector in order to :
• Keep lower price (a minimum of step during processing)• Low rate of rejected processed wafer• good reliability and large robustness
Sensors
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Flex Cable
Readout unit
Si Sensor
256 analog lines
Interconnect Interconnect boardboard
PA boardPA board
-This is the calorimeter – all pads in the subtower are This is the calorimeter – all pads in the subtower are contributing to signal;contributing to signal;
-Noise budget is set by physics: better is an enemy of the Noise budget is set by physics: better is an enemy of the good; good;
NCC Signal packaging Concept
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11/ 8/ 2004 V.Dzhordzhadze 4
Dynamic range [GeV] ~100 Kinematical limit
MIP signal in a single Si layer (e)
24k ~300 mkm Si
MIP signal in a subtower (e)
144k-240k 6 to 10 Si layers
Max. charge per event in a subtower(e)
2.1 108 or ~ 40 pC 50 GeV deposition, 1.7% sampling fraction
Dynamic range >10000 MIP>1000 MIP10
MIP10 is the signal summed up over all contributing layers (10 layers max)
Underlying event Underlying event contribution can be contribution can be
neglected even in the neglected even in the central AuAu collisionscentral AuAu collisions
Readout: Dynamic Range
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Compartment I II III
Sampling layers 6 10 6
Sampling fraction (%) 1.7 1.7 0.26
MIP energy loss [MeV] 42 69 270
MIP energy loss in Si [MeV] 0.7 1.2 0.7
Pad capacitance [pF] 80 80 80
Trace capacitance [pF] 10-45 10-45 10-55
Tower capacitance [pF] 540-780 900-1300 540-900
Energy range of interest [GeV]
0.5 – 50
Intrinsic energy resolution (em showers) [GeV]
0.4-1.5
Noise limit 10 MeV 15 MeV 100 MeV
ENC budget [MeV] 0.15 0.2 0.15
ENC budget [electrons] 40 k 50 k 40 k
Readout: Noise Budget
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• Classical CSA followed by 4-th order shaper was modelled with PSPICE;
• Rise time and shaping time were optimized to achieve optimum noise performance for any given base-to-base (1% level) pulse length on the ADC input;
40k limit40k limit
PYTHIA: PYTHIA: the probability for tower the probability for tower to receive a direct hit in to receive a direct hit in the pp minimum bias the pp minimum bias
event is ~3%event is ~3% GEANTGEANT
Shower spreading results Shower spreading results in the tower occupancy in the tower occupancy increased to 10%increased to 10%
Base line Base line restoration in 300 restoration in 300
nsns
Readout: Base restoration and signal shaping
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ….
pp 5+1 5+10 5+11 0 5+9 156pb-1
√s= ……………………….. 200 GeV ………………….........|
P= 0.45 0.5 0.7 ………………………………………….
Inclusive hadrons Charm Physics direct photons Jets W-physics
ALL(hadrons) ALL(charm)
ALL(γ) AL(W)
L= 6x1030cm-2s-1 8x1031cm-2s-1
Schedule
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• Ongoing R&D program is funded by UCR (R.Seto) and BNL (PHENIX Upgrade Funds)
– Prototype• pad-sensors, analog cables, readout units, front-end - MSU;• strip-sensors for the g/p0 identifier – Prague. Backup solution - from earlier project in
Trieste;• Readout for g/p0 identifier – SVX4 (Prague). Backup solution – same as in the calorimetric
layers (MSU).
• Preamplifier (decision for CDR)– New device developed at BNL;– Upgrade to CR3A developed as part of R&D program in Trieste – preferred but
….. ;– Upgrade to preamp developed as part of TESLA/CALICE program – under
investigation;– New device developed in collaboration between MEPhI/MSU/BNL – proposal exists;– Just new device (dreams exist).
• Mechanics of the future detector (prototype and CDR)– Work started in Dubna (A.Litvinenko).
• Digital readout (CDR)– New group from Dubna (S.Bazylev) will be helping with CDR
Near Term Priorities
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o PHENIX has great plans for a program of new physics aimed to study nuclear effects in partonic structure functions down to a very small partonic momenta. It spans the whole range of pp (including polarized), pA and dA collisions at RHIC.
o Integrated forward spectrometer upgrade is the precondition for PHENIX to stay competitive in this new field of physics.
o We have technical solutions which match physics and present an excellent opportunity for new groups both in physics and instrumentation!
Summary
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