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A history of LinuxA history of Linux

The history of Linux is one of the most well-known histories within the world of free software.

In 1991, a Finish student - Linux Torvalds

At that time, there was a kernel in the operating system called Minix, designed for academic purposes and for use in university courses on operating systems; this is still used today.

Andrew Tanenbaum, one of the most prestigious professors at the university, was the leader of the team working on the development of Minix, based on traditional Unix systems

A history of LinuxA history of Linux

MinixMinix

Minix had a free distribution license and could be used for academic purposes, but it had the big disadvantage that people that did not work or study in the University of Amsterdam could not add improvements to it.

UNIT-3History of LINUX

UNIT-3History of LINUX

In mid-1991, Linus, then an anonymous Finnish student, sent a message to the Minix newsgroup announcing that he was going to start work on an operating system kernel based on Minix, from scratch, rewriting code.

Version 0.02, which dates from October 1991, despite being very limited, could already execute bash terminals and the GCC compiler.

in March 1994, Linux 1.0 was finally born. By this time, Linux was being published under the terms of the GPL license; according to Torvalds himself, this was one of the best decisions he ever made, as it was extremely helpful in distributing and popularizing his kernel.

LINUX'S way of workingLINUX'S way of working

The way Torvalds worked was not very common at that time. The development was mainly based on a mailing list9. The mailing list was a place where people not only argued, but where developments also took place.

Linus preferred to have the code sent in the body of the message so that he and others could comment on the code. In any case, although many people would provide their opinions and send corrections or new functions, the last word would always go to Linus Torvalds, who would decide on what code would be incorporated into Linux.

LINUX'S way of workingLINUX'S way of working

LINUX'S way of workingLINUX'S way of working

Analysis of LinuxAnalysis of Linux

Analysis of LinuxAnalysis of Linux

Mandrake: http://www.mandrakesoft.com/

RedHat: http://www.redhat.com/

Fedora: http://fedora.redhat.com/

SuSE/Novell: http://www.suse.com/

Debian: http://www.debian.org/

Programming languages used in LinuxProgramming languages used in Linux

FreeBSD

(Berkely Software Distribution)Developed by University of

Berkely

FreeBSD

(Berkely Software Distribution)Developed by University of

Berkely

FreeBSDFreeBSD

there are other types of free software operating systems, apart from the popular GNU/ Linux. A family of these are the "inheritors" of the distributions of BerkeleyUniversity, in California (US): BSD type systems.FreeBSD, which was created in early 1993, when Bill Jolitz stopped publishing the unofficial updates to 386BSD. With the assistance of the company Walnut Creek CDROM, which subsequently changed its name to BSDi, a group of volunteers decided to carry on creating this free operating system.

History of FreeBSDHistory of FreeBSD

Version 1.0 appeared towards the end of 1993 and was based on 4.3BSD Net/2 and 386BSD. 4.3BSD Net/2 had code that was created in the seventies, when Unix was being developed by AT&T, which, as it turned out, involved a series of legal problems that were not resolved until 1995, when FreeBSD 2.0 was published without the original code developed by AT&T

Development in FreeBSDDevelopment in FreeBSDFreeBSD distributes its software in two forms:

1. on the one hand, the ports, a system that downloads the source codes, compiles them and installs the application in the local computer,

2. and on the other, the packages, which are simply the source codes of the precompiled ports and, therefore, in binary

Decision-making process in FreeBSDDecision-making process in FreeBSD

The board of directors of FreeBSD, famously called the core team, is in charge of defining the direction of the project and ensuring that the objectives are met, as well as mediating in cases in which there are conflicts between committers.

Current status of FreeBSDCurrent status of FreeBSD

•the number of web servers that run FreeBSD is approximately two million.

•One of the most interesting aspects of FreeBSD is that the figures are very similar to the ones of in KDE and GNOME: the size of the software easily exceeds five million lines of code, the number of files is approximately 250,000 and the total number of commits is approximately two million.

