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COUNTRY PROFILE
UKRAINE
Last profile update: February 2011
This profile was prepared and updated by Mr. Olexandr BUTSENKO (Kyiv).
It is based on official and non-official sources addressing current cultural policy issues.
The opinions expressed in this profile are those of the author and are notofficial statements of the government or of the Compendium editors.
Additional national cultural policy profiles are available on:
http://www.culturalpolicies.net
If the entire profile or relevant parts of it are reproduced in print or in electronic form including in a translatedversion, for whatever purpose, a specific request has to be addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of
Europe who may authorise the reproduction in consultation with ERICarts. Such reproduction must be
accompanied by the standard reference below, as well as by the name of the author of the profile.
Standard Reference: Council of Europe/ERICarts: "Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe",
12th edition 2011. Available from World Wide Web: <http:// www.culturalpolicies.net>.
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edition“, 2011 UKR-1
UKRAINE1
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: CULTURAL POLICIES AND
INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................................... 2
2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF CULTURAL POLICY ........ 4
2.1 Main features of the current cultural policy model ........................................................ 42.2 National definition of culture ......................................................................................... 4
2.3 Cultural policy objectives............................................................................................... 5
3. COMPETENCE, DECISION MAKING AND ADMINISTRATION .................... 6
3.1 Organisational structure (organigram) ........................................................................... 6
3.2 Overall description of the system................................................................................... 7
3.3 Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operation ...................................................... 8
3.4 International cultural co-operation ................................................................................. 9
4. CURRENT ISSUES IN CULTURAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND
DEBATE...................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Main cultural policy issues and priorities..................................................................... 174.2 Specific policy issues and recent debates..................................................................... 18
4.3 Other relevant issues and debates................................................................................. 31
5. MAIN LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CULTURAL FIELD............................... 32
5.1 General legislation........................................................................................................ 32
5.2 Legislation on culture ................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Sector specific legislation............................................................................................. 38
6. FINANCING OF CULTURE.................................................................................... 42
6.1 Short overview ............................................................................................................. 42
6.2 Public cultural expenditure........................................................................................... 43
6.3 Trends and indicators for private cultural financing .................................................... 457. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE...................... 46
7.1 Cultural infrastructure: tendencies & strategies ........................................................... 46
7.2 Basic data about selected public institutions in the cultural sector .............................. 46
7.3 Status and partnerships of public cultural institutions.................................................. 47
8. PROMOTING CREATIVITY AND PARTICIPATION....................................... 49
8.1 Support to artists and other creative workers ............................................................... 49
8.2 Cultural consumption and participation ....................................................................... 50
8.3 Arts and cultural education........................................................................................... 52
8.4 Amateur arts, cultural associations and civil initiatives ............................................... 55
9. SOURCES AND LINKS ............................................................................................ 57
9.1 Key documents on cultural policy................................................................................ 57
9.2 Key organisations and portals ...................................................................................... 58
1 This profile was prepared in 2003 and updated in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010-2011 by
Olexandr Butsenko, DC "Democracy through Culture" Director (Kyiv).
Last profile update: February 2011.
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1. Historical perspective: cultural policies and instruments
After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, a "Ukrainian People's Republic" was
proclaimed and was led by outstanding personalities from the cultural field. However, this
first Ukrainian state was short lived. Just four years later, in 1921, Ukraine came under
Soviet totalitarian rule which lasted for 70 years.
Although the official Soviet propaganda declared this period the "Golden Age" of national
cultures it was in fact characterised by the forced deportation of entire cultural
communities (Crimean Tatars, German settlers in Ukraine) and severe repression of the
nationalist intelligentsia. Compared to other territories of the former Soviet Empire, the
persecution of the bearers of national ideas in Ukraine was more wide-spread and of
greater brutality. Whereas the population of the Ukrainian SSR constituted only about 17%
of the total Soviet Union population, the share of Ukrainians among the "prisoners of
conscience" in the Soviet GULAGs (concentration and labour camps) was more than 50%.
Shortly after the Second World War and during the first half of the 1950s, Ukrainian
cultural policy was subject to the principles of the totalitarian state. This included strict
centralism. Cultural institutions acted as intermediaries between the official state ideologyand society. Through the ideological departments of the central and local communist party
committees, the state decided which kind of culture was necessary for the people, and saw
to it that cultural and artistic events remained on the "correct" political course. All artists'
associations and unions (writers, painters, theatre workers, and architects) were
administrated by the state through respective party units operating within these institutions.
Independent artists or artists' organisations could not exist outside of this framework. The
state also controlled all amateur arts, popular and other non-professional or voluntary
organisations in the cultural field. Private cultural entrepreneurship officially didn't exist.
Regardless of these conditions, great efforts were made to disseminate the achievements of
world culture among all strata of the Ukrainian population. A lot of attention was paid to
the cultural education of young people and to the development of young talents. There was
also broad support for amateur and folk art activities and for book publishing. At the
regional level, a vast landscape of cultural infrastructure was created and supported by
additional budget subsidies. Their operations were not, however, guided by principles of
efficiency or meeting the real needs of the communities involved.
On the 24th August, 1991, the Ukraine became an independent national state, signified by
the Parliament's (Verkhovna Rada) approval of the Declaration of Independence of the
Ukraine. This Act coupled with the results of the All-Ukrainian Referendum of 1
December 1991, when more than 92% of the citizens voted for independence, put an end to
ideological dictatorship and created the conditions necessary for the comprehensive
development of a national culture.There was, however, a drastic decrease in public support for culture due to political
instability, the economic crisis, and contradictions between democratic goals and market
conditions. The lack of a clear medium-term and long-term cultural development strategy
resulted in the creation of ad hoc policies at the central and local levels. They are aimed, in
most cases, at preserving the existing situation. This situation, along with declarations
about false achievements, has provoked indifference and distrust in a large part among the
artistic community towards the government.
Dissatisfaction within Ukrainian society became apparent, especially after the events of the
so called "Orange Revolution". During the first "post-Orange" months, many meetings,
conferences and round tables were organised by dissatisfied artists and cultural producers.
Many appeals, requests and letters to change the situation were adopted and submitted to
the President and the government. As a result, some new structures (public boards) were
established at the Ministry of Culture and in the Presidential Secretariat.
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The Presidential Edict of 24 November 2005, N 1647/2005, proclaimed that "ensuring the
enrichment and development of culture and spiritual heritage of the Ukrainian society is
one of the high-priority tasks of the Cabinet of Ministers". In accordance with the Edict,
the National Board for Cultural Affairs (NBCA) was established as an advisory body by
the President of Ukraine. The NBCA was liquidated on 2 April 2010. The Presidential
Edict of 2 April 2010, N 469/2010, established a Public Humanitarian Council under the
President of Ukraine with the aim "to consider socially significant interests in resolving themost important issues of humanitarian development, to work out proposals for ensuring
human and civil rights in education, science, culture and art, public health, intellectual and
creative activities, and the introduction of system reforms for achieving compliance with
European standards in the protection of such rights".
In May 2007, the Council of Europe adopted the National Report on Cultural Policy in
Ukraine (CDCULT(2007)14), along with the Experts' Review (CDCULT(2007)15),
becoming the 27th country to complete this procedure for the CoE. (You can find both
texts of the National Report and the Experts' Report on
http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPa
ge or on http://www.mincult.gov.ua – Ukrainian versions). The first appraisal of the
implementation of the Experts' Report recommendations was completed by the end of
2009 by the Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Studies at the Ministry of Culture and Tourism
of Ukraine, indicating the necessity to revise the report and political approaches.
The government programme of 2008 determined, among the top priorities of the cultural
policy of Ukraine, the development of a language-cultural space as a basis for social
cohesion and understanding between Ukrainian citizens; preservation and actualisation of
the national cultural heritage; and state protection of the cultural industries of Ukraine.
Revitalising and preserving the memory of the Ukrainian nation was determined as a
separate priority through actions to honour victims of the Famine 1932-1933.
"The first thing that the Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich did after his February 252010 inauguration was to delete the link to the Holodomor on the President's official
website. Yanukovich's predecessor, Viktor Yushchenko, had made the Holodomor - the
famine of 1932–33 produced by Joseph Stalin and responsible for the deaths of millions of
Ukrainian peasants - into a national issue, promoting what the Czech novelist Milan
Kundera famously called "the struggle of memory over forgetting" as part of his attempt to
move the country towards democracy", wrote a professor of political science at Rutgers
University–Newark, Alexander J. Motyl. Later, after public reaction, the link was restored.
By the end of 2008, the government adopted the draft Concept of the State targeted
programme for innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013. The
Programme will improve the budget allocation process, increase the share andeffectiveness of cultural expenditure, modernise mechanisms for attracting non-budget
funds, regulate legislation, and modernise the governance system.
The Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, N 1085, on Optimisation of Public Agencies,
affected directly the management structure in culture, tourism, the film industry, and
intercultural relations. See also chapter 3.1 and chapter 3.2.
On 14 December 2010, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the new Law on Culture which
was gradually developed and improved since 2005. After being signed by the President of
Ukraine on 6 January 2011, the new Law on Culture (№ 2778–VI) replaces the former
Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture of Ukraine (1992, with amendments). The new
law determines the legal foundations of cultural activities, regulates social interrelationsrelated to creation, use and protection of cultural values, and defines priorities of public
cultural policy. See also chapter 2.1, chapter 2.3 and chapter 4.1.
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2. General objectives and principles of cultural policy
2.1 Main features of the current cultural policy model
Existing cultural policy is based on the Constitution of the Ukraine (1996), the Law of
Ukraine on Culture (2011), the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), the Budget Code of
Ukraine (2002, de-centralised financing), and the draft Concept of the State targeted
programme for innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013 (see alsochapter 1).
Article 4 of the Law of Ukraine on Culture establishes that priorities of public cultural
policy shall be determined by state programmes of social and economic development of
Ukraine which should take into account aspects of cultural development. "The government
shall create on a priority basis conditions for: development of culture of the Ukrainian
nation, indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine; maintenance, restoration
and protection of the historical environment; aesthetic education of citizens, first of all,
children and young people; and enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas."
According to the Budget Code, basic cultural services are provided and financed through
local administrations including support for libraries, houses of culture, clubs, museums,
theatres, exhibitions, etc. This means that local authorities are theoretically entitled to
formulate their own cultural policies. However, due to many adverse factors, the newly
adopted decentralised model is inefficient and declared government objectives are left
unfulfilled (see also chapter 2.3). Some of these adverse factors include:
• lack of a comprehensive common cultural policy model to co-ordinate the goals andaspirations of the different regions and cities as well as different players and
stakeholders, including private and non-profitable organisations;
• inadequate financial resources and the lack of alternative ways of financing culture;
• the non-existence of any arms'-length institutions or public bodies to distribute
allocations for culture;• cultural institution are unable to meet modern requirements and there is a lack of
defined standards for state-guaranteed, free-of-charge cultural services; and
• non-governmental and commercial organisations in the cultural sector are too weak to
exert influence on the political decision-making process.
In 2009, the government tried to return effectiveness to the decentralisation process
initiated in 2002 through giving more financial autonomy to local communities in small
towns and villages (about 12 000 entities) and public institutions.
By the end of 2010, the government initiated two important reforms in tax and
administrative systems. The Tax Code adopted in December 2010 came into force on 1
January 2011. The administrative reform, started in December 2010, will be finished by the
end of February 2011, meaning the transformation of central public agencies, including
their commitments, and reduction of administrative staff on all levels, including regional
and local. Both steps will obviously impact on the cultural sphere. For example, in some
cities cultural departments may be closed or their functions will be transferred to other
departments. Also, as experts stated, it could touch such areas as book publishing, since the
Tax Code doesn't envisage any tax remissions for cultural industries and cultural activities.
2.2 National definition of culture
According to the Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011), culture is: "a complex of material andspiritual achievements of a certain human community (ethnos, nation), accumulated,
consolidated and enriched over a long period, which is handed down from one generation
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to another and includes all kinds of art, cultural heritage, cultural values, science,
education, and reflects the level of development of this community".
2.3 Cultural policy objectives
The Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011) proclaims the following objectives or main
principles:
• acknowledgement of culture as one of main factors for self-expression of the Ukrainian
nation, all indigenous peoples and national minorities;
• contribution to the establishment of an integrated cultural space of Ukraine,preservation of culture integrity;
• protection and preservation of cultural heritage as a basis of national culture, concern
for cultural development;
• efforts in strengthening humanistic ideas, high moral principles in social life;
• providing freedom of creativity, protection of incorporeal rights, copyright andneighbouring rights;
• assurance of civic rights in culture;
• create conditions for individual creative development; increase cultural level; aesthetic
education of citizens; availability of cultural education for children and youth,
broadening of educational programmes through national museums, galleries, reserves,
etc.; meeting the cultural needs of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous peoples, and
national minorities; development of cultural institutions irrespective of form of
ownership; attraction of investments; money from paid services; donations, other
sources allowed by law to culture;
• assistance in activity of professional associations and social culture organisations;creation of domestic (national) cultural product in the Ukrainian language and
functioning of the Ukrainian language in the cultural space all over Ukraine; access of citizens to cultural goods;
• determination of aesthetic education of children and youth as a priority of culturedevelopment;
• assurance of activity of the basic network of cultural institutions, educational cultural
establishments;
• support of cultural activities related to production and distribution of electronic andprint media, audio and visual products, development of computer technologies and an
increase in their potential for enlargement of access and involvement of citizenship to
cultural activities, etc.;
• promotion of Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity abroad and global cultural
achievements in Ukraine;• support of national cultural producers;
• support of Ukrainian cultural life all over the world;
• encouraging a Ukrainian character in the modern entertainment industry;
• support of regional cultures and increasing importance of regional, district centres,
cities with historic cultural traditions;
• development of international cultural collaboration; and
• establishment of an insurance fund for documentation on cultural values and
documents on cultural heritage objects.
The draft Concept of the State targeted programme for innovative development of
Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013, on the basis of comparative analysis, offers to solveexisting problems by attracting non-budget funds, transition to a producer system for
culture, and an introduction of cutting-edge technologies.
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3. Competence, decision making and administration
3.1 Organisational structure (organigram)
Cultural policy in Ukraine rests upon three pillars: government (Cabinet of Ministers),
Parliament (Committee on Culture and Spiritual Heritage) and the President's
Administration. The Public Humanitarian Council at the Presidency (PHC), with a special
working group on culture and arts, (see also chapter 1 and chapter 3.2) plays an advisoryfunction.
The general scheme of cultural policy-making in Ukraine is presented in the organigram
below. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is an active player in formulating
international cultural policy and the cultural image of Ukraine. The State Committee on
Information Policy, TV and Radio Broadcasting plays an important role in the interaction
of culture with the media and executing governmental book publishing programmes.
Organigram of the Ministry of Culture and of Ukraine
An organigram will be presented in March 2011 following restructuring.
Cabinet of Ministers
(Department for
Humanitarian Policy)
President's Administration(Chief Directorate for
Humanitarian and Social
Important Issues)
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
Committee on Culture and
Spiritual Heritage
Ministry of Culture of
Ukraine Public Humanitarian
Council
National Cultural Institutions (theatres, museums,
libraries, etc.)
Ministry of Culture of
AR of CrimeaCultural Departments of Oblast
State Administrations
Cultural Departments of Rayon
and City Administrations
Cultural organisations of local importance (libraries, clubs, theatres, art schools, etc.)
Committees on
Culture in Oblast or
Local Councils
(elected bodies)
State Film Agency
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3.2 Overall description of the system
On the basis of the Presidential Edict of April 2, 2010, N 469/2010, the Public
Humanitarian Council (PHC) was created at the President's Administration as an advisory
body, consisting of different working groups, including one for culture and arts issues. The
PHC submits proposals concerning national cultural policy to the Presidential Secretariat,
Cabinet of Ministers and Parliament, representing the interests of all cultural groups and
minorities.
The restructured Ministry of Culture plans to form a Non-Governmental Council at the
ministry which will represent a variety of public, private and non-governmental
organisations in the cultural field of Ukraine. This Council will take part in formulating
and monitoring the execution of cultural policies. The first meeting is envisaged for
February 2011.
Cultural institutions and their responsibilities are regulated by the Constitution and by
special laws.
According to the Constitution (Article 85), the responsibilities of the Ukrainian Parliament
(Verkhovna Rada) are to:
• approve laws (including laws on culture);
• adopt the state budget;
• develop guidelines on national and foreign policies;
• approve national programmes of social and cultural development; and
• approve lists of units not subject to privatisation.
The Permanent Committee on Culture and Spiritual Heritage of the Verkhovna Rada is the
main body responsible for the design and development of cultural laws.
Three bodies hold executive power over cultural matters:
• the Chief Directorate for Humanitarian and Social Important Issues of the PresidentialSecretariat;
• the Department for Humanitarian Policy of the Cabinet of Ministers; and
• the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine.
The Ministry of Culture is mainly a financial administrative unit, which allocates funds to
more than 120 state cultural institutions of national importance (theatres, museums,
libraries, film studios, higher schools, etc.) and to a number of nation-wide festivals and
events. As international experts stated: "…while the base and the context have changed
fundamentally in Ukraine, the expectations remain and the Ministry of Culture is often
seen as a 'funding body' that should fund everything" (CDCULT(2007)15 p.36).
On the basis of the Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, Nr 1085, on Optimisation of
Public Agencies, the Ministry changed its structure, commitments and functions and its
staff will be reduced. The State Service for Tourism and Resources is subordinate now to
the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine; the State Film Service is transformed into the
State Film Agency and away from the ministerial structure but is subordinated directly to
the minister of culture. The State Committee for Nationalities and Religions is liquidated,
transferring its functions related to nationalities, rights of national minorities and religions
to the Ministry of Culture, while matters relating to migration are transferred to the State
Migration Service. The State National Heritage Service and the State Control of National
Values and Displacement remain in the structure of the Ministry of Culture. The Ministry
has an advisory and controlling public body called the Collegium, which consists of headsof Ministry departments, parliamentarians and representatives of (mostly state-owned)
cultural institutions and associations.
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The system of public administration for culture is made up of 24 oblasts (regions) and 2
cities (Kyiv and Sevastopol). The basic units of administration are rayons (counties) which
are under the supervision of the oblast or city cultural administrations. The Autonomous
Republic of Crimea has its own Ministry of Culture, which is responsible to the Cabinet of
Ministers of the AR of Crimea.
In January 2008, the Ministry of Culture developed new agreement on collaboration
between the Ministry as a central agency, and oblast state administrations. Financing jointactions at the expense of the state budget and local budgets shall be executed according to
requirements of budget laws with obligatory attraction of other sources (by formula
50%+25%+25%). However, the practical implementation of this formula in 2009 and 2010
has shown that in many cases joint actions of national importance have become an
additional burden for local budgets because of undeveloped multichannel funding
mechanisms and the impact of the economic crisis is reflected in a budget reduction on all
governmental levels.
