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U.S. Programs & Policy
Robert CraneSenior Advisor
National Coordination OfficeUnited States of America
1st GNSS Vulnerabilities and Solutions ConferenceBaska, Krk Island, Croatia
8 September, 2008
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• Wireless/mobile applications• Child/pet tracking• LE/Suspect tracking• Spacecraft control• Power grid management• Precision construction• Automatic snowplow guidance
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
New applications introduced every day
Approx. GPS coordinates: N25.123528,E55.122700
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…weather info…weather info
Space-Based Solutions for Disaster Management & Emergency Response
…plume modeling…plume modeling
…incident reports…incident reports …video/cam feeds…video/cam feeds
FEMA: Tracking logistics assets and commodity shipments
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Homeland Security Factors
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2003)
• Homeland Security Presidential Directive -- 7: Critical
Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and
Protection (2003)
• National Infrastructure Protection Plan (2006)
― 17 Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources
― +1 Critical Manufacturing (2008)
• U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing
Policy (2004)
• Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan (2007)
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GNSS – A Global UtilityEssential Component of Multiple Critical Infrastructures
• Which critical infrastructure & industry sectors use
GNSS signals and technology.
• For what purposes
• To what degree
― dependencies, interdependencies, and cascading effects
― common vulnerabilities and threat scenarios
― cross-sector measures to reduce or manage risk
― research & development needs
• Use is critical to safety-of-life and safe operations
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Assessing Risk
Risk = function (Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence)Risk = function (Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence)
Can Lead to Continuous Improvements to Enhance Protection
Risk: Expected magnitude of loss due to an attack, natural disaster, or other incident, along with the likelihood of such an event occurring and causing that loss.
Risk: Expected magnitude of loss due to an attack, natural disaster, or other incident, along with the likelihood of such an event occurring and causing that loss.
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Threats
• Interference
― Unintentional: Ionospheric, Radio Frequency; Solar Flares
― Intentional: jamming, spoofing, meaconing
• GPS Jammers a significant concern; localized, but
expected to grow
• Physical Threats: Satellites and Control Segments
Threat: measure of the likelihood that a specific type of attack will be initiated against a specific target.Threat: measure of the likelihood that a specific type of attack will be initiated against a specific target.
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Vulnerabilities• Future: Increase in use by critical infrastructure
• Power companies: Time and Frequency (T/F)
• Transportation: computer-based controls of aircraft, trains, vehicles
• Tracking: GIS, Logistics/Supply Chain Management, Mapping
• Remote transactions: banking/finance (wireless), time stamp/authentication
• Telecommunications: timing, navigation services
• GPS-reliant components in cell phones, personal electronics, networked computers systems
Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.
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Vulnerabilities(continued)
• U.S. has conducted several studies
• Use of GNSS applications in public and private sector
wide-spread …and growing
• Primary uses are safety-of-life (loss of navigation &
control systems) and T/F applications
• T/F is economic and new vulnerabilities evolve over time
• Coordinated effort between GNSS operators and private
sector
Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.
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Consequences
• Unintentional interference (detection, location,
mitigation)
• Jamming reduces capability, but not destructive across
infrastructure (temporary)
• Spoofing, includes meaconing, more concern (rare)
• Resource implications for solving problems
Consequence: magnitude of the negative effects if the system is damaged, destroyed, or disrupted by an attack, natural disaster, or other incident.
Consequence: magnitude of the negative effects if the system is damaged, destroyed, or disrupted by an attack, natural disaster, or other incident.
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Protective MeasuresDeter Threats – Mitigate Vulnerabilities – Minimize
Consequences• Mitigation and Use of Backup Systems― Near equal capability:
― Positioning/Navigation: VOR/DME, TACAN, ILS― Timing: Internet Time Service, Network Time Protocol,
atomic clocks, computer― Temporary fix (resourcefulness, ingenuity)― Work-around (manual)― T/F users have more options for back-ups
• Protection of the RNSS spectrum; international cooperation• Integrate into exercises and training• Require jam-resistance and/or consider anti-jam solutions
forfuture satellite vehicles
• Reporting/Coordinating: ― U.S. Air Force, GPS Operations Center (constellation)― Federal Aviation Administration, National Operations Center
(aviation)― U.S. Coast Guard, Navigation Center (civil interface)― Federal Communications Commission (enforcement)Protective actions: steps to mitigate the overall risk to the system or its interconnecting links. Protective actions: steps to mitigate the overall risk to the system or its interconnecting links.
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A Culture of Resiliency*
• Robustness: ability to keep operating or stay standing―Design systems strong enough to take a punch―Devise substitutable or redundant systems―Invest to withstand low-probability, but high-consequence
scenarios• Resourcefulness: skillfully managing event once it unfolds
―Identify and prioritize options; control impacts; communicate decisions
―Depends on people, not technology―Pre-plan resources for planners and responders
• Rapid Recovery: capacity to get things back to normal soonest―Contingency plans prepared and tested―Competent response operations―Put right people and resources to the right place (at the right time)
• New Lessons: document/draw from the experience―People must be willing to make pragmatic changes ―Improve robustness/resourcefulness/recovery capabilities
Resiliency: capacity of a system to maintain function during or to recover from an incident (NIPP).Resiliency: capacity of a system to maintain function during or to recover from an incident (NIPP).
*From an essay by Stephen E. Flynn, Council on Foreign Affairs, found at ForeignAffairs.org (March/April 2008)
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Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan
• Directed by U.S. Policy (2004).
• Developed by DHS; approved by President (2007)
• Establishes foundation for planning and actions
• Promotes coordination, cooperation and information exchange
• Oversight by a DHS executive committee and work group
• Main planning in U.S., but acknowledges international dependencies and potential for service disruptions, whether intentional or unintentional
• More information at pnt.gov
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GPS Improvements
• Launched 3 modernized satellites in past 12 months
– Largest GPS constellation size ever
– Retiring old satellites improves overall GPS accuracy
• New, modernized master control station
– Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness
– Added backup control station
• Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station
– 10 — 15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast
• Additional Civil Signals: Second (L2C), Third (L5), Fourth (L1)
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GPS III Update
• Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded in May
• Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control
Segment (OCX), awarded in November, 2007
• Future increments of GPS III will incorporate
additional capabilities to address vulnerabilities, e.g.
higher power, anti-jam features
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U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GNSS Technology
• No direct user fees for civil GPS services
– Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis
• Open, public signal structures for all civil services
– Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value - added services
– Encourages open, market - driven competition
• Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS
• Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide
• Protection of RNSS spectrum
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Keys to Global Success of GNSS
• Cooperation, interoperability and compatibility is a priority– Bilateral: Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Australia– Multilateral: ICAO, IMO, NATO, International Committee on GNSS– Protection of RNSS Spectrum
• Program stability and performance– Augmentations enable even higher performance– New civil signal available now– Many additional upgrades scheduled
• Encourage worldwide use of civil GNSS and augmentations
• Policy stability and transparency • Commercial entrepreneurship and investment• GNSS: essential component of multiple global critical
infrastructure sectors• Address vulnerabilities and improve protective
capabilities, performance and resistance to interference
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