•One of the star features of FreeBSD is what is known as the jails. The jailsminimize the damage that might be caused by an attack on basic networkservices,

Analysis of FreeBSDAnalysis of FreeBSD

Programming languages used in FreeBSDProgramming languages used in FreeBSD

KDE KDE

History of KDEHistory of KDE

Unix followers were quick to notice the outstanding success of Windows 95

The KDE K Desktop Environment project was born from this effort in 1996; it was designed by Matthias Ettrich (creator of LyX, an editing program in the TeX typeset)

Development of KDEDevelopment of KDE

KDE is one of the few free software projects that generally follows a new version launch schedule

The companies that participate in the KDE League are mainly distribution designers (SuSE, now part of Novell, Mandriva, TurboLinux, Lindows and Hancom, a Korean free software distribution),

Current status of KDECurrent status of KDE

The latest KDE version is, as at early 2007, version 3.5.6 and the fourth generation, KDE 4

KDE AnalysisKDE Analysis

Programming languages used in KDEProgramming languages used in KDE

GNU Network Object Model Environment

The main objective of the GNOME project is to create a desktop system for the end user that is complete, free and easy to use.

GNOME-GNU Network Object Model Environment

From its name, we see that GNOME is part of the GNU project. Currently

Whilst the freedom of KDE was still being argued about, in the summer of 1997, as fate would have it, Miguel de Icaza and Nat Friedman met at Redmond during some workshops organised by Microsoft. It is probable that this meeting caused a radical turnaround in both, resulting in the creation of GNOME by Miguel de Icaza when he returned to Mexico (along with Federico Mena Quintero) and his admiration for distributed object technologies. De Icaza and Mena decided to create an environment that would be an alternative to KDE, as they understood that a reimplementation of a proprietary library would have been a task destined to failure. And thus GNOME was born.

In general terms, the GNOME Foundation is divided into two large committees:

•a managing committee and •an advising committee.

Apache

Apache

The HTTP Apache server is one of the star applications of the world of free software, as it is the web server that is most widely used,

History of ApacheIn March 1989, Tim Berners Lee, an English scientist that worked in the CERN (Switzerland) proposed a new method for managing the huge amount of information from the CERN projects. The method would be a network of hyperlinked documents the WWW was born.

The real history of Apache began when Rob Mc Cool left the NCSA in March 1995. Apache 0.2 would be born on 18th March 1995, based on the NCSA HTTPd 1.3 server,

Development of Apache

The HTTP Apache server is the main project among the many that the Apache Software Foundation manages

The development of the HTTP Apache server is based on the work of a small group of developers called the Apache Group.

Analysis of Apache

set of integrated applications for Internet, that are free and multiplatform, and the most notable products are the MozillaFirefox web browser and the Mozilla Thunderbird email and news client.

Mozilla's products are based on three basic principles: •they must be free software, •respect the standards •and be portable to other platforms.

Around 1997, Netscape's market share had dropped sharply due to the spread of Microsoft Explorer;

On 15th July 2003, Netscape Inc. (now the property of America On Line) announcedthat it was no longer going to develop the Netscape browser and,therefore, was no longer going to actively take care of the Mozilla project.As a kind of "redundancy settlement" Netscape approved the creation of theMozilla Foundation, which it supported with a contribution of two milliondollars.

Mozilla project hosts various independent applications, the mostnotable of which include Mozilla Firefox (web browser), which is undoubtedlythe most well-known, Mozilla Thunderbird (email and news client), MozillaSunbird (calendar), Mozilla Nvu (HTML editor), Camino (web browser designedfor Mac OS X) and Bugzilla (web-based bug-tracker tool).

OpenOffice.org is one of the star applications in the current free software scene. It is a multiplatform office application suite that includes the key applications in an office desktop environment

•word processor (Writer),•a spreadsheet (Calc), •a presentation program (Impress), •a graphics editor (Draw), •a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulae (Math) •an HTML language editor (included in Writer).