3.3 Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operationA number of ministries and public agencies are involved in cultural affairs (including
funding). According to the Law on the 2011 State Budget , 16 different units are involved in
cultural spending, especially the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and
Science, Youth and Sport, the State Committee on TV and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine,
the State Archive Service, the Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing,
the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, and the Ministry of Infrastructure of
Ukraine.
A special working committee, under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was
established in 2008 to execute the Action Plan between the Council of Europe and Ukraine
for 2008-2011 which, among others, has two cultural programmes: the CoE regionalprogramme "Kyiv Initiative" and the CoE Pilot Programme "Intercultural Cities". In
September 2010, the working committee continued its activity for a new period of 2011-
2013 including activities within the Eastern Partnership Programme.
The principal partners of the Ministry of Culture are:
• Ministry of Finance (budget spending programmes);
• Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (development programmes);
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (international relations and promotion of Ukrainian culture
abroad);
• Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports (art and aesthetic education and
research; youth cultural exchange);• Ministry of Justice (laws on culture);
• Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing (culture development at
regional and local level, architectural heritage, reserves);
• Ministry of Social Policy (social protection); and
• Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine (cultural tourism).
Different national cultural programmes or events are carried out in co-operation with
regional, rayon or city authorities. Following the adoption of the Budget Code of Ukraine
(2002), 691 local governments independently formed relations with central government
agencies and received funding for projects of national significance.
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3.4 International cultural co-operation
3.4.1 Overview of main structures and trends
One of the top priorities of state policy is to promote the integration of the Ukraine in a
European and global cultural context, to promote a positive image of Ukraine, and to
collaborate with international organisations. Such priorities are defined, particularly, in the
draft Concept of the State targeted programme for innovative development of Ukrainian
culture in 2009-2013 (see also chapter 1) and the Law of Ukraine on Culture (Chapter 1.
Basic Provisions, Article 3: "to promote Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity
abroad and the global cultural achievements in Ukraine"; (Chapter 3, International Cultural
Relations, Article 32) "The State shall provide international cultural exchange and
collaboration between culture institutions, creative workers, Ukrainian cultural workers
and their partners" (see also chapter 2.3).
Different instruments are used to reach this aim: participation in and organisation of
international festivals, exhibitions, seminars, artistic tours, days and years of culture, etc.
Examples of this type of activity are: the International Arts Festival Kyiv Travnevy,
International Festival of Medieval Culture Lutsk Castle's Sword , International TheatreFestival Melpomene of Tauria, International Film Festival Molodist , Days of Culture
French Spring in Ukraine, Multicultural Festival Halychyna, Gogol-Fest , etc.
There are also numerous common projects and cultural co-operation between independent
and public organisations in Ukraine and European countries – from research and policy-
making projects, like Agenda 21 for Culture, Intercultural Cities, European Bus,
Intercultural Caravan, Creative Cities, Cultural Network, to artistic or exchange projects.
However, such an active shift to culture driven projects is mostly related to aspirations and
efforts of independent institutions and local powers in Ukraine. The official external
relations continue basing cultural diplomacy on events like days / weeks of culture,
festivals or government supported tours of selected groups.In recent years, Ukraine has signed more than 80 bilateral agreements (interstate,
intergovernmental and interministerial). The active collaboration is developed now with 58
countries. In 2010, the following international bilateral agreements were signed: between
the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of Byelorussia on collaboration in
the cultural heritage sphere; between ministers of culture of Ukraine and the Russian
Federation; between the ministers of culture of Ukraine and Syria; between the ministers of
culture of Ukraine and FYROM. Four intergovernmental agreements are in the process of
being signed (with Malta, Portugal, Czech Republic and Montenegro).
The Ministry of Culture takes part in approximately 30 bilateral intergovernmental
committees. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Ukraine and the EUentered into force on 1 March 1998. Today, Ukraine sees its main task as consolidation of
European values and standards in political, economic and social spheres, including culture
and heritage. Ukraine is a unique state outside of the EU, which celebrates regularly the
Day of Europe.
In 2010, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, jointly with public institutions, took part in the
organisation events such as: Photo-exhibition dedicated to the 65-th anniversary of Victory
in World War II in Ukrainian cultural and information centres in Moldova, Kazakhstan,
Byelorussia and Russia; XIX International Arts Festival "Slaviansky Bazar" in
Byelorussia; Days of Culture of Ukraine in China; Culturalogic and Art Event "Chekhov –
Yalta", jointly with the Ministry of Culture of Russia; Days of Byelorussia in Ukraine; and
the International Seminar "Role of Religious Communities in the World Cultural Heritage
Management".
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In 2010, the Ministry of Culture and the Development Centre "Democracy through
Culture" prepared and published the Ukrainian version of the White Paper on Intercultural
Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in Dignity". The publication was discussed at various
meetings organised by the independent centre, the ministry and the National Academy for
Chief Managers in Culture and Art of Ukraine. In December 2010, the scientific and
theoretical conference "Dialogue of Cultures: Priorities of the Modern Development of
Ukraine" was held in Kyiv, initiated by the Institute for Cultural Research of the NationalAcademy of Arts of Ukraine.
Within the frames of European Heritage Days in Ukraine, the International Cultural and
Artistic and Educational Project "Ukraine, the Land of Castles and Fortresses" was carried
out in the Khmelnytsk region from 22-25 September 2010.
On 20 January 2010, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine ratified the UNESCO
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions after
wide public discussion and public approval (see also chapter 3.4.3). The annual All-
Ukrainian Forum of National Cultures founded in 1998 took place in November 2010, in
Kyiv, dedicated to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention. The National
Academy for Chief Managers in Culture and Art of Ukraine prepared a special seminar forstudents and cultural managers about the UNESCO Convention (see also
http://dakkkim.edu.ua/seminars-convention-on-protection-and-promotion-of-the-diversity-
of-cultural-expressions-q).
At the same time, it's necessary to indicate some negative trends developed recently. As
Kyiv Post newspaper wrote: "Unfortunately, at present Ukraine's image in the world is not
getting better, but worse," an expert in strategic communications and public relations in
politics and business, Denis Bohush, said during a Ukrainian-German video conference
dedicated to Ukraine's image in 2010-2011. He noted that his company, Bohush
Communications, while assessing Ukraine's image and branding, took into account the
country's performances in three areas: investment, tourism and migration. According tothese indicators, Ukraine's image has been persistently declining, the expert said. In turn, a
PR expert from Germany, Thomas Achelis, said: "I get the impression that Ukraine and its
representatives haven't understood the importance of a positive image of the country.
Unfortunately, today Ukraine's image in the world, especially in Western Europe, does not
reflect the real situation, and it's rather negative." In his opinion, such a negative image
does not help raise the investment attractiveness of the country. Achelis also noted that
there is not much information about Ukraine as the co-host of the Euro 2012 European
Football Championship.
See: http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/95685/#ixzz1CDrKJfyq
3.4.2 Public actors and cultural diplomacy
In recent years, responsibility for international cultural collaboration has been distributed
on the central level mainly between the following agencies:
• Ministry of Culture (cultural events, exchanges, heritage, diaspora, minorities, culturalvalues, tours, intercultural dialogue);
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (promotion and international relations; coordination of
international multilateral programmes);
• State Committee on Information Policy, TV and Radio Broadcasting (media, TV,
books, advertisement); and
• Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sport (student culture and education,
youth culture, intercultural dialogue, sport).
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The newly established Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine will include tourist exchanges
and tourist routes. The Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing is
empowered to develop international cultural collaboration on the regional level. At the
same time, regional or local authorities can develop international collaboration
independently or with support from central governmental agencies e.g. organising artistic
tours, festivals, conferences, etc.
International cultural agencies and institutes play a very important role in the Ukraine, bydeveloping cultural dialogue and supporting Ukrainian artists through different projects.
Besides artistic events (e.g. concerts, exhibitions, master classes, film weeks), the British
Council, Goethe Institute, Swedish Institute, French Cultural Centre, and the Polish
Institute support translations into Ukrainian, publish bulletins and manuals, and organise
arts management training courses.
The British Council in 2009 organised, jointly with the Ukrainian cities (Lviv, Odessa,
Melitopol, Vinnytsia and others) and local partners (the Lviv Centre for Urban History of
East Central Europe and the Development Centre "Democracy through Culture"), the
Future City Game training with local players. The participants were invited to generate
ideas on how to regenerate their cities taking into account the diversity of interests. Thispractice continued in 2010. The results of these efforts were discussed at the forum of "city
makers" in Lviv, in January 2011.
On the governmental level, the major instruments used efficiently in international cultural
relations are still co-operation treaties, especially bilateral treaties on years of culture or
some joint events (forums, festivals, days / weeks of culture).
The most important recent developments in the field of cultural education and training in
Ukraine are: publications in Ukrainian of works on cultural policy and arts management by
the British Council, the Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" (with support
of the ECF, Council of Europe), the Polish Institute and Renaissance Foundation; training
sessions with local and international experts organised by "Democracy through Culture" jointly with the Swiss Cultural Programme in Ukraine (for the local level) and the Swedish
Institute and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine (for the regional level); the
pilot project for Cultural Strategy Development in the city of Lviv, realised in 2008-2009
by the Art Management Centre (Lviv) and the ECF; the special projects "Future City
Game", "Cultural Navigators", and "Creative Cities" organised by the British Council in
Ukraine jointly with Ukrainian partner organisations; a set of training, study tours and
conferences within the CoE pilot programme Intercultural Cities. In 2010, the Centre for
Cultural Management (Lviv) started the "Ukraine Culture Network Initiative", a project
supported by ECF, envisaging the creation of the unique cultural policy fabric on local,
regional and national level and consisting of two components: training and organising of
the independent sector (Centre for Cultural Management) and of local self-government(Democracy through Culture). Cities participating in the project are: Kyiv, Donetsk,
Kharkiv, Odessa, Lviv, Kherson, Ivano-Frankivsk. For more information see:
http://www.kultura.org.ua/index.php?lang_id=3&content_id=165.
On 25-26 September 2010, the International Charity Foundation IZOLYATSIA, Platform
for Cultural Initiatives, held a conference on the subject of cultural conversion: A New
Life of the Industrial Past. The participants of the conference came to the conclusion that
the creation of a multifunctional art-platform within one of the defunct warehouses of the
Izolyatsia plant, situated in the industrial outskirts of Donetsk, is "a highly relevant and
necessary initiative not just for Donetsk, but for the whole of Ukraine". The following
individuals were present as speakers: the director of Zeche Zollverein, Ulrich Borsdorf (Germany), architect-urbanist Tania Concko (France), the president of an association of
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independent cultural centres, Teh.net Erick Backer (Netherlands), and art-critic Ekaterina
Degot (Russia).
As IZOLYASIA Foundation site informs, the participants of the round table discussion,
"Culture as a Means of Regional and Community Development: Challenges and
Prospects", focused on the relevance and the development possibilities of such projects in
Ukraine. The moderator of the round table, Olexandr Butsenko - the expert on cultural
issues at the Council of Europe in Ukraine - posed three questions: to what extent are suchinitiatives necessary in Ukraine?, what form should such initiatives take, and what activity
should they be geared towards?, what relationship should they have with various groups
including the government?
The participants of the round table discussion - Evgeniy Bystrytsky (International
Renaissance Foundation), Anatoliy Zabalotny (Rinat Akhmetov's Development of
Ukraine), Mykola Skyba (National Art Museum of Ukraine), Yuriy Rybachuk (cultural
journalist), Maxym Ilyashenko (director of GOGOLFEST), Pavel Makov (artist), Boris
Mikhailov (photographer), Rick Rowbotham (architect), Anastassia Boutsko and Ludmila
Garbuz (Izolyatsia) - highlighted that this project is "a highly relevant and necessary
initiative not just for Donetsk, but for the whole of Ukraine." For more information seehttp://www.izolyatsia.org/en/catalog/?id=106.
3.4.3 European / international actors and programmes
On 11 May 2007, the Council of Europe adopted the National Report of Ukraine in the
cultural field. It allows, not only the construction of a new cultural policy in Ukraine with
assistance of European experts, but also active participation in different European
programmes and projects. Two CoE programmes involving Ukraine are the "Kyiv
Initiative" and Intercultural Cities. The latter started in 2008 in 11 pilot cities, selected
among 45 European city-applicants with exchange of best practices and mapping exercises
to study multicultural assets. The Ukrainian city Melitopol is among the selected cities.
During 2009, the Ukrainian city took part in different international and official meetings,
conferences and study tours and was also a host city for other European cities on a study
visit in June 2009.
The concept for the "Kyiv Initiative" programme was approved at the 5th (Enlarged)
Ministerial Colloquium under the STAGE Project of the Council of Europe on 15-16
September 2005 in Kyiv. The key organisers of the Colloquium were the Council of
Europe and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine. The Concluding Declaration
of the Colloquium includes the "Kyiv Initiative" of 5 nations: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The concept was further developed at the Bucharest
Ministerial Conference to launch the "Kyiv Initiative" Regional Programme on 15
December 2006. During 2007, the programme was structured and the project linesdetermined. At the 6th Meeting of National Programme Co-ordinators in Strasbourg on 20-
21 November 2007, participating countries discussed General Terms of Reference and
project lines (see also chapter 4.2.5). The 7th Meeting in Baku in November 2008 and the
Ministerial Conference in Ljubljana in November 2009 determined concrete events and
projects for 2009 and 2010, in particular, within such programme line as "Rehabilitation of
cultural heritage in historic cities". For more information see:
http://www.coe.int/t/e/culturalcooperation/culture/policies/kyiv/Summary.asp#TopOfPage
In 2010, at the experts' workshop, ten priority intervention towns were selected for the
project "Rehabilitation of cultural heritage in historic cities". The experts emphasised that
the towns reflected the wealth and variety of the town planning heritage of Ukraine andrepresented the key issues that the territorial communities were facing. The representatives
of the Council of Europe, David Johnson and Tetiana Biletska, mentioned the strong
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potential of small and medium towns of Ukraine and the high motivation level of the local
project teams. Experts recommended including 10 places in the list of priority towns. They
are: Bilovodsk, Vinnytsia, Zhovkva, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Medzhybizh, Melitopol,
Pryluky, Starokostiantyniv, and Khmilnyk. The special information booklet in Ukrainian
and English was published representing selected towns. The Ukrainian city of Melitopol hosted a seminar on 25 and 26 November 2010
"Intercultural Cities: communities oriented towards the future". The objective was to shareinformation on the pilot phase of the Intercultural Cities programme with other Ukrainian
cities in order to inform and inspire them to become members of a national network of
intercultural cities. This exchange was jointly organised by a development centre
Democracy through Culture, and Melitopol's authorities under the Council of Europe /
European Commission Intercultural Cities programme. The Programme is supported by the
Ministry of Culture and started in Ukraine since 2008/2009.
Melitopol is a Ukrainian city which has renewed its support for the intercultural approach.
During the opening session, Serhiy Valter, Melitopol's new mayor, confirmed his
commitment to the intercultural concept. Melitpol's dedication to interculturalism is also
felt by many community stakeholders, as they view people and human relations as thecity's most valuable assets.
The exchange attracted a vast array of participants, including representatives of other
Ukrainian cities, cultural institutions, non-governmental organisations, as well as
academics and students. The mayor of the Ukrainian city of Pryluky expressed his
commitment to joining the network and adopting the intercultural approach. Among other
cities participating in the seminar were Yuzhny (Odessa region), Nizhyn (Chernihiv
region), Kmelnytsky,and Zhytomyr.
A draft memorandum setting up the Ukrainian Platform of Intercultural Cities was
distributed to Ukrainian cities that wish to be future members of the Intercultural Cities
network and national platform. This binding document will be used to develop a commonaction plan, identify a specific responsible body or individual in the local authority, and
identify training needs as well as objectives. Local City Councils were invited to adopt and
make amendments to the memorandum. The detailed working schedule will be decided
after city majors have signed the memorandum at their meeting in March 2011.
Ukraine became a member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) on 12 May 1954. Ukraine's Permanent mission to UNESCO has
operated since December 1962, with its headquarters in Paris. Recent years have shown
active engagement of Ukrainian institutions and experts in the work of UNESCO's global
projects in the fields of: development of the information society, protection of the world
information and digital heritage, democratisation of cyberspace, guaranteed sustainabilityof the world's development, and securing tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the
era of globalisation. One of the main aspects that determines Ukraine's role in UNESCO's
activities is the country's participation in the work of this institution's leading initiatives.
The 50th anniversary of Ukraine's membership in UNESCO was celebrated in May 2004.
The jubilee stamp and 5 hryvnia metal coins were issued on that special occasion. An
exhibition of modern Ukrainian Decorative Art was organised at the UNESCO headquarters
in Paris. One of the vivid examples of Ukraine-UNESCO cooperation is the International
Scientific and Educational Centre of Information Technologies and Systems that operates in
Kyiv. One of the new projects deals with establishing a model for a virtual university that
will share scientific, technical and engineering knowledge developed by the institutes and
universities of Central and Eastern Europe; it will be monitored Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.
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Ukraine takes an active part on an official and non-official level in all cultural activities of
the Black Sea countries, including festivals, meetings and joint activities such as Slavic
Bazar in Vitebsk (Byelorussia).
The Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine are entrusted with
the responsibility for implementing and monitoring the UNESCO Convention on the
Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. During 2008-2009, the
Ministry of Culture, jointly with independent institutions, organised wide public discussionof the Convention at various training events, seminars, conferences and forums as well as
by internet and through the media. For example, in May 2009 the Convention was
approved at the Forum of Associations of National Cultures in Ukraine. The Parliament of
Ukraine ratified the Convention on 20 January 2010. It opened new opportunities for the
cultural sector in Ukraine, particularly, direct participation in regional EC initiatives, for
instance, the Eastern Partnership Culture Programme.
3.4.4 Direct professional co-operation
Professional co-operation is developed in four main ways:
• Cultural exchanges supported by international foundations and participation in cultural
events, competitions or festivals. For example: International Festival GOGOLFEST in
Kyiv on September 4-12, 2010, involving the participation of different foreign art
collectives and artists supported by various foundations, embassies and agencies (seealso http://www.gogolfest.org.ua/eng/ .
• Commercial projects: for example, Spring and Autumn International Sculpture Salons
in Kyiv; 5th International Art Fair "Art Kyiv Contemporary" on November 9-14, 2010.
During 10 days, nearly 200 000 people visited the art fair. From 2006-2009, the
exhibition took place in Ukrainian House. Since 2010, the forum is held in the museum
complex ART-ARSENAL spreading over an area of 16 sq.m – more information can
be found at: http://www.art-kyiv.com/page/1/?lang=en; Balcan Fest in Kyiv inDecember 2009 with participation of the best music groups from Serbia, Romania,
FYROM, Ukraine and the USA, such as Fanfare Ciocarlia, K.A.L., Gogol Bordello,
Kocani Orkestar, Haydamaky, and The No Smoking Orkestra.
• Days of culture, months of culture or years of culture, when events with cultural
professionals are organised by public bodies. For example: Days of Byelorussia in
Ukraine from 26-30 September 2010 (Kyiv and Lviv); Days of Culture of Ukraine in
China from 26-31 August 2010.
