Unit 12. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders ...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Unit 12

UNIT OVERVIEW

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Rates of Disorder

INTRODUCTION

How should we define psychological disorders?

How should we understand disorders?

How should we classify psychological disorders?

PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Psychological disorders Deviant behavior Distressful behavior Harmful dysfunctional behavior

DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Definition varies by context/culture

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS: THE MEDICAL MODEL

Philippe PinelMedical model

Mental illness (psychopathology)

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDEERS:THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH

Interaction of nature and nurture

Influence of culture on disorders

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM-IV-TR DSM-5

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)

Criticisms of the DSM

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Rosenhan’s studyPower of labels

Preconception can stigmatizeInsanity labelStereotypes of the mentally ill

Self-fulfilling prophecy

ANXIETY DISORDERS

ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder

TAYLOR MANIFEST ANXIETY SCALE

1. I do not tire quickly 2. I believe I am no more nervous than others 3. I have very few headaches 4. I work under a great deal of tension 5. I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try do something6. I blush no more often than others 7. I have diarrhea one a month or more 8. I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes 9. I practically never blush 10. I am often afraid that I am going to blush 11. My hands and feet are usually warm enough 12. I sweat very easily even on cool days 13. Sometimes when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat 14. I hardly ever notice my heart pounding, and I am seldom short of

breath 15. I feel hungry almost all of the time 16. I am very seldom troubled by constipation 17. I have a great deal of stomach trouble

18. I have had periods in which I lost sleep over worry 19. I am easily embarrassed 20. I am more sensitive than most other people 21. I frequently find myself worrying about something 22. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be 23. I am usually calm and not easily upset24. I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time25. I am happy most of the time 26. It makes me nervous to have to wait 27. Sometimes I become so excited I find it hard to get to sleep 28. I have sometimes felt that difficulties piling up so high I couldn't

get over them 29. I admit I have felt worried beyond reason over small things 30. I have very few fears compared to my friends 31. I certainly feel useless at times 32. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job 33. I am usually self-conscious 34. I am inclined to take things hard 35. At times I think I am no good at all 36. I am certainly lacking in self-confidence 37. I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces 38. I am entirely self-confident

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Generalized anxiety disorder 2/3 women Free floating anxiety

PANIC DISORDER

Panic disorder Panic attacks

PHOBIAS

Phobias Specific phobia Social phobia Agoraphobia

PHOBIAS

PHOBIAS

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Obsessive-compulsive disorder An obsession versus a compulsion

Checkers Hand washers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g&nore

direct=1

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD “shellshock” or “battle fatigue” Not just due to a war situation

Post-traumatic growth

UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS:THE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE

Fear conditioning Stimulus generalization Reinforcement

Observational learning

UNDERSTANDING AXNIETY DISORDERS:THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Natural selectionGenes

Anxiety gene Glutamate

The Brain Anterior cingulate cortex

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

SOMATOFORM DISORDER

Somatoform disorder Somatic (body) Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Dissociative disorders Fugue state Dissociate (become separated)

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Multiple personality disorder

UNDERSTANDING DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

Genuine disorder or not?DID ratesTherapist’s creationDifferences are too greatDID and other disorders

MOOD DISORDERS

MOOD DISORDERS

Mood disordersMajor depressive disorderBipolar disorder

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Major depressive disorder Lethargy Feelings of worthlessness

Loss of interest in family and friends

Loss of interest in activities

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

BIPOLAR DISORDERBipolar Disorder

Mania (manic)▪ Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little

need for sleep, etc. Bipolar disorder and creativity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXLWa8XuJ

c8

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS Many behavioral and cognitive changes

accompany depression Depression is widespread Compared with men, women are nearly

twice as vulnerable to major depression Most major depressive episodes self-

terminate Stressful events related to work,

marriage and close relationships often precede depression

With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Genetic Influences Mood disorders run in families▪Heritability▪ Linkage analysis

The depressed brainBiochemical influences

Norepinephrine and serotonin

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact Self-defeating beliefs▪ Learned helplessness▪Overthinking

Explanatory style▪ Stable, global, internal explanations

Cause versus indictor of depression?

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS

EXPLANATORY STYLE

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Depression’s Vicious Cycle Stressful experience Negative explanatory style Depressed mood Cognitive and behavioral changes

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:

THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:

THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:

THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION

UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:

THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION

SCHIZOPHRENIA

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia (split mind) Not multiple personalities

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:DISORGANIZED THINKING

Disorganized thinking Delusions ▪Delusions of persecution (paranoid)/Word Salad

Breakdown in selective attention

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:DISTURBED PERCEPTIONS

Disturbed perceptions Hallucinations▪ hearing voices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckFrksg

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:INAPPROPRIATE EMOTIONS AND ACTIONS

Inappropriate Emotions Flat affect

Inappropriate Actions Catatonia Disruptive social behavior

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

Residual

Positive

Negative

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.

For example… talking to imaginary people

Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Involves either stupor or extreme excitement.

Two forms Catatonic Stupor:

Patients may remain motionless for hours, even days, …. sometimes holding rigid, statue like poses.

Catatonic Excitement: Patients become agitated, hyperactive

Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations. This becomes the basis of their real life!!

Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories

Residual Type

Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms

Residual Type

PositiveSchizophrenia

NegativeSchizophrenia

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)

PositiveSchizophrenia

NegativeSchizophrenia

MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes

ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT

Statistics on schizophreniaOnset of the diseasePositive versus negative symptoms

Chronic (process) schizophrenia

Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES

Dopamine Overactivity Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor

Dopamine blocking drugsGlutamate

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES

Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy Frontal lobe and core brain activity Fluid filled areas of the brain

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES

Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia

Influence of the flu during pregnancy

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:GENETIC FACTORS

Genetic predispositionTwin studiesGenetics and environmental influences

UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

Possible warning signs Mother severely schizophrenic Birth complications (low weight/oxygen

deprivation) Separation from parents Short attention span Poor muscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Personality Disorders Anxiety cluster Eccentric cluster Dramatic/impulsive cluster

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

Antisocial personality disorder Sociopath or psychopath

Understanding antisocial personality disorder

RATES OF DISORDER

RATES OF DISORDER

Mental health statistics

Influence of povertyOther factors