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Interoperable information and
communication technologies from the
electricity socket up to the network controlcentre
Ch. Brunner, IT4Power, Switzerland
B. M. Buchholz, NTB Technoservice,
Germany
A. Naumann, Otto von Guericke University
Magdeburg
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Summary
The enhancement of distribution networks into smart grids is accompanied by new functions
and technologies like:
• Energy management on distribution level,
• Distribution system automation,
• Smart metering,
• Smart building automation and involvement of consumers into the energy market.
All these technologies require an intensive exchange of data. As a consequence, the
information and communication technology (ICT) will penetrate the distribution systems
down to the end customers (Consumers and/or producers) on the low voltage network.
Today on the different control levels of electric networks various communication protocols
and information systems are applied. The data models and services of these systems are
different and do not allow seamless information exchange between the levels:
• Network control center – substations, traders, power plants and virtual power plants
• Inside the substations,
• Substation – medium and low voltage (MV and LV) distribution networks and its
consumers and power producers,
• Inside the buildings and industrial enterprises.
As a result of the analysis, the demand of information exchange of all participating clients is
defined. The function, the integration into the ICT system and the services of new
stakeholders in the smart grid environment like “Virtual Power Plants”, “ICT provider” or
“Metering service provider” are considered.
For economic reasons, the communication technology in the distribution level should be
based on the existing infrastructure. Depending on the location the most economic technology
can be applied like Distribution Line Carrier (DLC), radio, telecommunication cables (copper
ore fiber optics).
Otherwise there is a strong need that the data models and the services of the communication
system will be uniform for the overall network control and data acquisition. The paper
describes how the data models and services of IEC 61850 will be applied for this purpose.
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The power network wide application of IEC 61850 data models and services shall be
supported by standards for gateways:
• To home automation and smart meters (were simplified models and services are applied),
• To data base systems using Common Information Models (CIM / IEC 61968).
Relevant efforts in the IEC working groups are considered. Recommendations about further
standardization efforts are given.
Finally, the paper describes the pilot application “Web2Energy” - a European lighthouse
project funded by the European Commission.
1. Smart Distribution
The establishment of Smart Grids in the distribution level is driven by the European Targets
20-20-20 in 2020 what means 20 % reduction of carbon emissions, 20 % share of renewable
energy in the primary energy balance and 20 % increase of energy efficiency. A significant
contribution to achieve these targets will come from a new quality of distribution networks
providing the three pillars of “Smart Distribution systems”:
•
Smart Terminal: Self-healing capabilities for the distribution networks based on ICT-enabled response and thus automated fault elimination in MV feeders to increase the
reliability of supply significantly.
• Smart Aggregation: Active distribution networks with flexible and reconfigurable
aggregation and management of distributed secure and unsecure (fluctuating) power
sources, storage and controllable loads in virtual power plants. The goal is to reach an
optimum combination of environmental protection (lower CO2 emissions) and
economical value.• Smart Metering: Customer integration into the electricity market by variable tariffs
effecting efficient demand-side management and response to improve the efficiency of
energy production, to achieve energy savings and to reduce peak power demand, leading
to lower system costs and improved embedding of renewable energy sources.
The new functions are demonstrated in Figure 1.
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D a t a
C o l l e c t i o n
+ -
smart meteringsmart terminal
automation
smart energy
managementD yn ami c
t ar i f f s
Market
Billing
Home automation
• Remote reading of shortcircuit indication•Remote control of switches•Shorting supply
interruptions after faultsfrom hour to minutes
• Aggregation of dispersedgeneration with and withoutsecure production for flexiblemarket participation
•System service provision•Scheduling and balancing
• Market integration ofconsumers - motivation forload shifting through
variable tariffs
•Higher efficiency ofmetering processes
+ - + -
QVL
+ -
VPP
Figure 1 – The pillars of smart distribution
The realization of the 3 pillars of smart distribution requires the wide spread implementation
of advanced technologies which are still not broadly applied today:
• Smart meters which are remotely readable and which can operate with variable tariffs
through receiving and visualizing tariff signals,
• Communication facilities for data exchange on all levels of the power system down to the
LV consumers,
• Building automation facilities to achieve higher efficiency of electricity use in households,
business and industry.
