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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE COOLING COIL EFFECT IN
HYDRONIC RADIANT COOLING SYSTEM FOR AIR
HANDLING UNIT (AHU) PURPOSES
This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology
(Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System) with Honours
by
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN ROSSLI
B071310394
911019-14-6593
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2016
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE COOLING COIL EFFECT IN HYDRONIC RADIANT COOLING SYSTEM FOR AIR HANDLING UNIT PURPOSES SESI PENGAJIAN: 2015/16 Semester 1 Saya MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN ROSSLI mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
TERHAD
SULIT
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Alamat Tetap:
No 6, Jalan 16/3C
Taman Cheras Jaya, Batu 9 Cheras
43200 , Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Tarikh: ________________________
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi: Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled
“Investigation of Multiple Cooling Coil Effect in Hydronic Radiant Cooling
System for Air Handling Unit (AHU) purposes”
is the results of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature : …………………………………………..
Author’s Name: MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN ROSSLI
Date : 9 DECEMBER 2016
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Technology
(Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Systems) (Hons.). The member of the
supervisory is as follow:
………………………………
(Mr. Amir Abdullah Bin Muhamad Damanhuri)
i
ABSTRAK
Unit pengendalian udara adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengawal dan
mengedarkan udara sebagai sebahagian daripada sistem “Heating, Ventilating and
Air Conditioning (HVAC)”. Komponen utama dalam unit pengendalian udara adalah
kipas, elemen penyejukan dan pemanasan, alat pelembab, rak penapis, pengurang
bunyi dan peredam. Sistem ini kebiasaannya disambungkan ke salur udara yang
membekalkan udara dingin pada bangunan. Sumber penyejukan di unit pengendalian
udara dihasilkan oleh sistem penyejuk yang menggunakan air dan bahan pendingin
sebagai media pengangkutan. Penggunaan bahan pendingin mempunyai kesan yang
ketara kepada alam sekitar dan lapisan ozon. Tambahan pula, pemampat
menggunakan banyak tenaga elektrik untuk memampatkan bahan pendingin ke
dalam sistem. “Hydronic Cooling Radiant (HRC)” adalah salah satu sistem alternatif
yang menghasilkan air sejuk sebagai media pengangkutan. Sistem ini telah
digunakan di negara-negara barat. Di samping itu, sistem ini juga boleh membantu
mengurangkan penggunaan elektrik kerana ia hanya menggunakan pam untuk
membekalkan air sejuk. Di unit pengendalian udara, kipas menggunakan hampir
40% daripada jumlah tenaga elektrik di dalam sistem. Oleh itu, pemilihan kipas perlu
dipertimbangkan di dalam kajian semasa. Pembelajaran ini hanya memberikan
tumpuan kepada prestasi unit pengendalian udara dan menerangkan kebarangkalian
menggunakan sistem HRC di Malaysia. Data yang diperolehi akan diperhatikan dan
dianalisis untuk mengukur prestasi dengan membandingkan parameter yang memberi
kesan pada sistem unit pengendalian udara. Suhu dan kelembapan untuk mencapai
keselesaan di Malaysia adalah di antara 23°C hingga 26°C dan 30% kepada 60%.
Rekabentuk, fabrikasi dan eksperimen projek telah dibentangkan.
ii
ABSTRACT
The Air Handling Unit system is a device used to control and circulate air as part of
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning system (HVAC).The major components in
Air Handling unit are fan, cooling and heating element, humidifier, filter racks,
sound attenuator and damper. The system usually connect to a ductwork that supply
the conditioned air through the building. The cooling sources in Air Handling Unit
are delivered by a chiller that use water and refrigerant as medium transport. The use
of refrigerant had a significant impact on environment and ozone layer. Furthermore,
compressor use a lot of electricity to compress a refrigerant into the system.