• Cultural events between local communities within the framework of traditionalprogrammes like town-twinning, cross-border co-operation, intercultural cities, etc.
The Ministry of Culture takes part in 20 bilateral intergovernmental and interagency
committees and task forces, in particular: Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Slovak Committee
on national minorities, culture and education, Collateral Ukrainian-Uzbek Committee on
comprehensive collaboration, Collateral Ukrainian-Armenian Intergovernmental
Committee, Subcommittee on humanitarian collaboration of Ukrainian-Russian
Intergovernmental Committee, Interagency Ukrainian-Chinese Committee on cultural
collaboration, Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Chinese Committee on trade and economic
cooperation, and the Ukrainian-Polish Intergovernmental Coordinating Board on
interregional collaboration.
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3.4.5 Cross-border intercultural dialogue and co-operation
Governmental programmes to support trans-national intercultural dialogue activities are
concentrated mainly in three fields:
• special programmes for developing cross-frontier relations, e.g., "days of good
neighbourhood" among border towns or villages which are organised jointly in
cooperation with local administrations;• the development of culture and information centres in foreign countries to present
Ukrainian culture; and
• support to specific groups: Crimean Tartars, Roma, etc.
During 2009-2010, more than 120 Ukrainian students had the opportunity to study in
educational centres of the countries of the Visegrad group (Hungary, Slovakia, Czech
Republic and Poland), with the help of the Visegrad Fund (http://www.visegradfund.org).
The L2 project creates opportunities for the artistic environments of Lublin (Poland) and
Lviv (Ukraine) to meet. The direct contact between the two groups of people is the pretext
for exchanging knowledge and "know-how" in the area of culture and art. In the long run,
the aim is to build bridges between the two cities and enable common projects. The first
phase of the L2 project was a three-day visit in Lviv. Nearly 100 people presented various
artistic presentations there and showed a broad spectrum of the young cultural environment
of Lublin. In April 2009, artists from Lviv visited Lublin. The next stage of the project will
be based on the experience gained in the course of cooperation between the cultural sectors
in Lviv and Lublin.
There are different NGOs operating in the cultural sphere in Ukraine that are engaged in
trans-national dialogue activities e.g. the New Music Association (Odessa), Arabesque
Theatre Studio (Kharkiv), Association of Art Galleries (Kyiv), Development Centre
"Democracy through Culture" (Kyiv), KusiCreaVision (Odessa), Centre for Cultural
Management (Lviv), Totem (Kherson), Garage Gang (Kyiv). Working actively with localauthorities, sponsors, international foundations and, sometimes, with central agencies,
these NGOs realise many projects based on trans-national collaboration e.g. museum
training courses (Association of Art Galleries, with support of the Dutch programme
Matra); Model 21 – creation of arms-length bodies at the local level; development of
international joint projects (DC "Democracy through Culture", with support from the Swiss
Cultural Programme – DEZA, Pro Helvetia); literary meetings and co-productions of
modern authors from different countries (Arabesque with support from the Swedish
Institute), and mapping and training (Centre for Cultural Management with support from
the ECF).
3.4.6 Other relevant issues
In general, about 10 million Ukrainians live abroad. The Ukrainian Diaspora's relationship
with its historical motherland is realised through the organisation "Ukraine". The magazine
"Ukrainian Diaspora", published by the National Academy of Sciences, plays an important
role to encourage these relations. The largest Ukrainian Diaspora is located in Russia, with
a population of 4 379 690. Many Ukrainians live in Moldova (13.8% of its population),
Romania, Poland, Canada (more than 1 million), USA, UK, Argentina, Germany, Italy,
Spain, Portugal, Australia and other countries. In general, the Ukrainian Diaspora can be
divided into two types: the old Diaspora in Canada, USA, Argentina and Australia, mainly
homogeneous in its national and social composition, and a new one, mostly in Russia and
Europe, representing various ethnic and social groups of modern Ukraine (so called work seekers).
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The state policy of Ukraine aims to support the Ukrainian Diaspora. To this end, on 24
September 2001, a Presidential Decree approved the programme "Foreign Ukrainians" for
the period 2001 to 2005. In 2006, the State Committee on Humanitarian and Social Issues
approved a new state programme to encourage collaboration with foreign Ukrainians, up to
the year 2010. As part of this programme, it is envisaged to publish a White Paper on
cultural achievements of Ukrainians in the world.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine has a special department "Ethno Cultureand Diaspora" which is responsible for cultural relations with foreign Ukrainians. In
August 2006, the 4th World Congress of Ukrainians was held in Kyiv with the
participation of the President of Ukraine.
There is a special budget programme "Measures for establishing cultural relations with the
Ukrainian Diaspora", executed by the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. In 2009, due to the
restricted budget, the financing of this programme was not envisaged. However, according
to the Government Resolutions of 19 August 2009 and 14 October 2009, some funds from
the Stabilisation Fund were assigned for realising programme measures. Under this
funding, the Ministry of Culture, in December 2009, carried out a set of measures, such as:
participation in national festivals in Brazil (Maringa), Romania (Timisoara), Russia(Moscow) and a competition for the monument to Famine (1932-1933) victims to be built
in Washington (USA).
Approximately 30 laws and by-laws regulate state policy related to foreign Ukrainians,
including the Constitution of Ukraine (1996), Declaration of the Rights of the Nationalities
of Ukraine (1991), Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Ukrainians (2004), Law on
Immigration (1994, 2001), Law on Introducing Changes into Regulations regarding the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2005), Law on the Establishment of a National
Committee for Foreign Ukrainians (2004) and others. In 2009, the Ministry of Culture and
Tourism of Ukraine approved the Draft Law on Amendments to the Law of Ukraine on the
Legal Status of Foreign Ukrainians developed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Among policy priorities for 2010 concerning the support of the Ukrainian diaspora, the
Ministry of Culture has defined the elaboration of an Innovative programme for developing
cultural relations with the Ukrainian Diaspora for 2011-2015; the creation of a digital base
of Ukrainian cultural values abroad; and the financial support of Ukrainian organisations
abroad, etc.
On 4 October 2009, the parliament hearing "Foreign Ukrainians: Current Situation and
Perspectives of Collaboration" was held and resulted in a Resolution of 19 January 2010,
"Recommendation of the parliament hearing" where, among others, it was recommended
to improve respective laws in terms of voting rights of foreign Ukrainians.
Because of the economic crisis, expenses directed to measures for cultural relationshipswith the Ukrainian diaspora in 2010, according to the governmental programme 1801270,
were significantly reduced. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Culture activated collaboration
with different Ukrainian foreign communities, particularly, in Latvia, Spain, Moldova,
Russia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Italy, USA, Brazil and others. The Ministry distributed about
2 000 copies of Ukrainian books to foreign Ukrainians.
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4. Current issues in cultural policy development and debate
4.1 Main cultural policy issues and priorities
On 6 January 2011, the President of Ukraine signed the new Law of Ukraine on Culture.
The new law defines the following priorities of the national cultural policy:
• development of the culture of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous peoples and nationalminorities of Ukraine;
• maintenance, restoration and protection of the historical environment;
• aesthetic education of citizens, first of all, children and young people; and
• enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas (see also chapter 2.1).
On the basis of the Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, Nr 1085, on Optimisation of
Public Agencies, the structural reform started in the sphere of public culture. It will change
the structure of central agencies, their functions, staff numbers and budgets. New laws
which were adopted, like the Law on Culture, Tax Code, and others that are under
development, like labour legislation and pension laws, can impact on the public culture
system leading to a reduction of funds and staff. Thus, one of the main tasks of the newcultural policy might be to stimulate innovative decisions and creative partnerships (see
also chapter 2.1).
During recent years, cultural policy was mainly determined by fiscal and administrative
reforms. The main aim was to decentralise areas of state policy. Some steps in this
direction were made in 2009 through granting all cultural institutions with financing
powers and obligations (accountability), contrary to the previous model when cultural
departments of local administrations executed all financial operations and accountability.
Cultural policy priorities during 2001-2010 included:
• preservation of the historical and cultural heritage. In 2000, the Law on Protection of
Cultural Heritage was adopted and in 2004 amendments to the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage were adopted (see chapter 4.2.2). In 2005, the Law on the
Ratification of the Agreement on the Displacement of Cultural Values was adopted. In
2008-2009, the following laws were adopted: Law on Joining the International
Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage; Law on Approval of the
List of Cultural Monuments which cannot be Subject to Privatisation; Law on
Amendments to the Law of Ukraine on Museums; Law on Amendments to Some Laws
of Ukraine in Connection with the Approval of the Parliament; Law on Amendments to
the Law on the State Programme for Cultural Heritage Protection; in 2010, these laws
were supplemented by the Law on Amendments to Some Laws of Ukraine on
Protection of Cultural Heritage, Law on Protection of Archaeological Heritage with
Amendments, Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage with Amendments;
• preservation of existing cultural institutions through government support. In 2005, the
Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Resolution on Banning the Closure of Social and
Cultural Institutions in Rural Areas; in 2009 the Parliament adopted a resolution -
Moratorium on the dispossession of art unions - prohibiting local authorities from
evicting associations of artists, authors, musicians, etc. from state-owned or
community-owned premises until the respective law will be adopted; the new Law on
Culture "prohibits the expulsion of culture institutions (theatres, philharmonics,
libraries, museums, archives, art galleries (exhibitions), cinemas, out-of-school art
schools for children and youth, clubs, etc.) from their premises without granting them
another equivalent space" ( Article 19, par.4);• support for folk and amateur arts, especially in the regions, through amateur arts
festivals and all-Ukrainian performances;
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• support for cultural diversity and cultures of national minorities. In 2009 the All-
Ukrainian Forum of national cultures "Ukraine: artistic diversity and dialogue of
cultures" was held in Kyiv in October, organised by the Ministry of Culture (see also
chapter 4.2.4); in November 2010, the All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures was
held in Kyiv dedicated to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the
Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (see also chapter
3.4.1);• support for national performers. In 2003, the Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine was
adopted, envisaging an income from the touring activities of foreign performing artists
or groups by applying a tax rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets (in 2011, this tax
income was replaced by a new Tax Code, see also chapter 6.1); each year the Ministry
of Culture offers supporting grants to national performers;
• creation of favourable conditions for the adoption of a socially agreed, long-term
programme of cultural development in Ukraine; and
• support for national film-makers. In 2002, the Law on the State Programme for
Development of the National Film Industry for 2003-2007 was adopted. Parliamentary
Hearings on the concerns of the national cinematography sector were held in 2005 and
2006. Unfortunately, in 2009 the funding for the national film industry was reduced
critically, almost by 10 times, mainly due to the economic crisis. The reduction of
funds for national cinema caused public protests, and as a result, on 18 February 2010,
the Parliament approved the amendments to the Law on Cinematography by which the
Ukrainian film producers will be exempt from VAT for the next 5 years. Funding for
film production will also be envisaged as a separate budget item of protected expenses.
According to the new law, the government will establish a special fund to support
national cinematography which will accumulate funds for film industry development
(see also chapters 5.1.5 and chapter 5.3.6). According to the 2011 Budget Law, the
funding for the national film industry, through the new State Film Agency, is envisaged
at UAH 120 million, which is almost 6 times more than the previous year (see alsochapters 4.2.3 and chapter 6.1).
4.2 Specific policy issues and recent debates
4.2.1 Conceptual issues of policies for the arts
The public art policy is based on the provisions of the Law on Culture which ensures
support for all kinds of artistic creativity as well as Ukrainian art production, including
new technologies. The Ministry of Culture organises competitions for Presidential grants to
young artists. At the same time, innovative modern art projects are initiated and supported
mainly by private players: Pinchuk Fund / Pinchuk Art Centre(http://pinchukartcentre.org/ ), Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine
(http://www.fdu.org.ua/en), International Charity Foundation IZOLIATSIA
(http://www.izolyatsia.org/en), Cultural Centre Master Klass
(http://www.masterklass.org/eng), etc.
4.2.2 Heritage issues and policies
The protection and preservation of cultural heritage is one of the top priority issues of
Ukrainian cultural policy, however, there is no direct co-ordination between political and
budget priorities, and during last ten years cultural heritage was one of the lowest item of
budget expenses (see also chapter 6.1). The main explanation of this fact is that other
cultural areas like libraries or houses of culture mean much more numerous staff and
institutions and, according to Ukrainian laws, salaries constitute protected budget items,
that is, higher expenses.
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Basic principles of the preservation of cultural heritage are reflected in the country's main
law, The Constitution of Ukraine, which was adopted at the fifth session of the Ukrainian
parliament (Verkhovna Rada) on the 28 June 1996. It proclaims that "Cultural heritage
shall be protected by law" ( part 4, Article 54); "The State shall ensure the preservation of
historical monuments and other objects of cultural value..." ( part 5, Article 54); "Everyone
shall be obliged not to harm nature or cultural heritage, and to compensate for any damage
he / she inflicts ( Article 66 )".The Ministry of Culture in co-operation with other ministries and public agencies started to
create a list of monuments and historical sites and objects not subject to privatisation and
to develop a general scheme to map the territory of Ukraine. In 2009, on the basis of a
Governmental Decision on Bringing Objects of Cultural Heritage of National Significance
to the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine, there were 744 registered
monuments of national significance, among them: 264 – historical monuments, 428 –
archeological monuments, 47 – objects of monumental arts, 4 – monuments of science and
technology, and 1- landscape monument.
During 2006-2009, a set of laws regulating heritage issues were adopted, including
ratification of the UNESCO Convention on Underwater Heritage and the EU Conventionon Architectural Heritage.
Great attention is being paid to the restitution of cultural goods taken out of Ukraine in
former times. The Ministry of Culture and the Parliament Committee of Culture are
making significant efforts to prevent the destruction of cultural and historical monuments
and are fighting, in particular, against so called "black archaeologists".
In Ukraine there are 143 424 memorials under state registration. Of these, 57 206 are
archaeological memorials (including 418 units of national significance), 51 364 are historic
memorials (including 142 units of national significance), 5 926 are memorials of
monumental art (including 44 units of national significance), 16 797 are memorials of
architecture, city construction, gardens and parks, art and landscapes (including 3 541 unitsof national significance). There are 63 active historic and cultural reservation areas.
A part of the reservation areas is constituted by complexes (ensembles) of memorials that
are of particular cultural value. 15 reservation areas are granted the status of national
reservations. Almost 9 400 settlements in Ukraine possess over 70 000 objects of cultural
heritage that need research and registration. In some regions, about 50-70% of historical
monuments are in an unsatisfactory state and about 10% are under threat of collapse.
401 settlements are entered into the List of Historic Settlements in Ukraine. The state is
responsible for the preservation of the heritage mentioned, as represented by the State
Service on Issues of National Cultural Heritage at the Ministry of Culture. These historic
settlements have been included into the UNESCO World Heritage List.
A set of state programmes link heritage assets with the development of cultural tourism
e.g. "Castles of Ukraine" 2006-2011, "Wooden Sacral Architecture" 2006-2011, "Golden
Horseshoe of Cherkassy Region", "Programme for the Development of Folk and
Traditional Arts", etc. During 2005-2006, restoration works were executed in several
historical sites, in Lviv, Kamianets-Podilsky, Nizhyn, Kaniv, Glukhiv and Baturyn, due to
a significant increase in the budget spending for restoration and repair of architectural
monuments (by 2.5 times in 2005, compared to the figure for 2004). In general, budget
spending for heritage protection and maintenance increases annually by 25-30%, according
to the Ministry of Culture data.
The National information programme envisages the development, in 2006-2008, of electronic systems entitled "Ukraine Libraries" and "Ukraine Museums".
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At the same time, according to the data of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine, the
insufficient financing is causing serious problems in the culture heritage sphere. For
example, due to poor security, 432 old relics and monuments from the state part of the
Museum Fund of Ukraine were stolen in 2005-2009, from 26 museums in 17 regions.
Another problem is the poor organisation of accounting of museum values which in many
cases impedes the ability to define the real cost of the lost objects. Experts also indicate the
inappropriate level of museum funds for restoration. The Ukraine National Scientific andResearch Restoration Centre, in existence for 70 years, does not have its own premises and
uses out-of-date equipment. Under such conditions, they can restore only 0.1% of museum
funds.
4.2.3 Cultural / creative industries: policies and programmes
There is no clear definition of the cultural industries in Ukraine. The first mention of
"cultural industries" appeared in the Law of Ukraine on the Conceptual Framework of the
Public Cultural Policy of Ukraine (2005). The Law on Culture, which had been under
discussion for 7 years and was adopted by the Parliament in December 2010, has no
mention of "cultural industries". The Law offers the following formulation: "cultural
wealth is goods and services produced in the course of activities in the sphere of culture to
satisfy cultural needs of citizens (books, audio and visual products (music recordings),
works of art and documents on new information-carrying media, crafts, theatre and circus
performances, concerts, cultural and educational services, etc.)".
Government support measures are addressed mainly to film production, book publishing
and crafts. There are no specific training and education programmes for culture industry
professionals.
In 2008, the Cabinet of Ministers made a proposal to local authorities that they increase the
number of bookshops on their territories. The government defined the following minimum
standards: one bookshop for 20 000 inhabitants in large cities, one bookshop or book
department for 5-10 000 inhabitants in towns, and one bookshop for 5 000 inhabitants in
villages and settlements. In comparison: currently there is one bookshop in Ukraine per
96 000 inhabitants, while in Russia there is one bookshop per 75 000, and in France one
bookshop per 20 000 inhabitants. According to the data of the Book Chamber of Ukraine,
in 2010, Ukrainian publishers produced 1.0 books per capita compared to 1.2 books in
2007. By 1 December 2010, 11 212 titles were published in the Ukrainian language; with
16 899 400 printed copies, which constitutes 64.9% of all titles and 49.8% of all copies.
Compared to 2009, the number of titles decreased by 14% and the number of copies
decreased by 42.7%. 4 206 titles were printed in languages of national minorities
constituting 26.7% of the total amount of titles - a decrease of 13.4% compared to 2009. In
the Russian language, 4 462 titles were published, or 25.8% of the total amount (a decreaseof 12.4% compared to 2009). 46% of Ukrainians do not buy books and are not considered
active readers.
According to State Film Service data, cinema cash receipts increased in 2009 by 37%
comparing with 2008 (UAH 420 million versus UAH 306 million with the average
exchange rate being 1 EUR to 8 UAH in 2008 and 10 UAH in 2009); the number of
visitors increased in 2009 by 15% compared with 2008. In 2010, the number of visitors
didn't change.
In 2009, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, together with the State Service on Tourism,
started establishing tourist-information centres throughout the country. These centers are to
provide tourists with information, souvenirs, book tours, etc.
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4.2.4 Cultural diversity and inclusion policies
Ukraine is a multinational state, with a long established tradition of peaceful multiethnic
coexistence. According to data of the State Committee of Nationalities and Religions
(liquidated in 2011), representatives of more than 130 nationalities are residing in Ukraine.