In the first priority, communication links have to be established until the last meters to
consumers.
2. New quality of information exchange in the distribution level
Today, an ICT infrastructure for control and supervision of distribution networks is not
widely and extensively applied to the medium and low voltage levels. Communication for
power system control currently ends at the MV- busbars of the substations 110 kV/ MV.
Secondly, the existing communication networks for control in the upper level of the power
system are mostly owned by the grid operators. Different communication standards are
applied for different control levels like:
• inside the substation,
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• between substation and ne
or for different equipment like
•
protection relays,• meters,
• switchgear and transforme
The current situation is shown
Figure 2 - Communication in pow
The current situation causes h
communication levels. Variou
future the communication has
Furthermore, uniform data m
distribution level public com
available and most economica
telecommunication cables or r
In the normal case, several tel
networks. They are able to tak
Distribution”. The stakeholde
trader, the distribution networ
twork control centre,
rs.
on the left side of Figure 2.
er systems today and in the future
gh engineering efforts for converting betwee
s interface testers and diagnosis tools have t
to move down and cover the whole distributi
dels and services have to be used an all level
unication networks should be used adapting
l communication physics e.g. power line car
adio.
communication providers cover the areas of
e over the functions of “Communication Pro
s of the electricity business in distribution sy
operator or the virtual power plant operator
n the various
be applied. In the
on system.
s. Thirdly, in the
the locally
ier,
the distribution
viders for Smart
stems like the
should conclude a
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common contract with the co
prices and services.
The meters and the remote ter
servers which will use a dedic
should offer flat- rates for bot
Figure 3 – Data content for infor
The data which will be excha
presented in Figure 3.
3. IEC 61850 - the core stan
Today, we can see worldwide
61850 will be used in the sma
• IEC 61850 is the first com
accepted.
• IEC 61850 provides gener
logical nodes (LN) attribu
• The data models are open
• IEC 61850 is open for ne
• The services of the previo
extended. The GOOSE se
and lead to a fundamental
munication provider in their area offering th
minal units on the consumer or producer side
ated or a dial – up connection. The communi
types of connections.
ation exchange
ged between the clients (control levels) and
ard of Smart Grids
a broad consensus that the data models and s
t distribution grids. The reasons for this tren
munication standard for power automation w
ic object oriented and self describing data m
es and data classes.
for any extension if requested in the future.
communication physics and link layers.
s standards are not only kept but significantl
vice, for example, allows a quick peer- to- p
improvement of the performance.
e best ratio of
build the data
cation provider
the servers is
ervices of IEC
are obviously:
hich is globally
dels based on
y improved and
er communication
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• The technical committees
applications like “power q
“wind power plants”. The
In this sense, the IEC 61850 a
physical and application layer
Figure 4 – Reference model of IE
On the left side of Figure 4 th
with the mapping on Ethernet
The application in distribution
communication mapping will
layers. But the data models (I
(ACSI - abstract communicati
In this way it can be ensured t
and clients in the substations
most economical communicat
area is now open!
One of the first projects apply
distribution is the project “We
The reference architecture of t
developed for this pilot applic
This figure demonstrates that
the complete ICT system need
of IEC are working on standard extensions f
uality”, “dispersed generation”, “hydro powe
standardization process is still ongoing.
pplication layer is suitable for combination
s as shown in Figure 4.
61850 using various layers 1 and 2
current coverage of the OSI/ISO layers is s
as it is defined in IEC 61850-8-1 for substati
networks can use all types of physical medi
adapt the layer 7 for a seamless interaction w
C 61850-7-4xx and IEC 61850-7-3) and the
on service interface - IEC 61850-7-2) will be
hat the communication uses the same semant
nd in the distribution level. Furthermore, the
ion channel which is available in the infrastr
ing IEC 61850 to provide the complete funct
b2Energy” [1] which is funded by the Europ
he whole information and communication sy
ation is presented in Figure 5.
EC 61850 is the core standard for communi
s more.
r further
r plants” and
ith different
own in accordance
ons.