OpenOffice.org has been translated into more than twenty five languages and it runs on Solaris (its native system), GNU/Linux and Windows. Versions for FreeBSD, IRIX and Mac OS X are expected in the not-too-distant Future.

In mid-1980s, the company StarDivision was founded in the Federal Republic of Germany, with the principal aim of creating an office application suite: StarOffice. In summer 1999, SUN Microsystems decided to purchase the company StarDivision and make a significant commitment to StarOffice, with the clear intention of wresting away part of the market share conquered by Microsoft at that time. In June 2000, the company launched version 5.2 of StarOffice, which could be downloaded gratis from the Internet.

StarOffice's success was limited, as the market was already strongly dominated by Microsoft's office package. SUN decided to change its strategy and, as occurred with Netscape and the Mozilla project, decided to take advantage of free software to gain importance and implement its systems.

Consequently, the future versions of StarOffice (a proprietary product of SUN) would be created using OpenOffice.org (a free product) as a source, respecting the application programming interfaces (API) and the file formats and serving as the standard implementation.

•Red Hat Linux was one of the first commercial distributions of GNU/Linux•Called Red Hat Linux •Version 1.0 of this distribution was born in the summer of 1995.•In 1998, version 5.2 of Red Hat was issued to the great public.•In September 2003, Red Hat decided to concentrate its development work on the corporate version of its distribution and delegated the common version to Fedora Core, an open source project independent of Red Hat.

•Important products are Fedora Core and Red Hat Network, an Internet software update service.

•RedHat has a distribution that is corporate-orientated, integrated around an applications server called Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS.

•Clients that purchase this software also receive support like updates,

•RedHat also offer IT consultancy services and a certification program similar to that offered by Microsoft in the world of Windows.

Debian is a free software operating system that currently uses the Linux kernel for its distribution (although it is expected that there will be Debian distributions based on other kernels in the future. It is currently (in 2007) available for various different architectures, including Intel x86, ARM, Motorola, 680x0, PowerPC, Alpha and SPARC.

Status of Debian

Programming languages used in Debian GNU/Linux 4.0

Comparison with proprietary systems

Eclipse

The Eclipse platform consists of an open and extensible IDE (integrated development environment). An IDE is a program consisting of a set of tools that are useful for a software developer.

Eclipse

The basic elements of an IDE include a code editor, a compiler/interpreter and a debugger. Eclipse is an IDE in Java and provides numerous software development tools. It also supports other programming languages, such as C/C++, Cobol, Fortran, PHP or Python.

Plug-inscan be added to the basic platform of Eclipse to increase the functionality.

History of Eclipse

The term Eclipse also refers to the free software community that develops the Eclipse platform.

A lot of Eclipse's programming was carried out by IBM before the Eclipse project was created as such. Eclipse's predecessor was VisualAge and it was built using Smalltalk in a development environment called Envy.

The rapid growth of Java and its advantages with the focus on an Internet that was expanding heavily forced IBM to consider abandoning this dual virtual machine and to build a new platform based on Java from scratch. The final product was Eclipse, which had already cost IBM approximately 40 million dollars in 2001.

History of Eclipse

the end of 2001, IBM, along with Borland, created the non-profit Eclipse foundation, thereby opening up to the open source world. This consortium was gradually joined by important global software development companies:Oracle, Rational Software, Red Hat, SuSE, HP, Serena, Ericsson and NovEL

There are two significant absences: Microsoft and Sun Microsystems. Microsoft was excluded due to its monopoly of the market and Sun Microsystems had its own IDE, constituting Eclipse's main competition: NetBeans.

History of Eclipse

The latest stable version of Eclipse is available for the Windows, Linux, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX and Mac OS X operating systems. All versions of Eclipse need tohave a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the system, preferably JRE (Java Runtime Environment) or JDK (Java Developer Kit) by Sun.

Current state of Eclipse

These projects are in turn divided into subprojects and the subprojects into components. The high-level projects are managed by committees of the Eclipse Foundation (PMC, project management committees). Eclipse. Base platform for the rest of the components. This platform will be free, robust, complete and of a good quality for the development of rich client platforms (RCP) and integrated tools (plug-ins).