On 1 January 2010, the population of Ukraine was 45.79 million. Cultural minorities
constitute about 9.54 million or 22.2% of the population. The main minority groups inUkraine are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Main minority groups in the Ukraine, 2009
Main minority groups Number % share of total
Russians 8 334 100 17.3
Byelorussians 275 800 0.61
Moldavians 258 600 0.55
Crimean Tatars 248 200 0.52
Bulgarians 204 600 0.43
Hungarians 156 600 0.33
Romanians 151 000 0.32Poles 144 100 0.30
Jews 103 600 0.21
Armenians 99 900 0.21
Greeks 91 500 0.19
Tatars 73 300 0.15
Roma 47 600 0.10
Azerbaijanians 45 200 0.09
Georgians 34 200 0.07
Germans 33 300 0.07
Source: State Committee on Nationalities and Religions in Ukraine, 2009.The existing legislation defines all Ukrainian citizens ("Ukrainian people") as belonging to
two major categories: either the ethnic Ukrainian majority ("Ukrainian nation") or one of
the "national minorities", without distinguishing indigenous nations (for example, Crimean
Tatars), autochthonous groups or "classical" national minorities (Russians, Jews,
Romanians, Hungarians, Roma, Greeks etc.), and Diaspora groups, or ethnic minorities
that have arrived in the Ukraine following recent migration processes. However, the draft
Law on Concept of the Public Ethno-National Policy of Ukraine (September 2010)
contains definitions of "indigenous people", "national minority", "national identity" and
others, which may be assumed as the basis of future diversity policy.
There are several sub-ethnic groups in Ukraine, which, historically, are closely linked withthe Ukrainian nation. Due to specific geographical and regional conditions, however, and,
mainly, due to influences of various states and empires under whose jurisdiction they had
developed over considerable periods of time, they now have different traditions, customs,
dialects, etc. These include Hutsuls, Boyky, Lemky - from the Carpathian region,
Polischuky - from the Polissia region, and Carpathian Ruthenians. The latter, on behalf of
their leaders and some representatives of the Ruthenians diaspora in the USA, Canada,
Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, try to obtain recognition of Ruthenians as a separate
nation or, at least, a national (autochthonous) minority.
Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukraine
condemned the offences of the Soviet regime towards national minorities and declared the
recognition of international norms of law in this sphere in a document entitled Appeal To
Ukrainian Citizens of All Nationalities.
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In November 1991, the Parliament of the Ukraine adopted the Declaration of Rights of
Nationalities in the Ukraine, which provided rights to minorities to pursue their respective
language and culture. In the same year, national minorities also took part in a referendum
on the independence of the Ukrainian state.
The Constitution of the Ukraine declares in Article 11 that "the state provides support for
the development of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious originality of all indigenous
nations and national minorities of the Ukraine".
Rights of national minorities are also represented in:
• Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture (1992);
• Law on Publishing (1997);
• Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993);
• Law on State Support to Mass Media and Social Protection of Journalists (1997);
• Law on Local Self-Governance in Ukraine (1997);
• Law on Citizens Appeal (1996 / 2005); and
• Law on Associations of Citizens (1992 / 2006).
There are also some other official documents providing policy instruments in this fieldincluding Presidential Edicts on Measures Supporting the Activity of National and Cultural
Societies (21 September 2001), on Assurance of Citizens' Participation in State Policy
Formulation and Implementation (15 September 2005), on Holding in 2008 a Year of
Intercultural Dialogue in Ukraine (February 25, 2008) and Cabinet Ministers' Decrees:
• Approval of the Programme on Adaptation and Integration into Ukrainian Society of
Deported Crimean Tatars and Persons of Other Nationalities, and the Development of
Their Culture and Education (January 10, 2002);
• Approval of the Programme Providing Social Development and Adaptation of Crimean
Tatar Young People in 2002-2005 (January 2002); and
• Issues on Assurance of Citizens' Participation in State Policy Formulation and Implementation (March 2006).
In 2010, 1 458 associations or organisations of national minorities operated in the Ukraine
(compared to 1 158 in 2007). They take part in umbrella organisations such as the Council
of National Societies of Ukraine, the Association of National Cultural Unions of Ukraine,
and the Congress of National Communities of Ukraine. 45 of these organisations have
national status.
Some of the main social organisations of ethnic minorities of Ukraine with national status
are:
• Association of Bulgarians of Ukraine;
• Association of Jewish organisations and societies of Ukraine;
• Association of Koreans of Ukraine;
• Association of national and cultural unions of Ukraine;
• Association of Germans of Ukraine;
• All-Ukrainian Association Public Organisation "Union of Armenians of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian Association of Georgian societies;
• All-Ukrainian Association of Crimean Karaites "Krymkarailar";
• All-Ukrainian charitable organisation "Jewish Fund of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian public organisation "Russian Movement of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian national and cultural Moldavian association;
• All-Ukrainian organisation "Russian Community of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian Union of Byelorussians of Ukraine;
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• All-Ukrainian union of public organisations "Community of Lithuanians of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian union of public organisations "Congress of Roma of Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian national cultural and educational society "Ruskoye Sobraniye";
• All-Ukrainian association "German Youth in Ukraine";
• All-Ukrainian society of Meskhetian Turks "Vatan";
• All-Ukrainian society of Russian culture "Rus'";
• All-Ukrainian Tatar Cultural Centre "Tugan Tel";
• Democratic Association of Hungarians of Ukraine;
• Estonian expatriates' community in Ukraine;
• Jewish confederation of Ukraine;
• Jewish council of Ukraine;
• Congress of Azerbaijanis of Ukraine;
• Congress of national communities of Ukraine;
• Crimean cultural and educational society of inhabitants of the Crimea "Krymchakhlar";
• International society of Germans "Widergeburg";
• Council of national societies of Ukraine;
• Council of Germans of Ukraine;• Association of Greeks of Ukraine;
• Association of Poles of Ukraine;
• Federation of Greek societies of Ukraine;
• Federation of Polish organisations in Ukraine; and
• Czech National Council of Ukraine.
The Congress of National Communities of Ukraine (CNCU) is s non-profit non-
governmental organisation established in 2001. There are 17 national communities
participating at the CNCU programmes of: Monitoring of Law Violations Against National
Minorities, Publishing Projects, Law Experts' Group, National Mass Media Journalists,
Education at the National Communities in Ukraine, Children's Camp "Sources of Tolerance", Monitoring of Election Campaigns in the Context of the Inter-ethnic Relations,
Researching of Ethnic Processes of Ukrainian Society, and Restitution Problems for the
Communities. These and other CNCU programmes are aimed at uniting efforts of the
national communities in Ukraine in integrating into Ukrainian society and its
transformation into a democratic and civil society, active advocacy for tolerance values,
equality, mutual respect of customs and values of each member the polyethnic Ukrainian
people. The Congress pays much attention to children's programmes. The Annual
Children's Summer Camp "Sources of Tolerance" was successfully conducted from 2002-
2005 for 300 young representatives of the 17 national communities of Ukraine (Poles,
Jews, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, Moldovans, Volga Tatars,
Armenians, Ukrainians, Crimeans, Tatars, Russians, Greeks, Belorussians, Bulgarians, and
Azerbaijanis). Tutors in the camp also belonged to various ethnic cultures. Professional
psychologists worked with children. Children are not divided into groups depending on
their ethnic grouping so that children from different nations do not have to compete with
each other. Teenagers and tutors study new facts about different cultures and acquire skills
of tolerant communication.
Centres of national culture operate to meet the needs of national minorities. By 1 January
2010, there were 96 such centres, 12 of which are funded by local government:
• All-Ukrainian Centre of Bulgarian Culture in Odessa;
• Scientific and Methodological Centre of Bulgarian Culture in Bolgrad;
• Centre of National Cultures in Izmail district of Odessa region;
• Centre of National Cultures in Reni district of Odessa region;
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• Centre of Aesthetic Education in Izmail of Odessa region;
• Centre of Minority Cultures of Transcarpathia in Uzhgorod;
• Sevastopol National and Culture Centre;
• Styl'sk Village House of Greek Culture in Donetsk region;
• Volnovakha City Centre of National Cultures in Donetsk region;
• Velykoanadol' Village Centre of Greek Culture in Donetsk region;
• House of National Cultures in Luhansk; and
• City Centre of National Cultures in Mykolaiv.
Sections with literature in languages of national minorities function in 360 libraries of
Ukraine. These libraries also organise literature rooms, clubs by interests, different events
dedicated to cultural heritage, language, traditions and customs. The universal scientific
library of Khmelnytsky region publishes annual information and the reference bulletin
"National Minorities of Khmelnytchyna".
According to the data of the State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television
and Radio Broadcasting, 197 periodicals for national minorities were registered in Ukraine
in 2005. They are mainly founded and supported by local governments, national societies
and / or private persons. Among monolingual periodicals of ethnic groups which live in
one or another region of the Ukraine are: "Polacy Donbasu" (newspaper of the Polish
Cultural Society located in the Donbass region), "Yanyi Dyunya" (Crimean Tatar
newspaper in Crimea), "Slavic Sun" (Bulgarian newspaper in the Zaporizhia region),
"Zorile Bukovinei" (Romanian newspaper in the Chernivtsy region), and "Karpati Igas So"
(Hungarian newspaper in the Zakarpatian region). In May 2010, the National Media
Encounter "From multicultural perspectives to intercultural dialogue" organised by the
Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" and the Council of Europe, with
assistance of the British Council in Ukraine. At the same time, the Shevchenko district of
Kyiv carried out a campaign Against Discrimination using CoE videos for different city
street screens.Among traditional culture and art events organised with governmental assistance is the:
Festival of Slavic Culture and Written Language, All-Ukrainian Festival "Polissia Circle",
Festival of Jewish Art "Sholom, Ukraine", International Theatre Festival "Wandering
Stars", All-Ukrainian Festival of Korean Culture "Koreiada", International Turk-Tatar
Festival-Contest "Kyiv Sanduhachi", International Roma Festival "Amala", and the
Festival of Children's Polish Songs and others.
Annual celebrations of national cultural days and annual festivals of national cultures take
place in all regions. Such festivals as Seven Cultures in the city of Kamianets-Podilsk,
Friendship in the Mykolayivska oblast, Koreiada in the city of Simferopol, Melodies of
Salt Lakes and the International Festival of Roma Art in the Zakarpatska oblast are wellknown far beyond the Ukrainian borders.
In 2006, the Union of Armenians of the Ukraine, one of the largest Diasporas, celebrated
its 5th anniversary by organising the First All-Ukrainian Contest "My Armenia". More
than 270 people from all regions of the Ukraine took part in the competition.
In June 2006, a Ukrainian arts presentation on the theme "1956-2006: from revolution to
Europe", on the culture of Hungarians from the Carpathian region, was held in Kyiv, Lviv
and Sevastopol.
The All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures "Ukraine: artistic diversity and dialogue of
cultures" was held in Kyiv on 30-31 October 2009, under the auspices of the Ministry of
Culture of Ukraine. In November 2010, in Kyiv, the Forum was dedicated to the
implementation of the UNESCO Convention on Diversity. In December 2010, the
scientific and theoretical conference "Dialogue of Cultures: Priorities of the Modern
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Development of Ukraine" was held in Kyiv organised by three national academies – of
Arts (Institute for Cultural Research), Sciences and Pedagogic Sciences, with the help of
the National Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts and the Development Centre
"Democracy through Culture".
The region of Transcarpathia is home to 60 000 persons of Roma ethnicity, who constitute
about 75% of all Roma living in the Ukraine. Many Ukrainians associate this area with
"tsyhany" - gypsies. Cities of Uzhgorod and Muhachevo have the largest number of Romaliving in urban areas in Transcarpathia. They have been settled here for hundreds of years.
The district "Radvanka", where the office of Romani Cherkhenj is located, is the biggest
Roma settlement in the city of Uzhgorod with 2 500 Roma and 2 000 non-Roma living
there. Romani Cherkhenj was founded to organise cultural and sports activities for Roma
youth in Uzhrogord and the surrounding region. It is related to larger Roma organisations
in the city, especially Romani Yag, one of the largest cultural and human rights
organisations for Roma in the region. Romani Yag was one of the first organisations to
have foreign volunteers come and work with it. Romani Cherkhenj and Romani Yag are
partners in the Roma-Gadje Dialogue through Service Initiatives (http://www.rgdts.net).
4.2.5 Language issues and policies
According to the Constitution of the Ukraine ( Article 10), the official language is
Ukrainian. The same Article guarantees the free development, use and protection of
Russian and other languages of national minorities. The Law on Culture (2011) establishes
that the "State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the national
language in cultures all over Ukraine, promotes the creation of the domestic (national)
culture product in Ukrainian and its popularisation in Ukraine and abroad; free use of other
languages is guaranteed in the sphere of culture".
According to the 2001 census, 67.5% of the population of the Ukraine consider Ukrainian
their native language and 29.6% name Russian as their native language. According to
social monitoring studies undertaken by the Institute of Sociology of the National
Academy of Sciences, the Ukrainian language is used in daily communication by 42% of
families, Russian by 36%, and both languages by 21%. The ratification of the European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Ukrainian Parliament on 15 May 2003
revived the debate on language policies and emphasised the need for a new basic law. The
Presidential Decree on the Concept of Linguistic Policy (see also chapter 5.1.9)
proclaimed the need, in particularly, to improve existing language laws. However, the draft
Law on Languages in Ukraine registered in the parliament in September 2010 by
representatives of governmental parties provoked criticism not only of national experts.
For example, the High Commissioner on National Minorities of OSCE, Knut Vollabaek, in
his letter to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, noted: "The Draft Law failsto regulate the use of languages in Ukraine in a way which meets international minority
rights' standards, facilitates a balance between the interests of different communities, or
promotes integration and stability of the Ukrainian society. In my assessment, the Draft
Language Law is likely to increase rather than decrease tensions between speakers of
different languages and to reinforce existing divisions in society, thus making the Draft
Law counter-productive to the stabilisation of Ukrainian society".
The Law on Education grants Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to
choose their native language for schools and studies. In 2001, there were 20 988 secondary
schools in Ukraine, including 16 677 schools teaching in Ukrainian, 1 154 in Russian, 88
in Romanian, 66 in Hungarian, 15 in Crimean Tatar, 6 in Moldavian, 5 in Polish, etc. The
network of educational establishments is formed according to the national composition of a
territory.
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197 periodicals for national minorities were registered in the Ukraine in 2005; 61 of them
were published in the language of a national minority: Russian, Polish, Crimean Tatar,
Bulgarian, Romanian, Byelorussian, German, and Turkish (see chapter 4.2.4). 136
periodicals are bilingual or trilingual, for example: Russian and Crimean Tatar, Ukrainian
and Hungarian, Ukrainian and Russian, etc. At the same time, a huge number of
mainstream periodicals are printed in Russian.
Table 2: Share of different language periodicals distributed in Ukraine, 2005
Language Number
Ukrainian 4 351
Russian 2 343
Byelorussian 2
Hungarian 13
Bulgarian 4
Polish 5
Romanian 12
Crimean Tartar 4
English 28
Georgian 1
Slovak 2
German 3
Chinese 2
Vietnamese 3Source: State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting, 2010.
National TV and radio stations provide special programmes in the languages of national
minorities: Russian, Crimean Tatar, German, Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian, Hungarian, and
Romanian (see chapter 5.1.9). The State Committee on Nationalities and Religions (since
2011, department of the Ministry of Culture) is a co-founder of 6 newspapers publishing inthe language of a national minority, in particular, Armenian "Aragats", Crimean-Tatar
"Voice of Crimea", Polish "Dziennik Kijowski", Jewish "Jewish News", Romanian
"Concordia", and Bulgarian "Roden Krai".
4.2.6 Media pluralism and content diversity
According to the data of the State Committee on Information Policy, Television and Radio
Broadcasting, there were 6 250 printed periodicals registered in Ukraine in April 2009
(3 896 newspapers and 2 354 magazines). Approximately 70% of national and local
periodicals are privately owned (their founders / owners are legal or physical entities). The
State Committee on Information Policy has created a database of 737 community printedperiodicals, including 41 newspapers which were founded by regional administrations, 199
by city administrations, 487 by district state administrations, district councils and editorial
boards, and 10 by village authorities. Other founders are public organisations, political
parties, local governments, religious institutions, educational establishments, scientific
organisations, creative associations, etc. From the total number of printed periodicals
(generally, newspapers and magazines) 250 at the national level are literary and artistic and
47 at the local level are cultural and educational.
There are 120 information agencies in Ukraine, 5 of which are state-owned. The key state-
owned information agency Ukrinform, located in Kyiv, issues daily 500 prompt reports in
English, German, Russian and Ukrainian, around 200 photos and an audio digest.
Ukrinform delivers information to the media, TV channels, radio stations, officialestablishments and local governments, foreign embassies and Ukrainian diplomatic
missions abroad, and the foreign media. The server "UKRINFORM-NEWS" offers on-line
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free access to the sites: "Nations of the World", "Business Ukraine", "Integral Ukraine",
"Ukrinform Audio / Video", "BSANNA" and "Press Center". 1 613 TV and Radio stations, under various forms of ownership, were registered in
Ukraine in June 2010 (according to data of the National Council for Television and Radio
Broadcasting). The total air time of TV and radio broadcasting is above 12 000 hours per
day. About 80% of all air time is filled by non-Ukrainian products (programmes and
films); this tendency increased drastically in 2010, especially of Russian products. Thecontent of 15 national channels consists of 65.8% of Ukrainian language products and
34.2% of other languages including subtitles. Within the system of State TV-Radio Broadcasting, there are 24 regional TV stations, the
State TV Company "Crimea" and State TV-Radio Station in Kyiv and Sevastopol. The
share of non-public TV and radio broadcasting constitutes 96% of the Ukrainian
informational space.
There are no anti-trust measures to prevent media concentration. Maybe this is the reason
that in 2010 conflicts related to frequency licenses occurred between private channels;
possibly due to the observation, according to experts, that "the broadcasting networks of the
relatively independent channels TVi, Channel 5 and some regional channels have been
"absorbed" into media empires of those more sympathetic to the government line"
(read more: http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/93675/#ixzz1CDtYoO7N).
There are no special legislative mechanisms or governmental programmes to promote
cultural issues through media or encourage the production of cultural programmes, or any
specific training programmes for journalists working in the cultural sphere.
The number of Internet users in Ukraine is increasing: in September 2009, there were 7.2
million users compared with 3.2 million in 2006.
4.2.7 Intercultural dialogue: actors, strategies, programmes
In June 2010, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, in his message to the
Ukrainian people stated: "Dialogue of cultures is a pivot which really will ensure the
uniqueness of our country in Europe and in the world. Ukraine of the 21st century needs a
young and integrated generation… "Ukraine: dialogue of cultures" is an all-Ukrainian
forum which should be held in 2011. I am sure that we'll find out answers to all
accumulated problems of interethnic and interconfessional relations on the united platform
of the common house of Ukraine".
