Unit 6: Learning Associative learning: learning that two events are linked together. Both classical...

Unit 6: Learning

Associative learning: learning that two events are linked together. Both classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning.

How do we learn?

Most learning is associative learning Learning that certain events occur together.

Unit 5: Learning

It’s a matter of instinct, a matter of conditioning,

a matter of fact. You can call me Pavlov’s dog.

Ring a bell and I’ll salivate,How’d you like that?”

“Brian Wilson” by the Barenaked Ladies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ch84fmOa414

Topic: Classical Conditioning

Ivan PAVLOV

discovered classical conditioning

conducted the famous salivating dog experiment

ring my bell

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Dog in Pavlov’s Apparatus (clip)(clip)

Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

tuning fork / bell

sight of food

salivation

tuning fork / bell

salivation

Grayson Couch

True story: Every time I go near the area where Grayson’s treats are kept, Grayson comes and sits, waiting for a treat.NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

table

treats

come and sit

table

come and sit

jaws

Bobby watched the movie JAWS when he was 4-years-old. Now, every time he hears the song, “da-duh, dah-duh, da-duh…) he gets anxious.

NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

“da-duh”

scary movie

fear / anxiety

“da-duh”

fear / anxiety

Pavlov's Dog in the Office

Pavlov’s Dog – the Office

NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

“computer sound”

offer of mint

put hand out

“computer sound”

put hand out

Lemonade Activity*

More Classical Conditioning Terminology

extinction when a CR no longer follows a CS

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

“da-duh”

fear / anxiety

Remember the example of a person fearing the Jaws song?

More Classical Conditioning Terminology

spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

“da-duh”

fear / anxiety

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

“da-duh”

fear / anxiety

Time Passes

More Classical Conditioning Terminology

generalization similar stimuli elicit similar responses

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

tuning fork

salivation

Remember Pavlov’s dog example?

Now the dog salivates whenever he hears bells, alarm clocks, or music. The dog has GENERALIZED.

More Classical Conditioning Terminology

discriminationlearned ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

tuning fork

salivation

Remember Pavlov’s dog example?

The dog only salivates when he hears that particular tuning fork; never when he hears bells, alarm clocks, or music. The dog has DISCRIMINATED.

More Classical Conditioning Terminology

extinction

spontaneous recovery

generalization

discrimination

when a CR no longer follows a CS

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period

similar stimuli elicit similar responses

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli

Can I Get A Volunteer to Be Conditioned?*

“Water in the Face Demo”

NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

The word “CAN”

Spray

Wincing at spray

The word “CAN”

Wincing at “CAN”

John WATSON

founder of Behaviorism

conducted the famous & controversial “Little Albert” experiment

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Little Albert Video

Watson’s Baby Albert Experiment

NS (neutral stimulus):

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

UCR (unconditioned response)

CS (conditioned stimulus)

CR (conditioned response)

furry things

loud noise

startled

furry things

startled

John GARCIAkey name

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Discovered idea of Taste Aversion

Taste aversion later became known as the “Garcia Effect”

Garcia’s Taste Aversion Studies Set up experiment with rats.

Exposed them to sights, sounds, and tastes (CS) and later also gave them radiation or drugs that led to nausea and vomiting (UCR).

Even if sickened hours later, rats avoided the particular flavor of water but did NOT develop aversions to the sights or sounds.

Importance of Taste Aversion Studies

1.) Violated behaviorists principle that any stimulus could serve as a CS.

2.) Shows that nature prepares the members of each species to learn those things crucial to their survival.

3.) Are exceptions to classical conditioning rules: UCS does not always have to follow CS immediately.