Unit 7 grammar notes

Unit 7 Grammar

NotesPages 108-109

1.Speakers use indefinite (non-

specific or generic) nouns when they do not have a particular

person, place or thing in mind.

Use the indefinite article a/an with indefinite singular count nouns.

1. For example:

He wants to buy a statue. She wants to be an

anthropologist.He got a new car.

I’m going to take a psychology course.

She is going to ask for a raise.I’m writing a story.

2.

A noun is often indefinite the first time a speaker mentions it.

It is usually definite after the first mention.

2. For example:

I heard of an interesting mystery. The mystery is about Easter Island.

She’s going to ask for a raise. It will be the first raise she has had since she started

working here.

I’m writing a story. It’s the story I was telling you in class last week.

2.

NOTE: a is used before a consonant sound and an

is used before a vowel sound:a banana, an applea hat, an umbrella

a train, an airplanea hot summer, an icy winter

2.

BUT this rule applies to sounds and not letters!

a useful tool

a used car

(The letter is the vowel “u,” but the sound is /y/.)

3.

Use zero article (no article) with indefinite plural count nouns, indefinite non-count

nouns, names of people, names of most countries, and

habitual locations.

3. For example:

Kind of Noun Example

Indefinite plural count noun

The island used to have tall trees.

Indefinite non-count noun

Platinum and gold are valuable minerals.

Name of a person Mr. Flenly is a botanist.

Name of a country

Many statues have been found in Egypt.

Habitual locations People spend most of their time at work, at school, or at home.

3. For example:

Kind of Noun Example

Indefinite plural count noun

June is the season for peaches and cherries.

Indefinite non-count noun

Rice is the basis of the diet in many Asian countries.

Name of a person The governor of California is Jerry Brown.

Name of a country

My classmate is from China.

Habitual locations She is usually in church on Sunday.

4.

A noun is generic when it represents all members of a class or category of persons,

places or things—generic nouns talk about things in

general.

4. For example:

3 ways to use nouns generically are:

Example

Indefinite article + singular count noun

A computer is a machine that does calculations and processes information.

Zero article + plural count noun

Computers are machines that do calculations and process information.

Zero article + non-count noun

Computers are machines that do calculations and process information.Water is essential for survival.

4. For example:

3 ways to use nouns generically are:

Example

Indefinite article + singular count noun

Drunken driving can easily cause an accident.

Zero article + plural count noun

Drunken driving can easily cause accidents.

Zero article + non-count noun

Drunken driving can easily cause accidents.

4.

NOTE: You can also make a generic statement with

definite article + adjective + plural verb:

4. For example:

The rich are fortunate.

They need to help the poor, who are not so fortunate.

4. =

Rich people are fortunate.

They need to help poor people, who are not so fortunate.

5.

A noun is definite when the speaker and the listener know which particular person, place or thing is being talked about.

5.

The speaker may have a picture in his or her mind of the thing she or he is talking about, or the speaker may be

thinking about the name of the thing.

5.

Use the definite article, the, with non-count and singular and plural count nouns that are definite for you and your

listener.

5. For example:

Non-count noun:

The food we had for lunch was terrible.

(Which food? The food that we had for lunch. I can see and taste it in my

mind.)

5. For example:

Singular count noun:

The island used to be covered by forests.

(Which island? The island we were just reading about, Easter Island.)

5. For example:

Plural count noun:

The statues were made by tribal chiefs.

(Which statues? The statues on Easter Island, the ones we have been reading

about.

5.

NOTE: A noun or noun phrase is normally definite if you can ask a

which question about it.

Nouns of this type are often followed by a phrase with of.

5. For example:

The population of Easter Island has declined a great deal.

The population of which island has declined a great deal?

6.

Use the definite article with nouns that describe something unique.

(That means that there is only one of the thing you are talking

about.)

6. For example:

The sun gives us light and heat.

The earth is becoming warmer.

Jerry Brown is the governor of California.

6.

An adjective can often make a noun represent

something unique.

6. For example:

Adjective

first Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.

last He always sits in the last row.

only Number 51 is the only bus that stops near my house.

right I didn’t know the right answer to the last question on the test.

wrong We took the wrong turn and got lost.

superlatives

My grandmother is the oldest person in our family.This is the best book that I have ever read.China is the country with the largest population in the world.The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird.

6. NOTE: Your textbook

includes comparatives here, but the teacher thinks the

book is wrong.A comparative more often takes the indefinite article.

6. For example:

This is a more difficult class than the grammar I took

last semester.

This dress is too big. Do you have it in a smaller size?

7.You can use the definite article generically to talk about inventions, musical instruments, living things,

and parts of the body.

7. For example:

inventions

The wheel was invented thousands of years ago.The computer has completely changed our lives.

musical instruments

The harpsichord was a keyboard instrument similar to the piano.The pipa is a traditional Chinese instrument.

living things

The blue whale is the largest animal in the world.The dog is descended from the wolf.

parts of the body

Cancer of the stomach often is not discovered until it is far advanced.Sugar is bad for the teeth.