In April 2010, the Ministry of Culture and Development Centre "Democracy through
Culture", with assistance of the Council of Europe, prepared and published the Ukrainian
version of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in
Dignity". General public discussions in 2010 and 2011 organised by the Ministry of
Culture, Development Centre "Democracy through Culture", and educational and cultural
institutions, will elaborate proposals for practical implementation of the White Paper
provisions within the frames of governmental programmes (see also chapter 3.4.1).
The All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures, "We All Are Your Children, Ukraine", was
initiated in 1988. The Forum takes place once every two years within the framework of the
artistic project "Ukraine is Open to the World" and is supported by the Board of National
Societies of Ukraine and the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. The purpose of this project is
to promote cultures from different nations and nationalities living in Ukraine. The Forum
displays the creative work of professional, folk and amateur artists, collectives and groups.
The following private actors operate successfully in the field of intercultural dialogue: New
Music Association (Odessa), Arabesque Theatre Studio (Kharkiv), Association of Art
Galleries (Kyiv), Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" (Kyiv), Theatre
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Pechersk (Kyiv), Theatre "Drabyna" (Lviv), the Centre of Contemporary Art (Kyiv), Art
Centre "Dzyga" (Lviv), Centre for Youth initiatives "Totem" (Kherson), Centre for
Cultural Management (Lviv), Donetsk city youth centre of arts "EkoArt", NGO "Art
Travel", Art Gisheft (Ivano-Frankivsk) and other organisations.
Examples of Good Practice
In 2010, within the framework of the CoE / EU Programme "Intercultural Cities", theinternational team of young designers organised by Stadslab (Tilburg, the Netherlands)
spent a week in the city of Melitopol developing a concept for renovating the local park.
This master class was organised by Stadslab and the Development Centre "Democracy
through Culture" with assistance of the Council of Europe and local municipality. A leader
of the initiative, the Dean of the Academy of Architecture and Urbanism, and Director of
Stadslab European Urban Design Laboratory, Marc Glaudemans, wrote:
"The city of Melitopol is a member of the Intercultural Cities programme of the Council of
Europe. The city is proud to have over one hundred nationalities among its nearly 160 000
inhabitants. This fact was to be the driving force behind the city's intercultural ambitions.
The Gorky Park, dating back originally to 1937, was to be transformed into an
"intercultural park", but nobody really had an idea what that would be exactly. Groups of
citizens developed some ideas in interactive brainstorm sessions. Somehow the whole city
cared about this project and the park was to be the "unique selling point" for this otherwise
rather bland city. For Stadslab, it was interesting to find a situation of an ambitious local
authority, a city linked to a pan-European international network, and a truly unique theme
for the transformation of its already successful city park. Even though the complexity of
the study seemed rather modest, compared to our previous master classes on urban
segregation in Hungary, it was great to work on a case that represented the opposite of
segregation. Intercultural is everything but the dividing of cultures. With Phil Wood as the
international expert on intercultural cities, we devised a programme for the new park and
concluded that any city park that truly functions as the heart of the city already providesthe basic conditions for intercultural exchange. In this case, typically, the park still
functioned very well as a social "condensator", but was seriously lacking in maintenance
and diversity. Landscape architect Jan Maas and architect Beatriz Ramo supervised the
team of eleven international participants. In a period of one week the team had to get
acquainted with the park, the city and the region and provide a strategic design proposal to
transform the Gorky Park into an intercultural park. An important condition for the design
was furthermore that it should be possible to implement it phase by phase, with as much
support of the local community as possible and considering the very limited resources of
the city. Nothing is easier for an international workshop than to come up with a fancy
modern-looking park, inspired by glossy magazine publication on contemporary park
design. However, considering the very specific wishes and programme, and the extremelylimited budget of this modest Ukrainian city, we could only create true value by proving a
solution as tailor-made as possible. In my opinion we largely achieved this goal, even
considering the limited time and relatively limited experience of this group. The strategy
consists of a transformation of the park's green and paved structure, reinforcing already
existing qualities. Many of the interventions are either cheap to implement or could be
produced in collaboration with industrial companies in the city or region. Next to a strategy
for physical interventions the team devoted a substantial amount of time on a branding
strategy for Melitopol. On their journeys to the Crimea, many tourists pass Melitopol, and
the city wants to benefit from being on this corridor. The park can provide a nice half-day
stop for people to relax and have their children play in the park. At the same time they can
get acquainted with the agricultural richness of this region, by tasting local honey, cherriesand other fruits, all available from the urban farm in the park. Most important is that the
new park will still function as the heart of the city and provide a space for all generations
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of citizens to gather, play, sport, dance and relax. The intercultural dimension is there
because it is already in the hearts and minds of the people of Melitopol. We have no naïve
belief in the power of architecture to meaningfully transform believes or behaviour of
society. But if the basic conditions are there, the architecture of the park can reinforce
behavioural patterns and provide an immensely richer environment for being and living
together in the city".
4.2.8 Social cohesion and cultural policies
In April 2010, the Ministry of Culture and Development Centre "Democracy through
Culture", with assistance of the Council of Europe, prepared and published the Ukrainian
version of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in
Dignity". After public discussion during 2010-2011, proposals and provisions of the White
Paper will be used for developing cultural programmes and projects aimed at social
cohesion.
There are special programmes directed at the development of participation and social
cohesion in each region, in the form of arts festivals, meetings and reviews. In most cases,
funding for these events is derived from regional or local budgets. As a rule, key actors arecivil society organisations and state-owned institutions.
Some good examples are internet centres in small towns and villages, opened with the support
of international projects, which are accessible to all groups and are mainly free of charge.
Responding to an increase in the number of suspected racially motivated attacks in Ukraine
that began in December 2006, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Amnesty International (AI)
and other concerned civil society organisations formed the Diversity Initiative network in
April 2007 to begin addressing the issue in a coordinated way.
The Diversity Initiative strives to uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants,
refugees and visible minorities in Ukraine. It currently includes over 65 organisations from
the international, civil, corporate, and government sectors as well as diplomatic missions
and interested individuals.
Kyiv National Shevchenko University is the first academic institution that has introduced
formally a course on cultural diversity.
4.2.9 Employment policies for the cultural sector
In January 2010, a total of 210 000 persons were employed in the public cultural sector in
about 45 000 state or community owned cultural organisations. Most of the cultural
employees are working in institutions funded from local budgets (more than 150 000
workers).
There is no data on employment patterns in the private sector cultural industries.
The main problems related to cultural employment are the following:
• to raise the salaries of cultural workers;
• to provide training programmes offering new management skills;
• to raise the prestige of employment in the cultural sector; and
• to secure tax and rent privileges, especially for independent artists and organisations
(see also chapter 4.3).
4.2.10 Gender equality and cultural policies
Equal rights for women and men are guaranteed by the Constitution, through Article 24
and through other laws, e.g. the Law on Employment (where special attention is paid to
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single mothers and mothers with children under 6 years), the Law on Vacations,
Fundamentals of the Legislation on Health Care and others.
There are no specific programmes supporting women as professionals in the cultural labour
market. Traditionally, however, women represent the majority of cultural employees,
especially in administration, libraries, museums, and archives. Due to the insufficient
financing of culture, jobs in the cultural sector are not very prestigious and attractive. At
the same time, the emerging cultural industries market is not regulated by quota schemes,and some sectors, e.g. new technologies, are dominated by men. Quota schemes are absent
not only in the field of culture, but also in other kinds of social, political or economic
activities.
4.2.11 New technologies and digitalisation in the arts and culture
During 2004-2005, the Ministry of Culture concentrated on the introduction of modern
technology into traditional cultural institutions to enable them to meet the demands of the
information society. Significant progress has been achieved in the field of libraries. For
example, the Ministry implemented a programme to develop a local library electronic
network, in partnership with international foundations and embassies. Today, more than90% of the main regional libraries are connected to the Internet, more than half of all
university libraries on the city level have their own web sites. More than 2 million entries
are available from e-catalogues. A similar programme has been developed to modernise
museums. However, most local museums in medium-size cities (above 100 000
inhabitants) have no access to the internet. Table 3 represents Internet resources for
Ukrainian culture.
The government of Ukraine has entrusted the Ministry of Culture and Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine with creating a unified and generally accessible electronic library.
This process will start in 2011 and take 5 years based on multichannel financing.
Table 3: Internet resources for Ukrainian culture, 2007
Culture, general 549 sites
Museums 162
Music 406
Theatre 271
Festivals, concerts 73
Film Industry 74
Cultural Education 51
Circus 6
Cultural institutions abroad 135
Publishing Houses 19Organisations 98 sites
Libraries 121
Visual art 463
Choreography 133
Literature 186
Crafts 100
Photo 82
National minorities 91
Reserves, parks 45Source: Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine, Cultural
Policy in Ukraine, National Report, 2007.
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Due to limited financial resources, there are no special state programmes to support artists
working with new technologies. Innovations in the field of new technologies are usually
developed with non-governmental resources.
The Law on National Informatisation Programme was adopted in 1998 to integrate all
informatics programmes. According to Accounting Chamber data, about USD 800 million
were spent for this objective during the last 12 years. However, paper document flows in
public agencies didn't decrease while the number of employees increased by 45%. Themain problem is unsystematic, inefficient and uncontrolled efforts in creating and
providing electronic state registers. Up to now, the order and real mechanisms of
interaction between ministries of culture and regional development concerning the
recording of cultural heritage objects into the state register of immovable monuments of
Ukraine are not developed or applied.
4.3 Other relevant issues and debates
Ukrainian intellectuals started the campaign "No to Destruction of Kyiv!". Within the
campaign, they began collecting signatures under appeal to the President of Ukrainedemanding an end to the destruction of monuments of history and culture and a cease to
rebuilding historical areas of Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. According to the coordinator
of the public initiative "Preserve Old Kyiv", Ihor Lutsenko, if the parliament adopts a new
version of the Law Regulating Town Planning (approved in the first reading), the situation
will become even worse. This law establishes only a consultative role of historical heritage
expertise, that is, a developer may or may not take it into account. Besides, the law does
not make obligatory any public discussions. The situation is complex because of the
inadequate financing of the State Heritage Service: in the Ukrainian capital there are only 3
inspectors for about 5 000 monuments. The situation in other cities is even worse.
According to the Accounting Chamber, the city of Lviv, home to 12.5% of all architecture
monuments of Ukraine, only harnesses about 4% of its tourism potential. In 2007, only188 000 tourists used hotel services in Lviv, while 6 million guests visited the similar city
of Cracow in Poland in 2008. One of the main reasons is the unsatisfactory state of cultural
heritage.
As a deputy chief of the State Heritage Service, Viktor Vechersky, noted the new law can
essentially change two basic laws – Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage and Law on
Protection of Archaeological Heritage. Ukraine has ratified 7 international conventions
about cultural heritage and should follow them, he said.
On February 3, 2011, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanunovych, vetoed the approved
law.
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5. Main legal provisions in the cultural field
5.1 General legislation
5.1.1 Constitution
The Constitution proclaims that:
• the state provides the framework for the consolidation and development of the
Ukrainian nation, its historical awareness, traditions and culture and guarantees the free
ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious development of all indigenous nations and
national minorities of the Ukraine ( Article 11);
• Ukraine takes care of cultural and language needs of Ukrainians living abroad( Article 12);
• the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, and technical creativity is guaranteed,
intellectual ownership, authors' rights, moral and material interests related to different
kinds of intellectual ownership are protected ( Article 54); and
• "Cultural heritage shall be protected by law" ( part 4, Article 54); "The State shall
ensure the preservation of historical monuments and other objects of cultural value..."( part 5, Article 54); "Everyone shall be obliged not to harm nature or cultural heritage,
and to compensate for any damage he / she inflicts ( Article 66 )".
5.1.2 Division of jurisdiction
The basic laws establishing the division of cultural competence between different levels of
government in Ukraine are the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), and the Budget
Code of Ukraine (2002).
The Law on Local Self-Governance determines the responsibilities of local authorities in
the sphere of culture including:
• administration of cultural institutions belonging to territorial communities;
• creation of conditions for the development of culture;
• providing the regeneration of centres of traditional skills and cultural traditions; and
• support to creative associations and non-profit cultural organisations.
The Budget Code determines cultural responsibilities and financial obligations to provide
public services.
Table 4 shows the distribution of competencies and responsibilities between the different
levels of government.
Table 4: Allocation of government responsibilities in Ukraine, 2002-2010
Level of government Responsibility
Central government Institutions and companies, cultural heritage and
programmes of national importance; international
relations; national media, radio and television; state
archives
Regional / oblast Institutions and programmes of republican or
regional importance
Municipality / Rayon Libraries, museums, exhibitions, theatres, centres and
houses of culture, art schools
Town / village Houses of culture, clubs, libraries
Source: Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Budget Committee, 2010.
In 2005, President Verkhovna Rada approved the Law on Amendments to the Budget Code
of Ukraine, which determines the financing of cultural institutions and programmes from
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the municipal (rayon) budget including: state cultural-educational and theatre programmes
(theatres, libraries, museums, exhibitions, palaces and houses of culture, art schools);
village, settlement and town palaces of culture, clubs and libraries. In other words, towns
and villages of a municipality can direct their culture expenditures (if they can) to their
own development.
5.1.3 Allocation of public fundsThe main provisions for the allocation of public funds for culture including the central and
local level are established by the Budget Code of the Ukraine (2002), especially
Articles 86-93.
The Budget Law for each year is adopted in the previous year, and defines the current
allocation of public funds for culture concerning the chief spending units.
5.1.4 Social security frameworks
Chapter 6 (SOCIAL GUARANTEES) of the Law on Culture (2011) establishes the
structure and conditions of payment, social and legal security, material aid for cultural
employees as well as benefits for those working in rural areas.
Members of artists' unions (writers, painters, architects, musicians, theatre workers) have a
right to receive a service pension. According to the law, they could also have access to
premises to be used as their studios under preferential terms. Artists unions pay for medical
services of their members.
There is no government support programme related to health insurance or taxation for self-
employed artists. The general unemployment schemes developed during the last years in
Ukraine also include cultural professions and occupations.
5.1.5 Tax laws
The Law on Charity and Charitable Foundations, which came into force in 1997, grants
tax exemptions for funds voluntarily transferred to the state budget, local budgets or to
non-profit organisations up to a maximum of 4% of the taxable income. Under the
conditions of a shadow economy (whose share of the Ukrainian economy is estimated at
more than 60% by independent experts) this measure, which is not supported by other
political or social measures, has proven to be inefficient. A new Law on Charity and
Sponsorship is still under development. In 2006, the Ministry of Culture submitted the
draft Law on Arts Patronage for public discussion. At the moment, there is no separate law
on non-profitable organisations, especially in the cultural sphere. The Law on Culture
(2011) establishes that "with the aim to attract additional financial resources for
development, the government shall create favourable taxation conditions for physical andlegal entities allocating their money for the development of culture".
There is no special VAT rate for cultural products or cultural services. According to the
Law on State Support to Book Publishing (2003), Ukrainian book producers are exempt
from VAT since 2005. In 2009, the Law was extended up to 2015. On 18 February 2010,
the Parliament approved the amendments to the Law on Cinematography, by which
Ukrainian film production will be exempt from VAT for the next 5 years.
The Law on Culture envisages ( Article 13) the support of national producers in culture by
creating favourable taxation conditions and providing government financial assistance for
producing and distributing books, films and other kinds of cultural products in Ukrainian,
inside and out of Ukraine. According to the new Tax Code (2010), book producers andfilm makers are exempt from VAT to 2015, and film studios (producers of national films)
are exempt from land tax.
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There are no specific tax breaks or other such benefits for artists.
5.1.6 Labour laws
Article 28 of the Law on Culture (2010) defines that payment conditions for employees of
state and communal culture institutions, and educational establishments in culture are
determined by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, that is, by general labour laws. It
means that wages of cultural employees, according to this law, should be equal to wages of employees in other economic areas.
The Law on Professional Artists and Artistic Unions (1997) regulates relations between
artists unions and the government, envisages government subsidies to support these
organisations, and ensures their participation in the development of cultural programmes
and decision making.
The Budget Code of Ukraine ( Article 87 ) outlines government support to cultural unions or
associations of national significance. There are 11 national creative unions registered in the
Ukraine.
There is a unified system of salaries for cultural employees in the public sector, and thewages of this category of public employees remain the lowest compared to other economic
branches. According to the Law of Ukraine on Establishing Minimum Subsistence and a
Minimum Wage (2009), the minimum wage for a public employee is UAH 922 (87 EUR)
as of 1 December 2010. Nevertheless, cultural employees, especially in small towns and
villages often earn half or one quarter of this minimum wage (see also chapter 4.2.9).
5.1.7 Copyright provisions
The Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights was adopted in 1994. In 1995, Ukraine
joined the Bern Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. In 2001, all
necessary amendments were introduced into the Copyright Law. In 2002, the Parliament
ratified the agreement to join the Rome Convention on Protection of the Rights of Performers, Phonogram Producers and Broadcast Organisations. Joining the WTO
TRIPS Agreement required further harmonisation of the Ukrainian Copyright Law
provisions to bring it into line with European and international regulations.
The Law on Distribution of Copies of Audio and Visual Products and Phonograms (2000)
regulates norms of copyright and joint copyrights, protecting producers against
broadcasters and other product users.
In 2006, the governmental Department on Intellectual Property developed a draft law on
amendments to laws and by-laws on intellectual property rights taking into account new
technological achievements, especially in audio and video industries.
5.1.8 Data protection laws
The Law on Information (1992, with amendments 2000 and 2002) determines general legal
principles for receiving, using, distributing and keeping information, secures its protection
and defends an individual and society against incorrect information.
The Law on Data Protection in Automatic Systems was adopted in 1994. Amendments and
changes were introduced in 2004. This Law and respective government resolutions are
aimed at establishing regulative principles of legal relations concerning data protection in
databases "under observance of property rights of Ukrainian citizens and legal entities to
information and access to information".
On 1 June 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law on Protection of Personal
Data which came into force on 1 January 2011. As a head of the parliamentary committee
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for science and education, Volodymyr Polokhalo said, "this law filled the privacy gap
guaranteed by the Constitution". On the other hand, the law now forces companies and
banks to inform a citizen about including his / her personal data in databases. At the same
time, as some experts warn, the law allows top officials to refuse to present data about their
incomes.
5.1.9 Language lawsThe main principles of language policy of Ukraine are presented and defined in the
Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine: Law on Languages, Law on Education, Law
on Pre-School Education, Law on Secondary Education, Law on Vocational Technical
Training, Law on Higher Education, Law on National Minorities in Ukraine, Law on
Information, Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting, Law on Publishing, and Law on
Printed Media (Press) in Ukraine. Besides, there are numerous normative and legal
documents and government programmes formulating public policies in the area of national
language and languages of national minorities.
One of these documents is a Presidential Decree Nr. 161 of 15 February 2010, sanctioning
the Concept of Linguistic Policy. This Concept determines strategic priorities andbenchmarks in providing language rights to all citizens of Ukraine.
