Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning)

UNIT 6: LEARNING (CONDITIONING)

I. PavlovJohn Watson

Classical Conditionin

B.F. SkinnerA. Bandura

Operant Conditionin

Observational

Learning

dog drool & bellBaby Albert

pigeon reward &

punishment

BoBo Dolllearning by watching

UNIT 6 OVERVIEWWhat is Learning?

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

HOW DO WE LEARN?

INTRODUCTION

Learningrelatively permanent behavior

change due to experience

“Learning breeds hope.”something learned

should have staying power

know learning occurred b/c

behavior changed

results from direct or indirect

experience

OBJECTIVE 1: WHAT ARE SOME BASIC FORMS OF

LEARNING?

Learn by association-learn to anticipate events / predict the immediate future

(associative learning)

HABITSHabits form when we repeat

behaviors in a given context.As behavior is associated with the

context, our next experience automatically triggers the behaviorsmoking

animals?

TWO MAIN FORMS OF LEARNING

Classical conditioninglearn to link 2+ stimuli

& anticipated eventsIvan Pavlov (1849-1936)

John B. Watson (1913)

Operant Conditioninglearn to associate a response

(our behavior ) with its consequence

repeat rewarded behavior

stimulus –

anything that

brings about a

response

Ivan PavlovBackgroundExperimental

procedure

OBJECTIVE 2: HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING DEMONSTRATE ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS

Parts of Classical ConditioningUnconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned response (UR)Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned response (CR)

Pavlov’s Experiments

OBJECTIVE 3: ACQUISITION, EXTINCTION, SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY, GENERALIZATION & DISCRIMINATION

AcquisitionThe initial stage of

association between NS & US

NS presented ½ -1 sec BEFORE CS

PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSEXTINCTION AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Extinction The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS

Spontaneous recovery Only happens after extinction has occurred

PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSGENERALIZATIONGeneralization stimuli similar to CS

elicit same response happens quite

automatically adaptive

PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSDISCRIMINATION

Discrimination learned ability to distinguish between CS and other

irrelevant stimuli results from overtraining

CS= CR=UR=NS=

The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.

Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next

time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear

You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

CS= CR=

UR=NS=

The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.

mouth water

taste of cookies

smell of cookies

unlearnedunconditionednatural

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE

Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight

CS= CR=

UR=NS=

Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next

time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear

cringe

Needle stabbingThis won’t

hurt a bit

This won’t hurt a bit

CS= CR=

UR=NS=

You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

nauseous

Bad foodsign+

In classical conditioning, the _________ signals the impending occurrence of the ______.

a. US UR b. UR CRc. CS USd. CR URe. NS NR

food / drooldrool / droolbell / fooddrool / droolno NR = eliminate

CS= CR=UR=NS=

EXTENDING PAVLOV’S UNDERSTANDINGOBJECTIVE 5: (P. 223)DO COGNITION AND BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECT CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive

process requiring thought to occur Martin Seligman

Learned Helplessness John Garcia

Biological constraints Biologically prepared to learn certain

responses that help us adapt

color red

taste aversion

secondary disgust

PAVLOV’S LEGACYAPPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

John Watson and Baby Albert

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

Little Albert

PAVLOV’S LEGACYWHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT DOGS DROOLING?

Classical conditioning applies to other organisms

Showed how to study a topic scientifically

Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning)

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