. A specific
ith the lower
abstract services
kept identical.
ic for all servers
way to apply the
cture of the supply
ions of smart
an Commission.
stem (ICT)
ation. However,
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First of all, the security and th
“smart” and fulfill advanced e
needed approaches and reques
Secondly, the stakeholders of
communication: clients) use d
implemented its own data bas
SCADA, Geographical infor
However, a big amount of dat
changed than it had to be don
time. This variety of data base
the various applications. To o
Information Models (CIM) fo
Figure 5 – ICT reference architec
The project Web2Energy will
exchange between the data ba
A further issue is the fact that
based on standards, partly pro
The same situation is valid in
electricity consumers will incl
device controls the internal ge
households where the time of
machines, dish washers, air c
e performance of information exchange shall
xpectations. Therefore, the standard IEC TS
ts that this part of smartness will be achieve
the power supply process (on the terminolog
ata base system for operations. In the past ea
with proprietary formats for different appli
ation system (GIS), Asset Management or n
is relevant for different data bases and if on
in several applications with different data f
s inside one enterprise often leads to inconsi
ercome this issue, IEC 61968 defines UML
all data requested in the distribution networ
ure of Web2Energy
use the CIM model in the data bases of all st
es will be possible without any conversion.
meters still use their own communication pr
prietary protocols depending on the vendor a
the area of building automation. A market pa
ude the action of an “energy butler”. This int
neration / storage units and some switchable
operation is not important for life convenien
nditioners or heaters.
be on a high level
2351 defines the
also.
of
h vendor
ations like
twork planning.
e data will be
rmats in the same
tency of data in
based Common
k management [2].
akeholders. A data
tocols – partly
nd the sales region.
rticipation of the
elligent electronic
devices in the
e like wash
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Based on price signals from t
ratio of services and costs insi
has to consider the variety of t
4. Gateways
4.1. IEC 61850 data model -
The data management of all cl
common information models.
from the other system compo
Figure 6 – Relation between CIM
The data model of IEC 61850
In Figure 6 a metered value is
TotWh for metered energy an
number of counted pulses, pul
units e.g. in accordance with t
The amount of data in the CI
information is stored and the
presentation of the meter.
e higher communication level the butler ens
de the households or in the industry. The co
hese influences to become seamless.
IM data management
ients in project Web2Energy is consequently
Consequently, the incoming and outgoing in
ents has to be converted between IEC 61850
and IEC 61850 modeling
presents the current value and metadata of th
presented by the Logical Node MMTR for
the attributes actVal – the actual value expr
sQty – the puls quality in Wh/puls, Units to
he SI system and finally t - the time stamp.
data base is significantly higher – the gener
ctual metered value builds only a pixel in th
res an optimum
plete ICT system
based on the
formation to and
and CIM.
is value.
eter, the data class
essed in the
efine the applied
al meter
whole
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The IEC 61850 – CIM Converter has to define the locality of the submitted values and adapt
them how it is shown in Figure 6. The Web2Energy project will develop standard converters
for these gateway functions.
4.2. Meter and smart building communication
Currently there is no chance to implement IEC 61850 at the communication levels of meters
and building automation. The communication at these levels should be simple – services and
openness of data models don’t play a role. For this reason a large amount of proprietary
solutions and standards was developed and applied.
On the other side, the amount of data which is common on the lower levels of meters or
building automation and network control is low. In principle, it contains the metered values,
the price signals and the tariff forecast – much less in comparison with the thousands of data
required for power system control.
Figure 7 - Gateways between meter/ building communication and the system WAN based on IEC 61850
The energy butler in the buildings in principle needs only the tariff signal and the tariff
forecast from the system level. It can be received directly from the WAN or through the
meters as shown in Figure 7.
The meters communicate inside a closed system to a data server. Meters of other media like
water, gas, heat are incorporated in this system.
Therefore, in the project Web2Energy the converter for IEC 61850 based provision of
metered values to the clients is allocated in the data server.
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Nowadays, there run activities to define a common simple and efficient communication
structure for the multi-utility metering [3-5]. In Europe the favorites are the M-Bus (wire and
wireless) with SML in the application level. Hopefully, in the field of building
communication favorites like KNX [6] or Bacnet [7] can achieve in mid- term the status of
common standards in Europe as well.
