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TATION pRSEN
AARHUS
UNIVERSITY
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
RENÉ LARSEN
WATER AND CLIMATE SECTION
DEPARTMENT OF AGROECOLOGY
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UNIVERSITY
1. Introduction
2. Definition of UAV
3. Regulations
4. Current state of the art
5. Applications
6. Future directions
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UNIVERSITY
DEFINITION OF UAV
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft
without a human pilot on board. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by
computers in the vehicle, or under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in
another vehicle
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that has the capability of
autonomous flight, without a pilot in control
The UAV is only the aircraft. The whole system is described by the term UAS –
Unmanned Aerial System
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UNIVERSITY
REGULATIONS
Danish Transport Authority
The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Isles.
The regulations relevant for UAV flying are
BL 9-4 (9 Jan 2004)
AIC B 22/12 (15 Aug 2012)
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DANISH REGULATIONS FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED AIRCRAFT
BL 9-4 Small model Large model
Total weight m < 7.0 kg 7.0 kg < m < 25.0 kg
Min distance from airport 5 km 5 km
Distance to built-up area 150 m 150 m
Distance to major public roads 150 m 150 m
Max altitude above terrain 100 m 100 m
Radio Control O R
Approved flying site and airspace O R
Third party liability insurance O R
Flight formed within approved org. O R
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R – Requirement O – Not Required
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UNIVERSITY
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AIC B 22/12 Category 1A Category 1B Category 2
Total weight m < 1.5 kg 1.5 < m < 7.0 kg m > 7 kg
Max Ex (Kinetic energy) 150 J 1000 J
Line of sight flight R R R
Flight zone defined R R R
Safety Zone R R R
Safety distance Enough > 50 m > 50 m
Max altitude above terrain 100 m 100 m 100 m
Flight Map R R R
Min distance from airport < 5 km, with D < 5 km, with D < 5 km, with D
Night flight D D D
Flight in built-up areas A A N
Skilled pilot R R R
Manual take over R R R
Auto safety system for auto pilot O R R
Log book R R R
Validity of disp. 2 years 2 years 1 year
Documentation of pilot training O O R
DANISH REGULATIONS FOR UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)
R – Requirement D – With Dispensation A – allowed N – Not allowed O – Not Required
AARHUS
UNIVERSITY
There are numerous types and sizes of UAVs. This presentation will focus on UAVs
that be carried by a person. Furthermore the aircrafts described will be of the two
types:
Fixed-wing aircraft
Rotary-wing aircraft
FOCUS OF THIS PRESENTATION
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UNIVERSITY
CURRENT STATE OF THE ART
› Airframes
› Autopilot
› Mission tasking
› Sensors
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UNIVERSITY
FIXED-WING
› Payload › About 20% of Take-off weight
› Advantages
› Less vibrations, more gentle flight, less noise
› Range 1-2 hours
› Less complicated construction
› Disadvantages
› More sensible to wind
› No hover option
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AARHUS
UNIVERSITY
ROTARY-WING
› Payload (within 7kg Take-off Weight) › More than 50% of TOW
› Advantages
› Hovering
› More advanced flight patterns
› Less sensible to wind
› Disadvantages
› More vibrations, less gentle flight, more noisy
› Range 0.25-0.5 hours
› More complicated construction
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AUTOPILOT
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The autopilot enables autonomous flight
without interference from a pilot. However,
for safety reasons the operator must be
able to take over manual control
The autopilot contains sensors that provide
information about the state of the aircraft:
GPS, Accelerometer, Gyroscope and
Compass
Provides flight modes that makes the aircraft
easier and safer to fly
Sensor logging for post-flight analysis,
Camera trigger, gimbal stabilisation,
failsafe mode etc.
AARHUS
UNIVERSITY
UAV CONTROL ELEMENTS
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UNIVERSITY
SENSORS
The possibilities are numerous. Some examples are:
› Imaging device: › Standard box camera – sometimes modified to capture NIR
› Multi spectral camera
› Thermal Imaging camera
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UNIVERSITY
SENSORS
More examples:
› LIDAR
› Radar
› Pollen sensor
› Temperature
› Wind speed
› Animal tags
› etc
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UNIVERSITY
APPLICATIONS
› Aerial photography and video › Resource Mapping
› Terrain Modelling
› Crop Status
› Wildlife Inventories – birds, whales etc.
› Archaeology
› Search and Rescue
› Virtual Tourism
› 3D point sampling › Air quality
› Pollen
› Fungal spores
› Wind speed
› Temperature
› Data ferries › Animal collars
› Remote measurement stations
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UNIVERSITY
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UNIVERSITY
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
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› Smaller, Faster, More …
› Nano drones
› Swarming: Fascinating but also a bit scary …
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