Since 2005, the State Committee on Nationalities and Religions (now a department of the
Ministry of Culture) has had a special budget for implementing partially the provisions of
the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages concerning the protection of
languages in the area of culture and information. In 2007-2008, budget funds for these
expenses constituted annually UAH 963 000 (about 150 000 EUR) but in 2009, due to the
economic situation, such costs were reduced by 10 times to UAH 96 300.
State TV companies located in the regions have special language quotas on programmes
broadcast in the languages of national minorities. This provision is found in the laws on
national minorities. In general, TV and Radio companies in 17 regions broadcast fornational minorities, in particular, in Transcarpathian, Zhytomyr, Odessa, Chernivtsi,
Crimea, Lviv, Donetsk and other regions. The Transcarpathian Regional State TV and
Radio Company (RSTRC) has TV and radio editorial staffs broadcasting in Hungarian,
Slovak, German, Romanian, Polish and Roma languages. The total annual volume of TV /
Radio programmes in Hungarian constitutes 92/164 hours, in Slovak – 48/48 hours, in
Romanian – 95/112 hours, and in German – 40/32 hours. Zhytomyr RSTRC broadcasts in
Polish and Czech and the State TV and Radio Company "Crimea" broadcasts in Crimean-
Tatar, Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek and German languages. The Chernivtsi RSTRC has a
special creative formation of TV and radio programmes in Romanian. The Odessa RSTRC
broadcasts in Moldavian, Bulgarian and Gagauz languages and the radio company "News
of Transdniestria" prepares special broadcasts in the Moldavian, Bulgarian, Jewish,Gagauz, Greek and Byelorussian languages. Mariupol TV in Donetsk region broadcasts in
Greek, and the radio company "Independence" in Lviv region broadcasts in Polish.
Source: State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting, 2010.
5.1.10 Other areas of general legislation
According to Article 19 of the Procedural Criminal Code of Ukraine, the legal procedure
is carried out in Ukrainian or the language of the majority population of a locality.
Participants of the procedure can use their native languages or services of an interpreter.
Judicial documents should be handed over to the accused when translated into his / her
native language or other language he / she speaks.
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5.2 Legislation on culture
According the Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011), the legislative framework of the cultural
sector of the Ukraine consists of: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law on Culture, other
laws regulating activities in culture, international agreements on culture issues adopted by
the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and other by-laws. The culture sector is regulated also by:
• resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukraine;• Presidential Edicts, decrees, resolutions and instructions of the corresponding
ministries and government agencies; and
• resolutions of local governments.
The Law on Culture, which was adopted after 7 years of discussions, replaced the out-of-
date Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture (1992), taking into account numerous
amendmends and observations as well as social and cultural changes. The Law came into
force on 6 January 2011. Only time will tell if the law will resolve the numerous problems
of the cultural sphere, however it is a new efficient tool which can be corrected and
improved.
In October 2008, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine on the List of Cultural Heritage Monuments Prohibited from Privatisation. It is a result of about 10
years of research and inventory work realised by ministry experts. In general, 2 464
heritage objects are defined for special state care. On 12 February 2010, on the basis of the
Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law on the List of Cultural Heritage Monuments
Prohibited from Privatisation, 10 more monuments were included on the list, mainly in
Crimea and Transcarpathian region.
In November 2009, the Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law
of Ukraine on Museums and Museum Activities.
Table 5: List of the main existing cultural laws
Title of the Act Year of Adoption
Laws setting out cultural policy frameworks or declarations of principle
Law on Culture 2011, determines legal principles, regulates
social relations associated with creation, use,
distribution and preservation of cultural heritage
and cultural values and providing access to
them
Law on National Minorities in Ukraine 1992, ensures equal political, social, economic
and cultural rights and freedoms to citizens
irrespective of their origin and supports the
development of national cultures Laws establishing the scope, operation(s), governing structure(s) and procedures for
funding cultural institutions
Law on Information 1992, with amendments 2001, confirms the
right of citizens to information, freedom of
expression
Law on Television and Radio
Broadcasting
1993, with amendments 2002, regulates
activities of television and radio organisations in
Ukraine and defines legal, economic, social, and
organisational conditions of their functioning
Law on Copyright and Related Rights 1994, with amendments 1999, protects personal
non-property and property rights of authors and
their assignees
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Law on Libraries and Librarianship 1995, 2008, defines the status of libraries, legal
and organisation principles of activities of
libraries and librarianship in Ukraine
Law on Museums and Museum Activities 1995, 2009, regulates social relations in the
sphere of museum activities
Law on the National Archive Fund and
Archive Institutions
1994, regulates relations in the field of training,
accounting, preservation and use of the NationalArchive Fund and other main issues related to
archive science
Law on Governmental Support to Mass
Media and Social Protection of
Journalists
1997, establishes legal, economic, and
organisational principles of governmental
support for the mass media and social protection
of journalists
Law on Professional Artists and Artists
Unions
1997, defines the legal status of professional
artists, establishes legal, social, economic and
organisational principles of activities of artists
unions
Law on Cinematography 1998, 2010, establishes legal norms of activitiesin the sphere of cinematography and regulates
social relations in the field of production,
distribution, preservation and exhibition o
films.
Law on Preservation of Cultural Heritage 2000, regulates legal, organisational, social, and
economic relations in the sphere of preservation
of cultural heritage. An amendment is currently
being prepared
Law on Export, Import and Restitution of
Cultural Goods
1999, regulates preservation of national cultural
heritage and development of international co-operation in the field of culture
Law on Distribution of Copies of Audio
and Visual Products and Phonograms
2000, regulates norms of copyright and joint
copyrights, fulfilment of international
obligations
Law on Theatre and Performing Arts
Activities
2005, regulates social relations in the theatre
sector, defines the legal status of theatres, their
financing and how they are established
Law on Temporary Prohibition to
Privatise Cultural Heritage Objects
2005
Law on the List of Cultural Heritage
Monuments Prohibited from Privatisationand the Law on Amendments to the Law
of Ukraine
2008, 2010
Laws providing financing
Budget Code of Ukraine 2002, defines allocation of public funds for
culture between different levels of government
Law on Charity and Charitable
Foundations
1997, defines tax exemption for funds
voluntarily transferred to support culture or
cultural activities
Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine 2003, establishes duties from foreign tour
companies or individual performers for
developing national performing art
Tax Code of Ukraine 2010
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Laws referring to the " status of artists"
Law on Professional Artists and Artistic
Unions
1997, regulates relations between artists' unions
and the government, envisages government
subsidies to support these organisations, and
ensures their participation in the development of
cultural programmes and decision making
Draft bills Law on Access to Public Information On January 13, the Law on Access to Public
Information was adopted in the Parliament by
408 votes
5.3 Sector specific legislation
5.3.1 Visual and applied arts
There is no specific law regulating the sphere of visual and applied arts.
The Law of Ukraine on Folk Arts and Crafts (2001) regulates relations in folk arts andcrafts.
The Law on Education and government resolutions define the norms for students in visual
arts and applied arts colleges and departments.
The Law on State Procurements, revised annually, determines the amount for public
purchasing of works of art.
5.3.2 Performing arts and music
A Law on Theatre and Performing Activities was adopted in 2004 by the Parliament of
Ukraine and signed by the President in 2005. The Law "regulates social relations in the
sphere of theatre activity, defines the order of theatre establishment and activities"including different types of theatres.
Meanwhile, performing arts and music is regulated by some provisions found in the
Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture (1992) and the Law on Professional Artists
and Artists' Unions (1997).
The Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine (2003) determines sources of support to the
development of the national performing arts and music sector. Unfortunately, the new Tax
Code abrogates the provision of the law envisaging an income from touring activities of
foreign performing artists or groups by applying a tax rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets.
5.3.3 Cultural heritage
The Law on Museums and Museum Activities (1995) which determined the policy
concerning state-owned collections of cultural-valued objects was amended in 1999. In
November 2009, the Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law of
Ukraine on Museums and Museum Activities directed to the execution of tasks resulting
from the Presidential Address to the Parliament of Ukraine "European choice: Conceptual
principles for economic strategy and social development of Ukraine in 2002-2011". The
new Law introduces European terms; widens the area of museum activities, for example,
allowing paid services; and defines public and private parts of the Museum Fund of
Ukraine.
In 2000, Provisions on the Museum Fund of Ukraine was approved as well as the List of Museums Run by Enterprises, Establishments, and Organisations.
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The Law on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2002) accumulated the principal
provisions concerning cultural heritage of several laws: the Law on the Privatisation of
Public Domain (1992), the Law on Local Self-Government (1997), the Law on
Transferring Public Objects to Communal Property (1998) and others.
In 2002, the government developed and adopted the Methods of Monetary Assessment of
Monuments. On the basis of this government resolution (2002), the State Agency for the
Protection of Cultural Heritage was established, with departments in all cities.
In 2003, local governments increased local budget expenditures for the protection of
cultural heritage. In 2004, the Parliament adopted in its first reading, the Law on
Amendments to the Law on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage determining that the
preservation of cultural heritage is one of the priority tasks of the central government and
local authorities.
The Law on the Preservation of the Archaeological Heritage (2004), considering
provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, Land Code of Ukraine and the Law on
Preservation of Cultural Heritage, regulates relations concerning the preservation,
research and conservation of the archaeological heritage, and secures the right to recognise
archaeological values.
The Law on Export, Import and Restitution of Cultural Values was adopted in 1999 in
compliance with international conventions. On the basis of this law, the State Control
Agency on the Removal of Cultural Values was established at the Ministry of Culture.
In 2005, the Law on Temporary Prohibition to Privatise Cultural Heritage Objects was
adopted as a pre-condition for preparing draft laws on cultural heritage that should not be
privatised. On 12 February 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine on
Amendments to the List of Cultural Objects Prohibited from Privatisation, including
proposals from regions and municipalities.
The Law of Ukraine on Ratification of Agreement of Displacement of Cultural Values (particularly in CIS countries), 2006.
The Law of Ukraine on Ratification of the UNESCO Convention on Preservation of
Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2006.
5.3.4 Literature and libraries
The Law on Copyright and Related Rights (1994, with amendments 1999, 2001) and the
Law on Professional Artists and Artists' Unions (1997) secure the right of authors and
literary translators. Royalty rates for literary and translation activities established by the
Cabinet of Ministers Resolution (2000) are based on the living wage and do not consider
new market conditions. As a result, existing rates do not encourage such activities.
The Law on Publishing (1997, 2002) and the Law on State Support to Book Publishing
(2003) determine the state policy and measures to provide conditions for the development
of national publishing including the exemption of book producers from VAT since 2005,
extended to 2015. According to this Law, which came into force in 2004, Ukrainian book
producers were exempt from taxes until 2008. The law lists target activities and stipulates
how to use the funds collected to revive and develop the publishing industry. In 2006, the
State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting
prepared a draft governmental Resolution on Promoting the Development of Book
Publishing in Ukraine, which indicated the necessity for annual quotas for importing books
from different countries. In particular, the document establishes that "…annual quotas(numerical limitations) will be introduced on imported printed editions (books, brochures,
printed materials, dictionaries, encyclopaedias etc) into Ukraine, the import duty will be
collected…".
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The Law on Libraries and Librarianship (1995, 1999, 2009) regulates relations between
the state and public libraries and determines the organisation of library activities in
Ukraine.
5.3.5 Architecture and spatial planning
The Law on Architecture Activities (1999, 2006) defines legal and organisation principles
of architecture activities in Ukraine. It also envisages wide public participation in decision-making process concerning construction and reconstruction of settlements.
The Law on Natural and Reserve Fund of Ukraine (1992) and the Law on Amendments to
the Law on Natural and Reserve Fund of Ukraine (2000) establish principles of
preservation for reserved territories subject to architecture design.
In 2001, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukraine adopted the Resolution on Inclusion of
Monuments of History, Monumental Art and Archaeology of National Significance to the
State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine.
The Draft Law on Town Planning adopted in the first reading in January 2011 provoked
wide public discussion (see also chapter 4.3).
5.3.6 Film, video and photography
The Ukrainian legislative base concerning the film industry is based on ca. 50 laws and by-
laws. However, economic and organisation relations in cinematography are not regulated
by such laws. The existing legislative base needs to be improved and new rules designed in
compliance with modern realities and European standards.
The Law on Cinematography regulates all film productions regardless of the
legal / ownership status of individual film companies.
There are 5 state-run film studios in Ukraine. On the basis of the Law on the Privatisation
of State Property (1992), most cinemas are now privatised or run by communities. Thereare 532 cinemas in Ukraine and 4 104 cinema facilities in rural areas.
The presidential edict Guidelines on the Development of Cinematography in Ukraine until
2005 supports the development of regional programmes to improve cinema services.
In 2002, the government elaborated and the Parliament adopted the Law on the State
Programme for the Development of a National Film Industry for 2003- 2008.
In 2003, the Draft Law on Duty for the Development of National Cinematography was
submitted to the Parliament for consideration by the Committee on Culture and Spiritual
Heritage. In accordance with the Cabinet of Ministers Resolution of 22 November 2005,
the State Film Service was created within the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine.In 2006, the Law on Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Violations of
the Law (concerning film distribution) was adopted.
In 2007, the State Film Service prepared the draft "Concept of the State Programme for
National Film Industry Development for 2008-2012" as well as:
• the draft Government Resolution on budget support to film production, distribution andexhibition; and
• draft laws on creating favourable conditions for national film industry development, on
funds for the development of national cinematography, other norms, rules and
recommendations.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine obliges all producers to dub or transmit
all foreign films in the Ukrainian language. Subtitles are allowed when films are kept in
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their original language. According to a 2007 survey of First Movies International, only
11% of Ukrainians were against film dubbing.
On 18 February 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine approved the amendments to the Law on
Cinematography, by which the government will establish a special account to support
national cinematography, which will accumulate funds for film industry development.
5.3.7 Mass media
The Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993, with amendments 2002) regulates
the activities of private TV and Radio companies in Ukraine. The National Council on
Television is a non-ministerial body for all broadcasters irrespective of their ownership
status. It acts as a regulator and grants licenses to TV companies.
On 13 January 2011, the Law on Access to Public Information was adopted in the
Parliament by 408 votes. The approval of the Law on Information is the first initiative
taken to support journalists during the last 7 years. A director of the Media Law Institute,
Taras Shevchenko, stated that the law would broaden possibilities for journalists and
destroy the cloak of bureaucratic establishments. Particularly, journalists will have more
possibilities to defend their rights, not only through the legal process. At the same time,experts pointed out that the law would not work mechanically because of the lack of
regulated mechanisms in public institutions. On February 3, 2011, the President signed the
Law on Access to Public Information.
The special Law on the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting, approved
in 1977, establishes a general content quota for broadcasting: Ukrainian productions must
have a share of not less than 50% of all programmes. There are also language and
advertising time quotas (not more than 20 minutes for an advertising bloc).
The government resolution Provision on the National Screen Time and its Use by Entities
of Cinematography and Television, based upon the Law on Cinematography ( Article 22),
determines the quota for "the demonstration of national films, which is no less than 30% of
the national screen time". These quotas are (theoretically) obligatory for all cinemas and
video networks as well as for TV channels. In reality, however, there are not enough
domestic productions to fill the air time available.
5.3.8 Other areas of culture specific legislation
In 2007, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of
Cultural Expressions was formally signed by the Minister of Culture. It was ratified by the
Parliament of Ukraine inn January 2010 and signed by the President. The National
Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts of Ukraine prepared a special seminar for
students and cultural managers about the UNESCO Convention (see also chapter 3.4.1).
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6. Financing of culture
6.1 Short overview
The level of public financing of culture has remained almost equal in real values at the
beginning and the end of the last decade, constituting 0.5% of GDP in 2001 and 0.6% in
2010, after some increases in 2007-2008 and a decrease in 2009. By the end of the decade,
the share of private financing increased on account of private foundations, while thecontribution of households decreased to 1.8% in 2009 in comparison with 2.5% in 2008
and 2.4% in 2007. It is explained by the fact, according to a statement from the Ukrainian
ombudsman on human rights, Nina Korpachova that about 70% of Ukrainians live below
the poverty line (using World Bank criteria) of USD 3 per day. The living–wage, as the
Ministry of Labour and Social Policy indicated, is understated by 14%, but according to
the Accounting Chamber, it is understated by 27%. Taking into account the recent general
rise in prices, household spending was reduced first of all.
Key priorities of the cultural policies formulated in the new Law on Culture reflect cultural
priorities of the last years: development of the culture of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous
peoples and national minorities of Ukraine; maintenance, restoration and protection of thehistorical environment; aesthetic education of citizens, first of all, children and young
people; and the enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas. At the same time,
cultural heritage was the lowest spending item in 2001 as in 2010. It is explained by the
large network of cultural institutions which need essential funds for maintenance and staff
wages. Most cultural institutions were created during the Soviet period and have been
"conserved" despite the crisis in public financing. 98.5% of all cultural institutions and
services are being funded from local budgets. Therefore, the most significant trend in
funding culture is the worsening of the economic structure of local budget expenditures
during 2000-2010. Wages account for approximately 75-85% of the entire local budget. In
small towns and villages wage payments constitute 85-90% and more of the total
expenditure on culture, while the other 15-20% is allocated to communal services.
Culture expenditure in 2009 was critically reduced in Ukraine. In some spheres, like
cinema or cultural ethnic groups, or cultural management training, budgets were reduced
by several times. For example, many public cultural trips and cultural exchanges were
cancelled. At the same time, cultural policy reflected the general policies based on ad hoc
decisions when funds are directed at current official events to the detriment of planned
programmes.
In 2011, the funding of the culture sphere faces new threats. The Presidential Edict on
Optimisation of Public Agencies envisages the structural reduction of public funds and
staff. First of all, it has impacted on the culture sector in regions and cities. The new Tax
Code (2010) supporting tax exemptions for the book and film industry, at the same time,abrogates the provision of the Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine (2003) envisaging an
income from the touring activities of foreign performing artists or groups by applying a tax
rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets.
Table 6: Shares of main culture expenditures in Ukraine in 2001 and 2010
Country Year Libraries Museums Music Radio, TV, Press
2010 25% 7% 29% 10%Ukraine
2001 20% 8% 21% 14%Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.
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Table 7: Maximum and minimum culture expenditure in Ukraine in 2001 and 2010
Country Year Highest Lowest
2010 Libraries MuseumsUkraine
2002 Radio, TV, Press Museums and archivesSource: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.
6.2 Public cultural expenditure
6.2.1 Aggregated indicators
Table 8: Public culture expenditures per capita in 2001-2010
Per capita 2010 Per capita 2001Level
UAH EUR UAH EUR
State budget 35.4 3.5 6.8 1.2
Regional
budgets 30.3 3.0 5.3 0.9
Municipalities 56.2 5.6 9.5 1.7Total 121.9 12.1 21.6 3.9
Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.
During the last 10 years, public culture expenditure per capita increased 3 fold on all
levels. However, in comparison to other European countries, public culture expenditure per
capita in Ukraine is very small.