Hydronic Radiant Cooling is an alternative system that produce cold water as a
medium transport. The system has been used in western countries. In addition, the
system also can help to reduce electrical consumption because it only use pump to
supply cold water. In Air Handling Unit, fan use almost 40% of total electricity in the
system. So that, the selection of fan must be considered .This current study focus on
the performances of Air Handling Unit and describes the possibility of using
Hydronic Radiant Cooling in Malaysia. The data obtained were observed and
analysed to measure the performance by comparing the effective parameter in Air
Handling Unit. The temperature and relative humidity for thermal comfort to be
achieve in Malaysia are between 23°C to 26°C and 30% to 60%. Design, fabrication
and experimental of the project are presented.
iii
DEDICATION
To my beloved parents, Rossli Bin Yusoff and Saodah Binti OthmanI acknowledge
my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to them for their love, dream and sacrifice
throughout my life. I am really thankful for their sacrifice, patience, and
understanding that were inevitable to make this work is possible. Their sacrifice had
inspired me from the day I learned how to read and write until what I have done now.
I cannot find the appropriate words that could properly describe my appreciation for
their devotion, support and faith in my ability to achieve my dreams comes true
Lastly, I would like to send my gratitude to any person that contributes to my final
year project whether it is directly or indirectly. I would like to acknowledge their
comments and suggestions, which are crucial for the successful completion of this
current studies.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank my faculty members who were more than generous with their
expertise and precious time. A special thanks to Mr Amir Abdullah Bin Muhamad
Damanhuri, my supervisor for his countless hours of reflecting, reading,
encouraging, teaching and most of all patience throughout the entire process. Thank
you to my bachelor degree project teammates, Muhammad Ridzuan Bin Pawanteh
for completing the project together. I would like to acknowledge and thank to my
university faculty and library for allowing me to conduct my project and providing
amy assistance requested. Special thanks goes to the members of staff from the
Factory 2 in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for their continued
support. Finally, I would like to thank my academic advisor, Mr Mohd Harris
Fadhilah Bin Zainudin for always assisted me to complete this current project. Their
excitement and willingness to provide feedback made the completion of this project
an enjoyable experiences.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective 4
1.4 Scope of Work 4
1.5 Thesis Outline 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Central Air Conditioning Cycle 6
2.1.1 Air Conditioning and Global energy demand 7
2.2 Air Handling Unit 9
2.2.1 Air Handling Unit Performances 10
2.2.2 Energy Consumption 11
2.3 Fan 12
2.3.1 Fan Selection 12
2.4 Cooling Coil 13
2.4.1 Coil placement inside the Air Handling Unit 14
2.5 Hydronic Radiant Cooling System 14
2.5.1 Hydronic Radiant Cooling System definition 15
2.5.2 History of Hydronic Radiant Cooling System 15
vi
2.5.3 Types of Hydronic Radiant Cooling System 16
2.5.4 Limitation 17
2.5.5 Energy Consumption of Hydronic Radiant Cooling System 17
2.5.6 Comparison between Hydronic Radiant Cooling and Air- 18
Conditioning System
2.6 Silica Gel 18
2.6.1 Absorbing and Removing Moisture 19
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow chart 21
3.2 Design and preparation of prototype 22
3.3 Fabrication Process 23
3.3.1 Selection of Component and Material 23
3.3.2 Selection of Equipment 32
3.3.3 Procedures 33
3.4 Experimental Process 41
3.4.1 First experiment (Water temperature) 41
3.4.2 Second experiment (Effect of distance on temperature output 42
