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Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning). John Watson. I. Pavlov. Classical Conditioning. A. Bandura. B.F. Skinner. Observational Learning. Operant Conditioning. dog drool & bell. Baby Albert. pigeon reward & punishment. BoBo Doll learning by watching. Unit 6 Overview. What is Learning? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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UNIT 6: LEARNING (CONDITIONING)
I. PavlovJohn Watson
Classical Conditionin
g
B.F. SkinnerA. Bandura
Operant Conditionin
g
Observational
Learning
dog drool & bellBaby Albert
pigeon reward &
punishment
BoBo Dolllearning by watching
UNIT 6 OVERVIEWWhat is Learning?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning by Observation
HOW DO WE LEARN?
INTRODUCTION
Learningrelatively permanent behavior
change due to experience
“Learning breeds hope.”something learned
should have staying power
know learning occurred b/c
behavior changed
results from direct or indirect
experience
OBJECTIVE 1: WHAT ARE SOME BASIC FORMS OF
LEARNING?
Learn by association-learn to anticipate events / predict the immediate future
(associative learning)
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
HABITSHabits form when we repeat
behaviors in a given context.As behavior is associated with the
context, our next experience automatically triggers the behaviorsmoking
animals?
TWO MAIN FORMS OF LEARNING
Classical conditioninglearn to link 2+ stimuli
& anticipated eventsIvan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John B. Watson (1913)
Operant Conditioninglearn to associate a response
(our behavior ) with its consequence
repeat rewarded behavior
stimulus –
anything that
brings about a
response
Ivan PavlovBackgroundExperimental
procedure
OBJECTIVE 2: HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING DEMONSTRATE ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
Parts of Classical ConditioningUnconditioned stimulus (US)Unconditioned response (UR)Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned response (CR)
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
NS
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
OBJECTIVE 3: ACQUISITION, EXTINCTION, SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY, GENERALIZATION & DISCRIMINATION
AcquisitionThe initial stage of
association between NS & US
NS presented ½ -1 sec BEFORE CS
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSEXTINCTION AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Extinction The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS
Spontaneous recovery Only happens after extinction has occurred
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSGENERALIZATIONGeneralization stimuli similar to CS
elicit same response happens quite
automatically adaptive
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTSDISCRIMINATION
Discrimination learned ability to distinguish between CS and other
irrelevant stimuli results from overtraining
US=
CS= CR=UR=NS=
The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.
Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next
time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.
US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water.
mouth water
mouth water
taste of cookies
smell of cookies
+
smell of cookies
unlearnedunconditionednatural
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next
time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear
cringe
cringe
Needle stabbingThis won’t
hurt a bit
+
This won’t hurt a bit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
US=
CS= CR=
UR=NS=
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.
nauseous
nauseous
Bad foodsign+
sign
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE
Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDMConditioning Dwight
In classical conditioning, the _________ signals the impending occurrence of the ______.
a. US UR b. UR CRc. CS USd. CR URe. NS NR
food / drooldrool / droolbell / fooddrool / droolno NR = eliminate
CSUS
US=
CS= CR=UR=NS=
EXTENDING PAVLOV’S UNDERSTANDINGOBJECTIVE 5: (P. 223)DO COGNITION AND BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECT CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive
process requiring thought to occur Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness John Garcia
Biological constraints Biologically prepared to learn certain
responses that help us adapt
color red
taste aversion
secondary disgust
PAVLOV’S LEGACYAPPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
John Watson and Baby Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE
Little Albert
PAVLOV’S LEGACYWHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT DOGS DROOLING?
Classical conditioning applies to other organisms
Showed how to study a topic scientifically