•Tools (ETP, Eclipse tools project)•Web (WTP, web tools project) •Test and performance tools project (TPTP)•.Web reports (BIRT, business intelligence and reporting tools).•Modelling (EMP, Eclipse modelling project).

X-ray of Eclipse

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X-ray of Eclipse

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Java

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Java

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Java Background: History● Java– was created in 1991

– by James Gosling et al. of Sun Microsystems.

– Initially called Oak, in honor of the tree outside Gosling's window, its name was changed to Java because there was already a language called Oak.

Java

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Java Background:What is Java Technology?

● The Java technology is:– A programming language– A development environment– An application environment– A deployment environment

Java technology is a high-level programming and a platform independent language. Java is designed to work in the distributed environment on the Internet.

Java

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Java has a GUI features that  provides you better "look and feel" over the C++  language, moreover it is easier to use than C++ and works on the concept of object-oriented programming model. Java enable us  to play online games, video, audio, chat with people around the world, Banking Application, view 3D image and Shopping Cart.

Java

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Java Background:What is Java Technology?

Earlier, it was only used to design and program small computing devices but later adopted as one of the platform independent programming language. The most important feature of Java is its byte code that can be interpreted on any platform including windows, Linux etc. One can also download it freely from the official website of Sun. 

Java

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Java Technology:A Development Environment

● As a development environment, Java technology provides you with a large suite of tools:– A compiler (javac)– An interpreter (java)– A documentation generator (javadoc)– A class file packaging tool and so on...

Java

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Java Features● Some features of Java:– The Java Virtual Machine– Garbage Collection– Code Security

Java

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PHP

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PHP

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Brief History of PHPPHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. It was initially

developed for HTTP usage logging and server-side form generation in Unix.

PHP 2 (1995) transformed the language into a Server-side embedded scripting language. Added database support, file uploads, variables, arrays, recursive functions, conditionals, iteration, regular expressions, etc.

PHP 3 (1998) added support for ODBC data sources, multiple platform support, email protocols (SNMP,IMAP), and new parser written by Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans .

PHP 4 (2000) became an independent component of the web server for added efficiency. The parser was renamed the Zend Engine. Many security features were added.

PHP 5 (2004) adds Zend Engine II with object oriented programming, robust XML support using the libxml2 library, SOAP extension for interoperability with Web Services, SQLite has been bundled with PHP

Brief History of PHP

As of August 2004, PHP is used on 16,946,328 Domains, 1,348,793 IP Addresses http://www.php.net/usage.php This is roughly 32% of all domains on the web.

Why is PHP used?1. Easy to Use

Code is embedded into HTML. The PHP code is enclosed in special start and end tags that allow you to jump into and out of "PHP mode".

<html>   <head>       <title>Example</title>   </head>   <body>

       <?php        echo "Hi, I'm a PHP script!";        ?>

   </body></html>

Why is PHP used?2. Cross Platform

Runs on almost any Web server on several operating systems.One of the strongest features is the wide range of supported databases

Web Servers: Apache, Microsoft IIS, Caudium, Netscape Enterprise Server

Operating Systems: UNIX (HP-UX,OpenBSD,Solaris,Linux), Mac OSX, Windows NT/98/2000/XP/2003

Supported Databases: Adabas D, dBase,Empress, FilePro (read-only), Hyperwave,IBM DB2, Informix, Ingres, InterBase, FrontBase, mSQL, Direct MS-SQL, MySQL, ODBC, Oracle (OCI7 and OCI8), Ovrimos, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Solid, Sybase, Velocis,Unix dbm

AJAY SINGHDEPT OF CIT; CSE-IBM;

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Why is PHP used?3. Cost Benefits

PHP is free. Open source code means that the entire PHP community will contribute towards bug fixes. There are several add-on technologies (libraries) for PHP that are also free.

PHP

Software Free

Platform Free (Linux)

Development Tools Free

PHP Coder, jEdit