with single coil)
3.4.3 Third experiment (Effect of number of row cooling coil on the 43
temperature output)
3.4.4 Experimental Equipment 44
3.4.5 Experimental Procedure 46
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result 49
4.1.1 Experiment 1: Effect of amount sodium chloride to water 50
Temperature
4.1.2 Experiment 2: Effect of Distance of Cooling Coil on temperature 53
Output
4.1.3 Experiment 3: Effect of Number Cooling Coil on temperature 59
Output
vii
4.2 Coefficient of Performances (COP) 64
4.3 Efficiency of the system 68
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of the Project 70
5.2 Achievement of Project Objective 71
5.3 Future Development 72
REFERENCES 73
APPENDICES 76
viii
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Typical coil air pressure drop 13
3.1 List of Equipment functions 32
3.2 Amount of Sodium Chloride 41
3.3 Experimental Procedure Process 46
4.1 Effect of amount ice cube to water temperature 50
4.2 Effect of amount Sodium Chloride (NaC1) to water temperature 52
4.3 List of data for single cooling coil with lower fan speed 53
4.4 List of data for single cooling coil with medium fan speed 54
4.5 List of data for single cooling coil with maximum fan speed 54
4.6 List of data for double cooling coil with maximum fan speed 59
4.7 List of data for triple cooling coil with maximum fan speed 60
4.8 Result of COP and Efficiency for difference number of cooling coil 69
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Central system cycle 7
2.2 Energy usage of equipment in HVAC system 8
2.3 Air Handling Unit Flow 10
3.1 Flow Chart 21
3.2 Schematic diagram of complete system 22
3.3 Acrylic Sheet 23
3.4 Axial AC fan 24
3.5 Proton Waja Cooling Coil 24
3.6 Copper tube 25
3.7 AC water pump 25
3.8 Silica Gel 26
3.9 Insulator 26
3.10 Hollow Metal Bar 27
3.11 Zinc sheet 27
3.12 PVC Pipe 28
3.13 L bracket 28
3.14 Threaded Metal Bar 29
3.15 Plastic container box 29
3.16 Screw and Nut 30
3.17 Plywood 30
3.18 Fan Regulator 31
3.19 Electrical box 31
3.20 Schematic diagram of 3 cases (Effect of Distance on temperature output) 42
3.21 Schematic diagram of 2 cases (Effect of number of row cooling coil on 43
the temperature output)
3.22 Thermometer Fluke 44
3.23 RH data logger 45
3.24 Anemometer 45
x
4.1 Graph of water temperature vs amount of ice cube 51
4.2 Graph of water temperature vs amount of sodium chloride 52
4.3 Graph of temperature outlet vs distance cooling coil from fan 55
4.4 Graph of relative humidity vs distance cooling coil from fan 56
4.5 Graph of air flowrate vs distance cooling coil from fan 57
4.6 Graph of air velocity vs distance cooling coil from fan 57
4.7 Graph of water temperature vs distance cooling coil from fan 58
4.8 Graph of effect of number cooling coil on air temperature 60
4.9 Graph of effect of number cooling coil on relative humidity 61
4.10 Graph of effect of number cooling coil on air flowrate 62
4.11 Graph of effect of number cooling coil on air velocity 62
4.12 Graph of number cooling coil on water outlet temperature 63
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
A Ampere/Area
AC Alternate Current
AHU Air Handling Unit
C Celsius
Cfm Cubic feet per minute
COP Coefficient of Performances
Cp Specific Heat
F Fahrenheit
Ft Feet
Fpm Feet per minute
HRC Hydronic Radiant Cooling
h Height
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Hz Hertz
Inch Inches
Kg Kilogram
Kw Kilowatt
L Litre
l Length
m Meter
ṁ Mass flow rate
NaC1 Sodium Chloride
PVC Polivinyl Chloride
RH Relative Humidity
Rpm Rotation per minute
USB Universal Serius Bus
Q Heat
TR Temperature
xii
V Voltage/Velocity
W Width
ɳ Efficiency
ρ Density
≤ Less than or equal to
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The current chapter introduces the most important subtitles related to the
project. However, the subtitles are the plan and the basic topics, which include
background of the study, problem statement, objectives, scope of the project and
thesis outline.