Table 9: Culture expenditures as a share of the GDP, consolidated and state budget
Share (%) of cultural expenditureYear
GDP Consolidated budget State budget
2001 0.5 2.0 0.9
2010 0.6 1.7 1.1Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.
The share of culture expenditure in GDP demonstrate that during last 10 years public
spending for culture practically didn't change; decentralisation started at the beginning of
2000 ceased and even turned back.
The Budget Code of Ukraine introduced a new system of allocations of public cultural
expenditure in 2002. Cultural expenditure coming from local budgets is determined on the
basis of exact expenditures assigned between budget types and administrative levels. The
total amount of funds allocated to culture is determined by the unified spending norm per
capita. The Ministry of Finance estimates the projected spending for social and culturalservices granted from the local budget on the basis of the available budget resources.
6.2.2 Public cultural expenditure broken down by level of government
Table 10: Public cultural expenditure in Ukraine: by level of government, in million
UAH, 2008 and 2010
Total expenditure % share of totalLevel of government
2008 2010 2008 2010
State 2 081 1 620 35% 24%
Regional (oblast, rayon) 2 140 1 422 36% 21%
Local (municipal, towns) 1 630 2 539 29% 37%Paid services n/a 1 222 n/a 18%
Total 5 851 6 802 100% 100% Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, DC "Democracy through Culture", 2010
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In 2008, paid services were included in cultural expenditures, mainly on central and
regional level. However, without taking it into account, it is obvious that local expenditures
increased in 2010, first of all because of the rise in wages.
6.2.3 Sector breakdown
Table 11: State cultural expenditure: by sector, in million UAH, 2010
Field / Domain / Sub-domain Direct
expendit
ure
Transfers
(to other levels
of government)
Total % of total
State / local
Special fund
State / local
Cultural Goods 374.5 1 560.2 1 934.7 2.4 0.1 85.5 743.6
Cultural Heritage 243.2 318.0 561.2 81.3 74.2
Historical Monuments* 134.8 25.4 160.28.0 1.0 59.6 32.2
Museums 108.4 292.6 401.07.0 7.0 21.7 42.0
Archives 80.6** 0.0 80.6 0** 0 1.2 0.3
Libraries 131.3 1 242.2 1 403.1 8.0 31.0 3.0 26.6
Arts 552.3 801.0 1 353.3 0.0 4.9
Visual Arts (including
design)*** 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
Performing Arts 552.3 801.0 1 353.3 0.0 4.9
Music, dance and circus 230.9 279.4 510.314.0 7.0 0.0 4.5
Theatre and Musical Theatre 312.4 521.5 833.9 19.0 13.0 0.0 0.4
Multidisciplinary 9.0 0.1 9.11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Media 606.4 198.5 804.9 226.9 1.7
Books and Press 37.4 115.3 152.7 0.0 0.7
Books 13.3 12.2 25.51.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Press 24.1 103.1 127.2 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.7
Audio, Audiovisual andMultimedia
569.0 83.2 652.2 226.9 1.0
Cinema 11.6 17.6 29.2 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.0
Television & Radio 523.7 62.2 585.9 32.0 2.0 226.0 0.0
Other media 33.7 3.4 37.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 113.4 1 488.0 1 601.4 18.9 127.4
Interdisciplinary 106.0 1 488.0 1 594.0 18.9 127.4
Socio-cultural 0.0 1 102.1 1102.1 28.0 0.0 0.0 85.9
Cultural Relations Abroad 86.7 298.9 385.6 5.0 8.0 15.2 41.5
Administration 19.3 0.0 19.31.0 0.0 3.7 0.0
Educational Activities 0.0 0.0**** 0.0
Not allocable by domain
(Research) 7.4 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
TOTAL 1 646.6 4 047.7 5 694.3 100% 331.3 877.6Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, DC "Democracy through Culture".
* Maintenance and protection of historical monuments is also in the competence of the Ministry of
Construction and Architecture of Ukraine; presented here are mostly expenses for culturally
preserved areas.** Expenses for archives are in a separate budget item.
*** There is no special budget item for visual arts; it is included into the item "Museums" as
"exhibition activities". The Academy of Arts of Ukraine is funded separately.
**** Cultural or aesthetic education is in the competence of the Ministry of Education and Science of
Ukraine.
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6.3 Trends and indicators for private cultural financing
In general, studies of private funding for culture do not exist in Ukraine. It is possible only
to present some information about household spending for culture and information about
spending for culture by large charitable foundations on the basis of their annual reports. It
is necessary to note that commercial sponsors (large and small companies) supported a
great variety of different events on all levels – festivals, exhibitions, concerts, contests, etc.
covering from 20% to 60% of all expenses (for example, the film festival "Molodist",
GOGOLFEST and others include different logos of sponsors in their information material)
– but general analytical data does not exist. Sponsorship has become more concentrated
and open.
There are different examples of individual donors / patrons. Maecenas and businessman,
Viktor Pinchuk, entered into the list of the most influential personalities in modern art – in
the ratings of the British magazine Art Review, the founder of the PinchukArtCentre
jumped during a year from 53rd to 37th place.
Moscow businessman and Maecenas originated from Ukraine (Pryluky), Yuriy Koptiev, is
reconstructing and developing his native city of Pryluky: during the last three years, he hasreconstructed squares and buildings and new monuments appeared in the city.
Information about expenditure for culture from lotteries or gambling is not available. Some
museums, especially in the capital and large cities (like St. Sophia Cathedral -
http://www.nzsk.org.ua, M.Bulgakov memorial museum -http://bulgakov-kiev.tripod.com/ ,
Khanenko Museum of Arts - http://www.khanenkomuseum.kiev.ua/en) have successful
experience in developing friends of museum practice (partners, patrons, benefactors). The
same is also true for local level, for example, a local museum in Pryluky (Chernihiv
region) was restored with the help of a private sponsor, Yuriy Koptiev (see above).
The decrease in household spending for culture to an average of 1.8% (2.2% in urban areas
and 0.8% in rural areas) in 2009, in comparison with 2.5% in 2008 and 2.4% in 2007, isexplained by the rise in prices: according to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine,
90% of all household expenditure constitutes consumer expenses (food, communal
services, transport, health, etc.).
According to annual reports, Pinchul Foundation and Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for
Development of Ukraine allocated about UAH 43 million for culture in 2009
(approximately 7.5 million EUR). Sources: http://www.pinchukfund.org and
http://www.fdu.org.ua/en.
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7. Public institutions in cultural infrastructure
7.1 Cultural infrastructure: tendencies & strategies
The Law on Culture (2011) defines the actors in the cultural field as follows: "physical or
legal entities practising cultural activity or realising authorities in the sphere of culture".
During the last years, several laws, government decrees and presidential edicts wereadopted. Of special importance were the changes made to the Law on Privatisation of the
Public Domain (1992), the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), the Law on Professional
Artists and Artists' Unions (1997), the Law on Charity and Charitable Foundations (1997),
the Law on the Taxation of Enterprises (1997), the Law on Local State Administrations
(1999), the Budget Code of Ukraine, the Tax Code of Ukraine (2010) and also the
Presidential Edicts on the Fund to Support Art Development (1994), the National
Establishments of Culture (1994), and Providing Charitable Activities in Ukraine. The
main goal of these legal amendments was to de-centralise public responsibilities for culture
and to delegate basic tasks and responsibilities to the local government level, transferring
some services to private or non-government organisations.
The newly emerging private and non-government sector of culture (including art galleries,
design centres, events, publishing houses, and media) has no influence on the public
cultural policy and acted, until recently, more or less independently of government cultural
policies. The consolidation of non-government and private organisations and associations
at the local and central level, and the growing state acknowledgement of the important role
these organisations can play in the restructuring of the cultural system gives rise to the
hope that there may be an efficient re-allocation of responsibilities in the future.
New initiatives related to the creation of cultural centres in industrial zones or networks of
cultural public and non-governmental organisations (see also chapter 3.4.2) can provide
support mainly at the local level and encourage cultural entrepreneurship.
7.2 Basic data about selected public institutions in the cultural sector
Table 12: Cultural institutions financed by public authorities, by domain
Domain Cultural institutions (subdomains) Number (Year) Trend (++ to --)
Cultural heritage Cultural heritage sites (recognised) 63 (reserves)/2010 ++
Museums (organisations) 499 ++
Archives (of public authorities) 709 ++
Visual arts Public art galleries / exhibition halls n/a n/a
Art academies (or universities) 64 --
Performing arts Symphonic orchestras 77 --Music and art schools 1 474 ++
Music / theatre academies (or
universities)
5 --
Dramatic theatres 136 --
Music theatres, opera houses 23+6
Dance and ballet companies 6 professional
ballet companies
Books and Libraries Libraries 20 100 --
Audiovisual Broadcasting organisations 1 623 ++
Interdisciplinary Socio-cultural centres / cultural houses 18 700 --
Other (please explain)Sources: State Statistics Committee, Ministry of Culture, State Committee on TV and Radio Broadcasting,
State Archive Committee.
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7.3 Status and partnerships of public cultural institutions
A cultural institution that has been granted a "national" status is entitled to receive direct
financial support from the central government and special standards of material provision.
From 1992-1994 the decision to grant this status was the prerogative of the Presidential
Administration, through the Cabinet of Ministers. A presidential edict of 1994 reserved the
right to grant this status to the President only.
The most important national cultural institutions are:
• National Academy T. Shevchenko Opera Theatre;
• National Academy I.Franko Drama Theatre;
• National Academy L.Ukrayinka Russian Drama Theatre;
• National Philharmonic Society;
• Ukrainian National Academy Folk Choir Named after H. Veriovka;
• National Merited Dance Company Named after P. Virsky;
• National Merited Bandura Players Company Named after H. Maiboroda;
• National Merited Academy Choir "Dumka";
• National Merited Academy Symphony Orchestra;• National Folkloric Orchestra;
• National House of Organ and Chamber Music;
• National Circus;
• National Company of Soloists "Chamerate of Kyiv";
• Lviv State Academy M. Zankovetska Ukrainian Drama Theatre;
• State Dance and Symphony Orchestra;
• State Brass Band;
• Odessa State Philarmonic Orchestra;
• State Theatre Centre Named after L. Kurbas;
• State Enterprise "Circus Company Stars of Ukraine";• Touring Administration of Circus Companies of Ukraine;
• Donets State Circus; and State Circus of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kryvy Rig,
Luhansk, Odessa, Lviv, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kharkiv, and Yalta; and
• Administration of the House of Art Companies (Kyiv).
In addition to the national institutions, the following major cultural institutions are directly
under the authority of the Ministry of Culture:
• Enterprise "International Agency Ukraine-Art";
• Ukrainian Centre of Festivals and Concert Programmes;
• Film Studio "Ukrainian Animation";
• National Kinematics of Ukraine;
• Ukrainian Newsreel Studio;
• National O. Dovzhenko Film Studio;
• Odessa Film Studio;
• National History Museum of Ukraine;
• National Art Museum;
• National 1941-1945 War History Museum;
• State Museum of Literature;
• State Open-Air Museum of Architecture;
• Administration of Art Exhibitions;
• National Parliament Library;
• State Historical Library;
• Kharkivc State Scientific Library;
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• Odessa State Scientific Library;
• State Children's Library;
• Kyiv State Choreographic Scool;
• Lviv Cinema Technical School;
• National Chaikovky Music Academy;
• Odessa State Conservatory;
• Ukrainian Academy of Art;
• Kyiv Theatre Institute;
• Kyiv State University of Culture; and
• National Academy for Chief Managers in Culture and Art.
There are a number of partnership initiatives or programmes between the state, regional or
local governments and different councils or international foundations, such as the Soros
Foundation, the European Cultural Foundation, the British Council in Ukraine, French
Cultural Centre, Polish Institute, Goethe Institute, Swedish institute, etc. These initiatives
encourage the participation of non-government organisations - sometimes even of the
private sector - or cultural societies to support projects at the central or local level. The
most popular example is the annual international film festival "Molodist", supported by awide range of partners.
In 2007, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine re-established and developed new
partnership relations with non-governmental, commercial and private organisations,
following the recommendations of international experts concerning cultural policy. In June
2007, the Ministry of Culture signed a Memorandum with the private building corporation
"Planeta-Bud" regarding united efforts aimed at "the improvement of the cultural sphere
and arts development based on European principles". The successful Ukrainian
participation in the Venice Biennale resulted from collaboration between the Ministry of
Culture and the private company PinchukArtCentre. PinchukArtCentre is an international
centre for contemporary art of the 21st century. It is an open platform for artists, artwork and society. Its definite innovative profile is aimed at the dynamic interlacing of new
productions, presentation, and collection, bridging national identity and international
challenge. It is an ideal venue for masterworks and workgroups by outstanding artists of
our time which reflect and represent the complexity of the world, transforming it into a
unique and new form. This centre determines its work and creates a corporate identity in
the following fields of activity: collection, exhibitions, projects, communication, education,
publications and research.
In November 2007, the Ministry of Culture signed an agreement with the non-
governmental Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" on co-operation in
international initiatives and training projects.
The Art Association "Dzyga" is a conglomeration of artists, public figures, and
businessmen, assembled by different kinds of cultural, creative projects and actors, namely
clubs, festivals, media-projects, etc. It was founded in 1993 and united the representatives
of "The Students' Brotherhood" (a pro-independence Ukrainian students' movement, 1989-
1993), vanguard art circles ("Shlyakh", 1989-1992) and L'viv Underground Musicians
("Club Shanuval'nykiv Chaju", "Mertvyj Piven'", Festival of Underground "Vy-Vyh").
The civic initiative group "Protect Old Kyiv" was created in 2007 as a reaction to the
intentions of authorities to destroy old city architecture in commercial interests.
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8. Promoting creativity and participation
8.1 Support to artists and other creative workers
8.1.1 Overview of strategies, programmes and direct or indirect forms of support
Support to artists includes direct financing and indirect assistance through e.g. low rents
for premises, studios, workshops etc. Most regional and municipal councils have specialfunds to support creative activities. The lion's share of public funds is directed toward the
maintenance of existing cultural institutions, including paying the salaries of their
employees.
There is a system of Presidential grants for young artists and writers. Also, private
foundations offer different grants to support artistic initiatives (PinchukArtCentre, Rinat
Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine, Open Ukraine and others).
8.1.2 Special artists' funds
The Presidential Edict on State Support to Culture and Arts in Ukraine (1996 and 1998)
granted 100 lifelong scholarships to outstanding artists less than 70 years of age. Sincethen, this number has increased to 200.
Special translation support is offered by the Foundation Open Ukraine (from Ukrainian)
and the International Renaissance Foundation (into Ukrainian). The Ministry of Culture
offers support to creative initiatives in different fields.
Every year, the government sets aside a certain amount of the budget to purchase works of
art.
8.1.3 Grants, awards, scholarships
The National Shevchenko Prize is an annual award for writers, artists and artists groups for
extraordinary achievements in different branches of culture. The Shevchenko Prize
Committee receives applications from organisations and initiatives and declares its
decision at the beginning of each year. There are also awards for special branches of
culture given by the Ministry of Culture and the artists' unions. Prizes are also awarded by
banks, private foundations and individuals. The Writers Union has a special support
scheme for newly emerging writers to publish their works. The Ministry of Culture also
grants the title of Honoured or Popular Artist of Ukraine to outstanding artists and cultural
workers.
The Ministry of Culture holds an annual competition for the best script or story for
documentary film. The winners receive an award amount of which is determined each year
by the Ministry.
8.1.4 Support to professional artists associations or unions
According to the Law on Professional Artists and Artists' Unions, the government supports
11 national artists' unions to help them "execute their legal tasks"; in 2009, UAH 6 798 000
or EUR 1.1 million, was budgeted for this purpose. Artists' unions use government
subsidies to provide their members with scholarships, financial assistance, support in the
event of illness or death, grants (or partially paid vouchers) for members to spend time at
special centres (e.g. in Yalta, Koktebel in Crimea or Odessa and Irpin near Kyiv for writers
and translators), art meetings, exhibitions, parties, cultural programmes as well as for the
maintenance of artists' houses, centres and administration.
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8.2 Cultural consumption and participation
8.2.1 Trends and figures
Over the last 10 years, the total number of public libraries in Ukraine decreased by from
20 700 in 2000 to 20 100 in 2009. The number of libraries under the competence of the
Ministry of Culture decreased as well, from 19 006 in 2000 to 18 249 in 2010. Due to
serious financial problems, libraries were not able to keep up their stocks and purchase
new titles. Today, the average number of copies printed for a newly published book,
according to the Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2000. Therefore, most newly issued books are
not available in local, especially village libraries.
Table 13: Libraries performance
2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of libraries under the
competence of the Ministry of Culture 18 452 18 401 18 349 18 249
Staff numbers 37 716 34 927 34 940 34 991
Internet centres in libraries
2 433 3 346 3 991Source: Ministry of Culture, 2011.
According to the report of the Ministry of Culture, "during the last three years, we have a
negative trend of reduction in the number of public libraries which is caused by the
decrease in population (demographic crisis), on the one hand, and the financial and
economic situation in the country, on the other hand".
While the number of libraries and local club institutions decreased, the number of
professional theatres, concert organisations and museums increased over the last decade
(see Table 14). At the same time, the number of spectators decreased or remained almost
the same because of the rise in prices for tickets.
Table 14: Participation figures for cultural activities in Ukraine, 1996-2009
1996 2000 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Number of professional
theatres
130 131 131 135 137 138 138 136
Number of spectators
(million)
6.9 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.6 7.0 6.2
Number of concert
organisations
53 61 67 78 81 79 77 77
Number of spectators
(million)
4.8 3.8 6.6 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.8
Number of museums 324 378 376 437 445 458 478 499Museum visitors (million) 16.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.2 21.1 21.9 20.8
Number of cinema units
(in thousand)
13.3 6.9 5.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.2
Number of tickets sold
(million)
14 6 9 10 12 18 11 11
Number of public libraries
(in thousand)
23.3 20.7 20.4 19.8 19.8 20.8 20.6 20.1
Number of library
collections (million copies)
364 343 339 330 324 345 352 338
Books (titles) 6 084 7 749 12 444 15 720 15 867 17 987 24 040 22 491
Books (number of copies,
in thousand)
52 44 48 54 54 56 58 49
Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2010.
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The increase in museum visitors is explained by the fact that a number of museum
branches on municipal, regional and national level became separate museum institutions
and developed innovative policies. These developments have attracted additional visitors.
Table 15: Number of visits to the cinema per capita, 1999-2003 and 2009
Year Total Cities Rural area
1999 0.1 0.1 0.12000 0.13 0.14 0.11
2001 0.15 0.18 0.09
2002 0.18 0.23 0.12
2003 0.2 0.26 0.05
2009 0.3 0.33 0.05Source: Ministry of Culture and Ukraine, 2009.
As of January 1, 2010, the Book Chamber of Ukraine registered 17 265 titles of books and
booklets, with 33 930 200 copies that constitute, respectively, 87.1% and 78.8% of the
figures compared to 2009. The decrease in number of copies became a trend in the last
years: in 2008, the number of copies of published books and booklets constituted
58 158 000; in 2009, 48 514 000; and in 2010 – below 40 million.
