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Unit #1: The Secret Life
of a High School Grammar Snob
Chapter 2: The Form & Structure Classes
Form & Structure Classes
Form Classes: 99% of the vocabulary is made up of these words, so-called because they change form.
• Nouns• Verbs• Adjectives• Adverbs
Form & Structure Classes
Nouns:• Have singular and plural forms: • Dog/Dogs•Woman/women
• Change form to show possession: • The dog’s owner•Women’s rights
Form & Structure Classes
Nouns:• Are marked or signaled by articles (a,
an, the) or other determiners: • A dog• That woman•My pet• Some people
Form & Structure Classes
Noun Phrases:• Consists of a noun headword and its
adjectivals/modifiers• The welcoming smell of morning
coffee
Form & Structure Classes
Verbs:• Have present-tense and past-tense
forms:• Bark/barked• Buy/bought
• Have an –s form and an –ing form:• Barks/barking• Buys/buying
Form & Structure Classes
Verb Phrases:• Includes verb headword and its
modifiers/adverbials•mysteriously disappeared from her
Superwoman lunch box.
Form & Structure ClassesAdjectives:• Have comparative and superlative
forms:• Happy/happier/happiest• Expensive/more expensive/most
expensive• Can be qualified by words like very
and too:• Very happy• Too expensive
Form & Structure ClassesAdverbs:• Have comparative and superlative
forms:• Soon/sooner/soonest• Carefully/more carefully/most
carefully• Can be qualified by words like Very,
Quite, and Too:• Very carefully• Too soon
Form & Structure ClassesAdverbs:• Are often formed by adding –ly to
adjectives:• Expensive/expensively• Happy/happily
Form & Structure Classes
We can distinguish adjectives from adverbs in three ways:
(1) Most Adj fit into both blanks:• The ___ NOUN is very ___.• The happy leprechaun is very
happy.• The expensive necklace is very
expensive.
Form & Structure Classes
We can distinguish adjectives from adverbs in three ways:
(2) Adv are often moveable:• The dogs barked frequently• The dogs frequently barked• Frequently the dogs barked
Form & Structure Classes
We can distinguish adjectives from adverbs in three ways:
(3) Adv can usually be identified by the information they provide:•When•Where•Why• How• How Often / To What Extent
Form & Structure ClassesStructure Classes: small, limited groups of
words that explain the grammatical / structural relationships of the form classes.
• Prepositions• Determiners• Auxiliaries• Qualifiers• Particles• Conjunctions
Form & Structure Classes
Prepositions:• Forms prep phrase with a noun phrase•May function as either adverbial or
adjectival:• The child with the brain deficiency
is playing with the blender.
Form & Structure Classes
Determiners:• Articles (a, an, the)• Possessive nouns/Pronouns (Austin’s
girlfriend, their apartment)• Demonstrative Pronouns (this old
house, these grammar notes)• Indefinite pronouns (several pies,
fewer Americans)
Form & Structure Classes
Auxiliaries:• Helping verbs (has, have, had, will,
would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to, & forms of to be)• Precedes the main verb:• has been squinting• should not frolic
Form & Structure Classes
Qualifiers:• Intensify or alter the meaning of
adjectives and adverbs• quite tired• very thirsty• every Sunday
Form & Structure Classes
Particles:• A preposition that combines with a
verb to form a phrasal verb (idiomatic expression)• Look up• Find out• Turn in
Form & Structure Classes
Particles:• A preposition that combines with a
verb to form a phrasal verb (idiomatic expression)• Look up on Wikipedia
Particle• Look up at the sun
Adverb
Form & Structure Classes
Conjunctions:• Coordinating• Correlative• Subordinating
Form & Structure Classes
Conjunctions:• Coordinating • (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)
• Correlative• (not only/but also, neither/nor,
either/or, both/and)• Subordinating• (because, when, after, if, etc.)
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