5. Common data models from the consumer socket up to Control centers
The application of IEC 61850 as a core standard of Smart Grids is strongly supported by
several working groups in IEC.
Today it is possible to use the common data models in all levels of power system control as
presented in Figure 8.
Figure 8 - Coverage of the power system levels by common data models
At the level between substations and Control centers a global and widespread use found the
standard IEC 60870-5-101 (point to point) and -104 (WAN). The weakness of this standard is
that the data have to be defined in the engineering process by assignment of numbers –
uniform on both sides. This approach requires expensive engineering and leads often to
inconsistencies.
But it is more expensive to change the running communication systems and to introduce IEC
61850 with all its convenient services. The short term solution is now offered by IEC 61850-
80-1: Mapping the data models of IEC 61850 to the structures of IEC 60870-5-101/4.
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In the lower levels new consistent data models are brought to standards – for hydro power
plants, for dispersed generation and for wind power plants as shown in Figure 8.
IEC is still open to take off further data models if the need is demonstrated in pilot projects.
This extension is a further target of the Web2Energy project.
Today, the working group (WG) 10 of the IEC technical committee (TC) 57 is responsible for
all the generic parts of IEC 61850 that are not domain specific as well as for the parts related
to the substation automation. For other domain specific parts, specific working groups exist:
• WG17 for dispersed generation
• WG18 for hydro power plants
• TC88 / Project team 25 for wind power plants
It is planned, to establish a coordination group to ensure consistency of the modeling across
the different working groups. It is as well intended to publish in the future the complete set of
data models for the different domains as a database. This as well to facilitate the reuse of
already defined models from one domain in another domain – e.g. elements that have already
been defined in the context of hydro power generation may be reused for thermal or nuclear
generation.
These activities show: In the context of “Smart Grids”, the interoperable data exchange over
all levels from the electricity socket up to the network control center is toady a reachable
target.
6. Application of IEC 61850 Data Models for Smart Distribution
In the framework of the lighthouse project Web2Energy the data models for implementation
of the 3 pillars of smart distribution are defined in accordance with Figure 3. A standard data
model exists in the published documents for the most of data to be exchanged.
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Figure 9 – Three pillars of smart
However, each of the applicat
comparison of some available
Web2Energy has the target to
7. New service providers in t
Smart Meters with communic
well. Advanced concepts are f
distribution to the relevant sta
via a multi-utility controller
protocols are applied.
Figure 10 – System with data acq
The metering service provider
the next level the information
functions, e.g. trader, VPP or
compressed data into the IEC
in the same way: selection an
subsequent conversion into th
A further market role is the IC
communication.
istribution and the relevant data models - exampl
ion requires more or less new data models. F
and additionally proposed data models used
extend the related standards accordingly.
he environment of smart distribution
tion facilities are offered on the markets for
ocused on a common multi-utility data acqui
eholders. The communication of the various
UC as presented in Figure 10 [5]. At this lev
isition from various multi-utility meters
is responsible for the data acquisition of the
provider selects the required data for the vari
NO on the electricity supply field and conv
61850 protocol. The information provider se
compression of the required data for each st
requested communication protocols.
T provider who offers the requested physical
s
igure 9 presents a
in Web2Energy.
other media as
sition and
meters is bundled
el the meter
metered values. At
ous stakeholder
erts the
ves other markets
akeholder with the
infrastructure for
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8. Conclusions
A first experience regarding the implementation of the 3 pillars of smart distribution is
achieved in the European Lighthouse project “Web2Energy” by strictly use of the most
advanced IEC standards for communication and data management. Today the standards do
not cover the whole amount of information which is requested in the practice. The need for
further extension is considered.
The pilot applications are necessary
• to qualify the standardization work,
• to investigate new approaches and services including the relevant business models
• to recognize legal and regulatory barriers and demonstrate alternatives
In the context of “Smart Grids”, the interoperable data exchange over all levels from the
electricity socket up to the network control center is toady a reachable target.
9. References
[1] www.web2energy.com
[2] www.smartgrids.eu, SmartGrids Strategic Deployment document, Deployment Case 4.
[3] www.dlms.com
[4] www.figawa.de
[5] www.m-u-c.org
[6] www.knx.de
[7] www.bacnet.org
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