Table 16: General information on book-publishing in Ukraine
2009 2010
Product Number
of titles
Number of
copies
Number
of titles
%
versus
2008
Number of
copies
%
versus
2008
Books and booklets 22 491 48 514 400 17 265 87.1 33 930 200 78.8
in Ukrainian 14 797 27 527 000 11 212 86.0 16 899 400 70.1
in Russian 5 732 18 622 700 4 462 87.6 15 125 100 90.2
Source: Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2010.
Table 17: Average number of copies and number of books per capita
YearAverage number
of copies
Average number of
books per capita
2000 5.6 0.9
2001 4.7 1.02002 3.8 1.02003 2.9 0.8
2004 3.6 1.12005 3.4 1.15
2006 3.4 1.162007 3.1 1.212008 2.4 1.26
2009 2.2 1.052010 2.0 0.74
Source: Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2010.
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Table 18: Reading behaviour of Ukrainian citizens: number of visits to bookshops,
in %, 2002
Year Every
day
Once per
week
Once per
month
One or several
times per year
No visits
1994 1 10 16 9 64
1997 1 6 14 11 68
2000 1 5 10 12 72Source: Institute of Sociology of Ukraine, 2002.
Table 19: Culture consumption trends in Ukraine, 2000-2005, % of respondents
(average sampling – 1800 adult persons)
Activity / product 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Excursions / travel 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.4 1.3
Attendance at cinemas 1.4 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.7 3.4
Attendance at theatres, concerts,
museums, exhibitions
4.1 3.4 3.7 1.9 2.2 2.9
Visiting libraries 5.9 6.5 5.8 5.8 4.9 5.5Training courses, studios, study groups 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.3
Computers 5.4 8.4 5.3 7.6 7.4 10.8
TV 86.5 87.0 76.5 89.7 83.3 86.4Source: Ukrainian Society 1994-2005: social monitoring. Kyiv, Institute of Sociology of Ukraine, 2006.
8.2.2 Policies and programmes
Special reading programmes initiated by the International Publishers' Forum (Lviv), other
book fairs, publishing houses and writers' associations are supported by local authorities
and government.
Two Ukrainian cinema houses are members of the film theatre network focusing on
European film, Europa Cinemas, "Zhovten" and "Kyiv", both located in the capital.
Besides European and world film production, these cinemas show Art House films and
historical films. More information: http://www.zhovten-kino.kiev.ua and
http://www.kievkino.com.ua.
8.3 Arts and cultural education
8.3.1 Institutional overview
The Bologna Process started officially in Ukraine on 19 May 2005, after signing the
Declaration in the city of Bergen. There is a list of high schools and universities,particularly the Kyiv Polytechnic University, the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, and the National
Medic University and others, which have been selected as pilot institutions for
implementing the necessary changes, including transformation of the education structure,
curricular and testing / monitoring methods. However, as the rector of the National
Academy of Music, V. Rozhok, indicated, no art high school is taking part in this
experiment: "There are no representatives of art high schools in boards coordinating the
adaptation of national experiences to European practice. Artists do not take part in
international seminars and meetings regarding the reform of higher education. If the
Ministry of Education and Science has forgotten art education, the Ministry of Culture has
not lobbied on behalf of our interests in time".
While special / primary and higher art education is mainly within the competence of the
Ministry of Culture, art education in schools is within the competence of the Ministry of
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Education. As in many other cases (like book publishing and libraries, cultural heritage
issues) this division of roles between different agencies results often in no lead
responsibility being taken for maintenance, financing, equipment, and updating.
Primary arts education is available at 1474 (1 485 in 2007) art schools, all of which are
financed from local budgets and by fees. Secondary and special education is provided by 6
state-managed art schools, 2 state-managed professional schools, and 59 municipal-
managed colleges. 11 higher education establishments, including the National Academy of Music, the Ukrainian Academy of Arts, two State Conservatories, the Theatre Institute, the
Institute of Arts, the University of Culture, and National Academy for Chief Managers in
Culture and Art provide post-graduate courses, and 3 provide doctorate courses.
Ukrainian writers have a tradition of actively co-operating with colleges and higher
education institutions e.g. there are some special lectures in the National University that
are delivered by writers and dedicated to the history and theory of literature.
Recently, especially in the regions, e-facilities found in libraries are being actively used to
provide students with, on the one hand, computer skills and on the other hand, up to date
information during special study sessions in libraries.
8.3.2 Arts in schools (curricula etc.)
According to Governmental Decree Nr 1717 of 17 November 2000 relating to "State
Standards of Primary Education", "Arts" was introduced as an educational sphere in the
primary school curriculum. The Decree stated that: "Contrary to the traditional approach to
the educational content in primary schools, when two relatively separate disciplines, Music
and Visual Arts are taught, the educational sphere of Arts is directed to involve students in
creative activities in musical, visual, choreographic, theatrical and screen arts. On the basis
of such interaction of different arts, students will form a comprehensive artistic mentality,
a system of aesthetic ideals and tastes, and a feeling of real responsibility for preservation
of cultural achievements of society. It is reasonable to interconnect this educational spherewith other humanities (for example, choreographic courses can be integrated with
"physical education"; elements of theatrical art – with "reading")".
Table 20: Number of hours per week of courses and disciplines
Hours per week in formsEducational sphere
1 2 3 4
Total
Language and literature 8 8 9 9 34
Mathematics 3 4 4 4 15
Health and physical education 3 3 3 3 12
Technologies 2 1 1 1 5
Man and the world 1 1 2 2 6
Arts 2 2 2 2 8Source: Ministry of Science and Education, 2010.
8.3.3 Intercultural education
Each school in Ukraine has special hours dedicated to peace and tolerance when students
learn about other cultures. In many educational establishments, including high schools,
there are classes on the EU and European values. Intercultural education is mainly
administered by the Ministry of Education and Science and respective educational bodies
on all levels. The programmes focus mainly on shared European values, tolerance
principles, equality and information about world cultures.Many schools, especially with foreign language education, organise days of specific
cultures, festivals, and develop correspondence with respective schools and institutions in
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other countries. Many international organisations (e.g. the British Council, Goethe
Institute) carry out special competitions for literature or journalism or film works about the
vision of European history, present or future, among high school or university level
students in Ukraine.
There have also been different initiatives on the city and county levels. For example, a lot
of intercultural projects are executed by the department of education in the city of
Melitopol, a participant of the CoE Programme "Intercultural cities"; in particular:international projects of the club of youth diplomacy "Leader XXI" at Melitopol
Gymnasium number 5 – Model United Nations of Goldberg 2009, 2010; dance project
"Meeting at Elbe" (2009-2010); activities of the Belgium Club at Melitopol Gymnasium
number 19.
8.3.4 Higher arts education and professional training
Higher arts education institutions under the Ministry of Culture include 64 communal-
owned establishments of I-III level of accreditation and 12 state-owned establishments of
I-IV level of accreditation.
Among communal arts education and professional training establishments are: 24 musiccolleges, 14 culture and arts colleges, 12 culture colleges, 7 special schools and colleges of
arts and theatre, and 7 other establishments (university, 3 academies, music institute,
conservatory, cinematography technical school). Kyiv State Choreographic College and 11
higher educational establishments of III and IV level of accreditation are directly
subordinated to the Ministry of Culture, 10 of which have postgraduate courses, 4
institutions of doctoral candidacy. More than 25 000 students are studying at these
institutions.
The National Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts was founded in 1985. A specific
characteristic of this institution is that it prepares students in different disciplines, including
performing arts, design, visual art, management, etc.; retrains cultural practitioners from allover Ukraine; has postgraduate courses and institutions awarding to doctorate level;
realises different scientific research projects; and regularly publishes scientific and
theoretical collections.
8.3.5 Basic out-of school arts and cultural education (music schools, heritage, etc.)
The network of special art schools (music, choreographic, art, choral, etc.) consists of 1474
institutions, among which 283 schools are located in rural areas. The number of students
constitutes about 338 000 (including 32 000 in rural areas). Compared to 2009, the number
of students increased above 13 000.
Almost all special art schools are financed from local budgets. Teachers and managers of these schools organise performances or exhibitions of their students' works at the end of a
school year. Special events can be planned to commemorate famous dates or persons, and
they hold literary parties. Thematic excursions to museums, art galleries, theatres, historic
sites constitute an essential part of the educational process.
Besides art schools, there are a lot of study groups at local centres for children and youth
creativity which offer pre-school and after school training for children. There are also
special studios for senior pupils where they can train under supervision of professional
artists.
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8.4 Amateur arts, cultural associations and civil initiatives
8.4.1 Amateur arts and folk culture
Each locality of Ukraine is traditionally rich in authentic folk arts and amateur arts. During
the last years, local communities not only preserved the existing amateur arts but also
developed new ones including youth and national minority subcultures. Now, along with
such traditional types of the amateur arts in Ukraine as brass band music, orchestras of folk
instruments, choral singing, choreographic art and dancing, amateur theatre, decorative and
applied art, embroidery, etc. one can enjoy modern genres generated by new technologies
and social evolution: pop song studios, groups of acoustic music, multimedia art, computer
graphic, etc.
In each regional city of Ukraine, there is a regional centre of amateur art and folk culture.
A regional centre is an institution providing proper conditions for the development of folk
culture and amateur art and leisure activities. It is a creative and methodological centre for
houses of culture or clubs in each region.
According to the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine database, there are about 350 amateur
theatres and 60 folk and amateur orchestras. To illustrate the multiplicity of amateur
groups and artists in Ukraine it is sufficient to examine a separate region or town. For
instance, in the Ternopil region (Western Ukraine) with a population of 1.14 million
persons (2.3% of the population of Ukraine) of which (57.3%) reside in rural areas, there
are about 3 500 amateur groups involving more than 50 000 persons. Only in a separate
locality, Gusiatyn rayon, which has 65 small towns, villages and settlements with a total
population of 68 000 persons, there are 192 amateur groups involving 2 535 persons.
Regular festivals and exhibitions of the amateur arts, such as the Annual Brass Band
Parade in the city of Ternopil, festivals of music and dance art such as "Colourful Wreath"
(Dnipropetrovsk) and "Artistic Colours" (Pryluky), "Theatre Spring" (Kherson), "Theatre
Autumn" (Pryluky), "Stage" (Kirovograd), exhibitions "Pictorial Ukraine" and others arealso worth mentioning.
8.4.2 Cultural houses and community cultural clubs
The preservation of the network of cultural clubs and centres inherited from Soviet times
has been a priority of the Ministry of Culture over the last years. In the rural communities
these clubs and centres remain the main centre of cultural life and the platform for the
development of amateur arts. For example, there are 976 clubs in the Poltava region with a
population of 1.7 million. These clubs run 5 250 amateur circles, groups and associations,
with 63 434 persons attending. In general, there are 104 068 various groups and circles, in
clubs and houses of culture, with more than 900 000 participants. In Kirovograd regionwith a population of 1.05 million, there are 582 clubs, which run 2809 amateur groups.
Lack of financing and the transformation from state run institutions into community
property led to a significant decrease in the number of clubs and cultural centres (see
Table 21).
Table 21: Number of cultural clubs in Ukraine, in thousands, 1992-2009
Year 1992 1996 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
lubs 23.9 22.4 20.4 19.9 19.4 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7
Source: State Statistics Committee, 2009.
In 2001, the Ministry of Culture adopted a programme to support regional culturalinitiatives to prevent the number of cultural clubs from further decreasing. The main
problems of these institutions are maintenance and personnel: only about 5% of all clubs
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and cultural centres in the rural areas are provided with modern technology, and only 60%
of the staff are cultural specialists, 6% of whom have higher education. 30-40% of existing
cultural clubs require repair or renewal; in some regions (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia,
Odessa, Poltava, Donetsk, Kherson) this number is above 50%. In most regions, many
cultural clubs are not heated in winter.
Recent and important policy measures include:
• the cultural and art action "Arts of a Single Village" (2002);
• All-Ukrainian Review of Folk Art (2002);
• participation of amateur collectives of Ukraine in CIOFF (International Council onOrganising Folkloric Festivals); and AITA / IATA (International Association of
Theatres Amateur) activities; and
• Order of the Minister of Culture "Provision on a Club Establishment" (2007). It should
strengthen the status and competence of cultural club establishment, especially in rural
areas.
In 2005, President Verkhovna Rada adopted the Resolution on Banning the Closure of
Social and Cultural Institutions in Rural Areas, with the aim to stabilise the situation;however, there is no financial mechanism to support this aim. In pursuit of the Presidential
Edict on State Support of Training Specialists for Rural Areas of 19 March 2005, the
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine established an annual quota of places in educational
establishments for rural youth within the limits of the state order.
New multi-functional cultural institutions were formed during 2003-2005 in many regions,
like cultural centres, folk and craft centres, club-museums, club-libraries, etc.
The Ukrainian World Music Festival "Kraina Mriy" is the international musical folklore
celebration which is held every year since 2004 in Kyiv during a few days on the
celebration of Ivana Kupala (Bathed Ivan) – a traditional Ukrainian saint of the summer
solstice, at the end of June – beginning of July. The main aim of the festival is a revival of traditional Ukrainian culture, support for modern musical ethnic styles, and exposing
Ukrainian spectators to culture of different peoples. The initiator, founder and artistic
director of the festival is Oleg Skrypka, leader of the legendary Ukrainian rock band Vopli
Vidopliassova (http://www.vopli.com.ua). The title song written by the band ("Kraina
Mriy" – "Land of Dreams") gave the name to the festival.
8.4.3 Associations of citizens, advocacy groups, NGOs, and advisory panels
See chapter 3.4.5, chapter 4.2.4 and chapter 4.3.
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9. Sources and links
9.1 Key documents on cultural policy
Ministry of Culture Ukraine: State Cultural and Tourist Policies Implementation:
Priorities, Achievements, Perspectives – Analytical Report for 2009 of the Ministry of
Culture and Tourism of Ukraine / Ukrainian Centre of Cultural Studies. Also availablefrom: http://www.mincult.gov.ua
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine: Draft Concept of the State targeted programme for
innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013. Only in Ukrainian:
http://www.mincult.gov.ua
O.Hrytsenko, V.Solodovnyk, M.Riabchuk, N.Honcharenko: Researching Problems of
Culture Transformations and Ways of Culture, Key Role Implementation in Social and
Economic Development of the Modern Ukraine. Kyiv, 2008. Only in Ukrainian. Also
available from: http://www.culturalstudiesin.ua
European Programme of Cultural Policy Reviews – Cultural Policy in Ukraine National
Report (English and Ukrainian version) – http://www.culturalstudies.in.ua
Also available– English version from:
http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPage ;Ukrainian version from: http://www.mincult.gov.ua
Council of Europe, Steering Committee for Culture (CDCULT), National Cultural Policy
Review of Ukraine, Experts' Report (CDCULT (2007) 15, 23 April 2007), presented at the
6th Plenary Session, Strasbourg, 9 – 11 May 2007
http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPage
Cultural Actors of Change in Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. East European Reflection
Group. European Cultural Foundation. Available from: http://www.eurocult.org/we-
advocate/stimulating-reflection-debate/east-european-reflection-group/
British Council Ukraine, Report on the training needs of cultural institutions and
organisations in Odessa, June 2007, also available at:
http://www.culturebase.net/project_detail.php?201or from the British Council Ukraine at:
http://www.britishcouncil.org/ukraine.htm
Culture policies in Ukraine (humanitarian security, language, education). InternationalCentre of Perspective Studies. Kyiv, 2007. Only in Ukrainian. Also available from:
http://www.icps.com.ua
Dialogue. Information-analytical bulletin. Volume 5. Ukraine: Cultural Profile, Trends
and Initiatives. Kyiv: Information and Analytical Centre "Democracy through Culture",
2004-2008. Available also from: http://www.model21.in.ua
White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. Living Together as Equal in Dignitity. Ukrainian
version. Council of Europe, Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, Development Centre
«Democracy through Culture ». Kyiv: 2010. See also: http://www.mincult.gov.ua
Yuriy Bohutsky: Self-organisation of Culture: Ontology, Dynamics, Perspectives. Kyiv:
Institute of Cultural Science, Veselka, 2008. Only in Ukrainian.
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9.2 Key organisations and portals
Cultural policy making bodies
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine
http://www.mincult.gov.ua
Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine
http://www.rada.gov.ua
Presidential Administration
http://www.president.gov.ua/content/300.html
Professional associations
National Writers' Union of Ukraine
http://www.nspu.org.ua
Association of Composers of Ukraine
http://www.composersukraine.org/
National Union of Artists of Ukraine
http://www.nshu.org.ua/
National Union of Architects of Ukraine
http://nsau.org/
Grant-giving bodies
Information resource "Civic Space"
http://www.civicua.org
International Renaissance Foundation
http://www.irf.kiev.ua
British Council Ukraine
http://www.britishcouncil.org.ua
Delegation of the European Commission in Ukrainehttp://www.delukr.cec.eu.int
Polish Institute
http://www.polinst.kiev.ua
Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine
http://www.fdu.org.ua/en/
Foundation Open Ukraine
http://www.openukraine.org/en
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Cultural statistics and research
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine
http://www.mincult.gov.ua
State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
International Centre of Perspective Studies
http://www.icps.com.ua
R&B Group – Research and Branding
http://www.rb.com.ua
Ukrainian Centre of Cultural Studies
http://www.culturalstudies.in.ua
DC "Democracy through Culture" http://www.model21.in.ua
Culture / arts portal
DC "Democracy through Culture"
http://www.model21.in.ua
Centre of Contemporary Art
http://www.cca.kiev.ua
International Film Festival "Molodist"
http://www.molodist.com
Art-portal - Modern Arts
http://www.artportal.org.ua
Modern Ukrainian Theatre
http://www.virtep.org
National Academy I. Franko Drama Theatre
http://www.franko-theatre.kiev.ua
National Academy L. Ukrayinka Russian Drama Theatre
http://www.rusdram.kiev.ua
National Philharmonic Society
http://www.filarmonia.com.ua
Association of Art-galleries of Ukraine
http://www.soviart.com.ua
National portal Kinokolohttp://www.kinokolo.ua
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Kherson Centre of the Youth Initiatives Totem
http://www.terra-futura.com
Young Literature
http://www.literatura.iatp.org.ua
Dzyga Art Centrehttp://www.dzyga.com.ua
Garage Gang
http://gggg.org.ua/
Artvertep
http://www.artvertep.dp.ua
Theatre-StudioArabesques http://www.arabesky.org.ua
Lviv Publishers Forum
http://www.bookforum.com.ua
Ukrainian world music festival "Kraina Mriy”
http://www.krainamriy.com
PinchukArtCentre
http://pinchukartcentre.org/en
Slavske Rock Festival
http://slavskerock.in.ua
Human Rights Documentary Film Festival
http://docudays.org.ua/2009/portal/en
KORYDOR (Foundation Center for Contemporary Art, Kyiv)
http://www.korydor.in.ua/en/
Recommended