1.1 Background of the study
Air-conditioning is the process of treating the temperature, relative humidity,
provide clean air and distribute it into the building space. In thousand years ago,
several ancient architectural already studies cooling technique for controlling
building temperature to local climate such as thermal conductivity of material, high
room ceilings and shading. The first modern air-conditioning system was created in
1902 by a 25 years old engineer named Willis Carrier. Nowadays, conventional air
conditioning become an important device. It’s mainly used in building over the world
such as for residential, industrial and commercial. The main purpose of air-
conditioning system is to provide thermal comfort and improving indoor air quality
(IAQ) for occupants. The application of air conditioning in daily live allows people
to feel comfortable especially in Malaysia that is known as a hot and humid climate
condition. By lowering the occupied zone temperature, vapour compression cycle are
commonly used in air conditioning system to achieve thermal comfort for human use
(Regnier, 2012).
2
In recent years, a system that provide more comfortable thermal environment
than conventional all-air system has been created. The system is designed to reduce
energy consumption in the line with current modern technology. An alternative
system is called Hydronic Radiant Cooling (HRC) which is using water as the
transport medium(Colorado, 2010). It is becomes one of the significant solutions
since it is able to reduce amount of air distribute in the buildings. HRC is normally
install in ceiling, wall and building floor. Unlike the conventional air conditioning
system, HRC does not use a vapour compression cycle that consume 40% of the total
electrical consumption in the world (Westphalen, Koszalinski, & Little, 1999). Cold
water are used to replace refrigerant gas as a cooling medium that is unlimited
source, cheapest and also environmental friendly. The natural cooling provided by
HRC is more acceptable range for thermal comfort.
In this current study, an Air Handling Unit (AHU) which are used in air-
conditioning system will be design, fabricate in prototype and tested the application
for cooling in Malaysia. HRC are connected to cooling coil to supply cold water as a
cooling sources. Fan are required in AHU which performs the function of force and
recycling the air present in the building space. The second important components of
an AHU are the cooling elements which are used to allow cold water flow into the
air-conditioning systems. The distance between fan and cooling coil, number of row,
and oriental of the design must be considered because it will affect the AHU
performances (A. P. Guide et al 1998). Selection of material for AHU casing are also
are important parts to prevent heat loss and the types of insulation are selected. Drain
pan are attached below the cooling coil to catches the condensate that drips off at the
outside of the coil as the warm moist air passes over the coil. The cold water in the
coil cooled the air and causing the moisture to condense on the outside of the coil.
In fact, the characteristics of the plastic container are to keep store heat
because it will minimize heat transfer due to conduction and radiation process. So
that, it will be selected to ensure the ice cubing in HRC system is durable. In order to
lowering the temperature as needed , salt is added to the cold water and it will cause
a temperature drop that slows the melting rate and increases the freezing rate. Pump
are used to force the cold water into the cooling coil. The data that will be taken in
3
consideration are output temperature and also relative humidity for controlling the
humidity of the conditioned space. In order to control the humidity and dry bulb
temperature, silica gel material is placed after cooling coil where the air inlet is
supplied. Therefore, the experimental work will be carried out to confirm the
suitability of this application in Malaysia.
1.2 Problem Statement
Hot climate in Malaysia led many building use air conditioning for comfort.
The total energy consumption increase and cause a large impact on economy. Most
of the existing air-conditioning in the market using vapour compression cycle
compared to absorption cycle. Compressor is one of the basic components in the
vapor compression cycle and it is assigned to compress the refrigerant into the
system. It requires a high energy consumption to operate. It also generates noise and
vibrations in the system that requires maintenance and this increase the annual cost.
Vapor compression cycle use a refrigerants as a medium transportation which
absorb and remove heat from a space to be cooled. These can be less environmental
friendly as they require refrigerants for emission. This current study is looking for an
alternative source of cooling associate with AHU with less energy consumption to be
assigned which focusing on Hydronic Radiant Cooling system associated with AHU
is the challenge.
4
1.3 Objective
In this current project, some targets has been select to focus on the studied.
Therefore, the main objective of the current project are:
a) To study the possibilities of using Hydronic Radiant Cooling (HRC) as an
alternative cooling system for Malaysia climate
b) To develop a prototype of Air Handling Unit to apply Hydronic Radiant Cooling
in achieving desired temperature
c) To compare multiple row of cooling coil in demonstrate temperature and relative
humidity data by applying silica gel.
