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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 12
UNIT OVERVIEW
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Rates of Disorder
INTRODUCTION
How should we define psychological disorders?
How should we understand disorders?
How should we classify psychological disorders?
PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Psychological disorders Deviant behavior Distressful behavior Harmful dysfunctional behavior
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Definition varies by context/culture
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS: THE MEDICAL MODEL
Philippe PinelMedical model
Mental illness (psychopathology)
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDEERS:THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
Interaction of nature and nurture
Influence of culture on disorders
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM-IV-TR DSM-5
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
Criticisms of the DSM
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Rosenhan’s studyPower of labels
Preconception can stigmatizeInsanity labelStereotypes of the mentally ill
Self-fulfilling prophecy
ANXIETY DISORDERS
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder
TAYLOR MANIFEST ANXIETY SCALE
1. I do not tire quickly 2. I believe I am no more nervous than others 3. I have very few headaches 4. I work under a great deal of tension 5. I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try do something6. I blush no more often than others 7. I have diarrhea one a month or more 8. I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes 9. I practically never blush 10. I am often afraid that I am going to blush 11. My hands and feet are usually warm enough 12. I sweat very easily even on cool days 13. Sometimes when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat 14. I hardly ever notice my heart pounding, and I am seldom short of
breath 15. I feel hungry almost all of the time 16. I am very seldom troubled by constipation 17. I have a great deal of stomach trouble
18. I have had periods in which I lost sleep over worry 19. I am easily embarrassed 20. I am more sensitive than most other people 21. I frequently find myself worrying about something 22. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be 23. I am usually calm and not easily upset24. I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time25. I am happy most of the time 26. It makes me nervous to have to wait 27. Sometimes I become so excited I find it hard to get to sleep 28. I have sometimes felt that difficulties piling up so high I couldn't
get over them 29. I admit I have felt worried beyond reason over small things 30. I have very few fears compared to my friends 31. I certainly feel useless at times 32. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job 33. I am usually self-conscious 34. I am inclined to take things hard 35. At times I think I am no good at all 36. I am certainly lacking in self-confidence 37. I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces 38. I am entirely self-confident
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Generalized anxiety disorder 2/3 women Free floating anxiety
PANIC DISORDER
Panic disorder Panic attacks
PHOBIAS
Phobias Specific phobia Social phobia Agoraphobia
PHOBIAS
PHOBIAS
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Obsessive-compulsive disorder An obsession versus a compulsion
Checkers Hand washers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g&nore
direct=1
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD “shellshock” or “battle fatigue” Not just due to a war situation
Post-traumatic growth
UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS:THE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
Fear conditioning Stimulus generalization Reinforcement
Observational learning
UNDERSTANDING AXNIETY DISORDERS:THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Natural selectionGenes
Anxiety gene Glutamate
The Brain Anterior cingulate cortex
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
SOMATOFORM DISORDER
Somatoform disorder Somatic (body) Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociative disorders Fugue state Dissociate (become separated)
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Multiple personality disorder
UNDERSTANDING DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
Genuine disorder or not?DID ratesTherapist’s creationDifferences are too greatDID and other disorders
MOOD DISORDERS
MOOD DISORDERS
Mood disordersMajor depressive disorderBipolar disorder
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Major depressive disorder Lethargy Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family and friends
Loss of interest in activities
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
BIPOLAR DISORDERBipolar Disorder
Mania (manic)▪ Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little
need for sleep, etc. Bipolar disorder and creativity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXLWa8XuJ
c8
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS Many behavioral and cognitive changes
accompany depression Depression is widespread Compared with men, women are nearly
twice as vulnerable to major depression Most major depressive episodes self-
terminate Stressful events related to work,
marriage and close relationships often precede depression
With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Genetic Influences Mood disorders run in families▪Heritability▪ Linkage analysis
The depressed brainBiochemical influences
Norepinephrine and serotonin
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact Self-defeating beliefs▪ Learned helplessness▪Overthinking
Explanatory style▪ Stable, global, internal explanations
Cause versus indictor of depression?
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS
EXPLANATORY STYLE
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Depression’s Vicious Cycle Stressful experience Negative explanatory style Depressed mood Cognitive and behavioral changes
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
UNDERSTANDING MOOD DISORDERS:
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO DEPRESSION
SCHIZOPHRENIA
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenia (split mind) Not multiple personalities
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:DISORGANIZED THINKING
Disorganized thinking Delusions ▪Delusions of persecution (paranoid)/Word Salad
Breakdown in selective attention
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:DISTURBED PERCEPTIONS
Disturbed perceptions Hallucinations▪ hearing voices
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckFrksg
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:INAPPROPRIATE EMOTIONS AND ACTIONS
Inappropriate Emotions Flat affect
Inappropriate Actions Catatonia Disruptive social behavior
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.
For example… talking to imaginary people
Residual Type
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Involves either stupor or extreme excitement.
Two forms Catatonic Stupor:
Patients may remain motionless for hours, even days, …. sometimes holding rigid, statue like poses.
Catatonic Excitement: Patients become agitated, hyperactive
Residual Type
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations. This becomes the basis of their real life!!
Residual Type
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
Residual Type
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
Residual Type
PositiveSchizophrenia
NegativeSchizophrenia
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)
PositiveSchizophrenia
NegativeSchizophrenia
MAJOR TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes
ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT
Statistics on schizophreniaOnset of the diseasePositive versus negative symptoms
Chronic (process) schizophrenia
Acute (reactive) schizophrenia
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES
Dopamine Overactivity Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
Dopamine blocking drugsGlutamate
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES
Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy Frontal lobe and core brain activity Fluid filled areas of the brain
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:BRAIN ABNORMALITIES
Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia
Influence of the flu during pregnancy
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:GENETIC FACTORS
Genetic predispositionTwin studiesGenetics and environmental influences
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA:PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Possible warning signs Mother severely schizophrenic Birth complications (low weight/oxygen
deprivation) Separation from parents Short attention span Poor muscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality Disorders Anxiety cluster Eccentric cluster Dramatic/impulsive cluster
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
Antisocial personality disorder Sociopath or psychopath
Understanding antisocial personality disorder
RATES OF DISORDER
RATES OF DISORDER
Mental health statistics
Influence of povertyOther factors