1.4 Scope of Work
Commercial businesses play a role at reducing costs and energy
consumption through a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).This
study focus on enhancement the performances of Hydronic Radiant Cooling system
in hydronic tank that has been develop. The scope of this current study is the part in
AHU that includes multiple row of cooling coil and the distance between fan and
cooling coils. In addition, cold water supply in container box is also will be
considered. The working process only considered at enclosed place to maintain its
surrounding temperature.
5
1.5 Thesis Outline
This report has been divided into five chapters. The chapter includes are
introduction, literature review, methodology, results and analysis, conclusion and
recommendation. Chapter 1 contains background of the study, problem statement,
objective, and scope of work. Chapter 2 written about the previous studies and
research related to this project. Chapter 3 presents the Methodology of this project
which include the materials used, equipment’s, fabrication, and procedures. In
Chapter 4, indicates all results and discussion with analysis of the project. The result
of the project has been discussed in detail within this chapter. Lastly, in chapter 5
shows the explanations about the conclusion and recommendations for future works
is presented.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Present literature review is summarized to survey topics that have more
relevant to current study. The most important subtopics summarized for current
Literature review are background, Air Handling Unit, fans, cooling coils, Hydronic
radiant cooling system, acrylic and silica gel.
Therefore the background for current project is carried out and summarized to
understand the basic idea of air conditioning system. Central air conditioning cycle is
the attractive example which used in wide space. Air Conditioning and Global
energy demand is considered as well.
2.1. Central Air Conditioning Cycle
Central air conditioning cycle is an air conditioning system. However, it uses
a series of equipment’s to distribute cooling media to exchange heat and supply
conditioned air from one point to more than one rooms. Normally water is used as
the cooling media for larger buildings. Central air conditioning cycle is a process of
removing heat content from multiple sources in the building through a series of heat
exchange equipment which ultimately remove the heat to outdoor atmosphere. Once
the air is being cooled, the AHU must distribute it throughout the building. AHU
supplies the cooled and dehumidified air to the conditioned space and returns it back
into the facility .Cooling towers are heat rejection devices used to transfer process
waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air
7
temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air
temperature (Christiansen, 2007). The arrangement of Central system cycle is shown
in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Central system cycle
2.1.1 Air Conditioning and Global energy demand
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) consumes almost
31% of the total electricity compared with lighting and other applications that
use electricity as a main source(Kusiak & Li, 2010). HVAC is widely used in
building with hot and humid climate conditions like Malaysia. Many air
conditioned spaces in largest building such as, hotel, office and shopping mall
have lower temperature setting to compensate for inadequate air distribution
in some areas (Yap et al., 2011). Figure 2.2 illustrates energy usage of
equipment in HVAC system.
8
Figure 2.2: Energy usage of equipment in HVAC system
Using supply and return fans consume huge amount of energy
compared to the other applications, because it used in almost 100% of
system types as defined in (Westphalen et al., 1999) and as reported that.
Normally, air distribution design resulting considerable pressure drop for
filtration, cooling and heating coils, terminal boxes, and diffusers, and many
of these fans operate at 100% power during all building operating hours
Improvements in equipment efficiency can help to reduce in building
operating costs. Energy conservation in buildings is important because
HVAC system is one of the primary energy users in buildings. Efficiency of
AHU and air distribution systems can save amounts of energy, reduce
operating costs and comply with widely used energy standards (ASHRAE
Standard 90.1 2004) and building codes. The electricity sector involves the
generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
makes up the most of the greenhouse gas emissions from the sector, but
smaller amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also emitted.
These gases are released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal,
oil, and natural gas, to produce electricity. Buildings produce to about 30% of
the total greenhouse gases emissions, and the proportion has been increasing
to the level of the developed counties (Yun et al., 2014) .
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