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COUNTRY PROFILE

UKRAINE

Last profile update: February 2011

This profile was prepared and updated by Mr. Olexandr BUTSENKO (Kyiv).

It is based on official and non-official sources addressing current cultural policy issues.

The opinions expressed in this profile are those of the author and are notofficial statements of the government or of the Compendium editors.

Additional national cultural policy profiles are available on:

http://www.culturalpolicies.net

If the entire profile or relevant parts of it are reproduced in print or in electronic form including in a translatedversion, for whatever purpose, a specific request has to be addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of

Europe who may authorise the reproduction in consultation with ERICarts. Such reproduction must be

accompanied by the standard reference below, as well as by the name of the author of the profile.

Standard Reference: Council of Europe/ERICarts: "Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe",

12th edition 2011. Available from World Wide Web: <http:// www.culturalpolicies.net>.

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Council of Europe/ERICarts, “Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 12th

edition“, 2011 UKR-1

UKRAINE1

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: CULTURAL POLICIES AND

INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................................... 2

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF CULTURAL POLICY ........ 4

2.1 Main features of the current cultural policy model ........................................................ 42.2 National definition of culture ......................................................................................... 4

2.3 Cultural policy objectives............................................................................................... 5

3. COMPETENCE, DECISION MAKING AND ADMINISTRATION .................... 6

3.1 Organisational structure (organigram) ........................................................................... 6

3.2 Overall description of the system................................................................................... 7

3.3 Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operation ...................................................... 8

3.4 International cultural co-operation ................................................................................. 9

4. CURRENT ISSUES IN CULTURAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND

DEBATE...................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 Main cultural policy issues and priorities..................................................................... 174.2 Specific policy issues and recent debates..................................................................... 18

4.3 Other relevant issues and debates................................................................................. 31

5. MAIN LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CULTURAL FIELD............................... 32

5.1 General legislation........................................................................................................ 32

5.2 Legislation on culture ................................................................................................... 36

5.3 Sector specific legislation............................................................................................. 38

6. FINANCING OF CULTURE.................................................................................... 42

6.1 Short overview ............................................................................................................. 42

6.2 Public cultural expenditure........................................................................................... 43

6.3 Trends and indicators for private cultural financing .................................................... 457. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE...................... 46

7.1 Cultural infrastructure: tendencies & strategies ........................................................... 46

7.2 Basic data about selected public institutions in the cultural sector .............................. 46

7.3 Status and partnerships of public cultural institutions.................................................. 47

8. PROMOTING CREATIVITY AND PARTICIPATION....................................... 49

8.1 Support to artists and other creative workers ............................................................... 49

8.2 Cultural consumption and participation ....................................................................... 50

8.3 Arts and cultural education........................................................................................... 52

8.4 Amateur arts, cultural associations and civil initiatives ............................................... 55

9. SOURCES AND LINKS ............................................................................................ 57

9.1 Key documents on cultural policy................................................................................ 57

9.2 Key organisations and portals ...................................................................................... 58

1 This profile was prepared in 2003 and updated in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010-2011 by

Olexandr Butsenko, DC "Democracy through Culture" Director (Kyiv).

Last profile update: February 2011.

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Council of Europe/ERICarts, “Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 12th edition“, 2011UKR-2

1. Historical perspective: cultural policies and instruments

After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, a "Ukrainian People's Republic" was

proclaimed and was led by outstanding personalities from the cultural field. However, this

first Ukrainian state was short lived. Just four years later, in 1921, Ukraine came under

Soviet totalitarian rule which lasted for 70 years.

Although the official Soviet propaganda declared this period the "Golden Age" of national

cultures it was in fact characterised by the forced deportation of entire cultural

communities (Crimean Tatars, German settlers in Ukraine) and severe repression of the

nationalist intelligentsia. Compared to other territories of the former Soviet Empire, the

persecution of the bearers of national ideas in Ukraine was more wide-spread and of

greater brutality. Whereas the population of the Ukrainian SSR constituted only about 17%

of the total Soviet Union population, the share of Ukrainians among the "prisoners of

conscience" in the Soviet GULAGs (concentration and labour camps) was more than 50%.

Shortly after the Second World War and during the first half of the 1950s, Ukrainian

cultural policy was subject to the principles of the totalitarian state. This included strict

centralism. Cultural institutions acted as intermediaries between the official state ideologyand society. Through the ideological departments of the central and local communist party

committees, the state decided which kind of culture was necessary for the people, and saw

to it that cultural and artistic events remained on the "correct" political course. All artists'

associations and unions (writers, painters, theatre workers, and architects) were

administrated by the state through respective party units operating within these institutions.

Independent artists or artists' organisations could not exist outside of this framework. The

state also controlled all amateur arts, popular and other non-professional or voluntary

organisations in the cultural field. Private cultural entrepreneurship officially didn't exist.

Regardless of these conditions, great efforts were made to disseminate the achievements of

world culture among all strata of the Ukrainian population. A lot of attention was paid to

the cultural education of young people and to the development of young talents. There was

also broad support for amateur and folk art activities and for book publishing. At the

regional level, a vast landscape of cultural infrastructure was created and supported by

additional budget subsidies. Their operations were not, however, guided by principles of

efficiency or meeting the real needs of the communities involved.

On the 24th August, 1991, the Ukraine became an independent national state, signified by

the Parliament's (Verkhovna Rada) approval of the Declaration of Independence of the

Ukraine. This Act coupled with the results of the All-Ukrainian Referendum of 1

December 1991, when more than 92% of the citizens voted for independence, put an end to

ideological dictatorship and created the conditions necessary for the comprehensive

development of a national culture.There was, however, a drastic decrease in public support for culture due to political

instability, the economic crisis, and contradictions between democratic goals and market

conditions. The lack of a clear medium-term and long-term cultural development strategy

resulted in the creation of ad hoc policies at the central and local levels. They are aimed, in

most cases, at preserving the existing situation. This situation, along with declarations

about false achievements, has provoked indifference and distrust in a large part among the

artistic community towards the government.

Dissatisfaction within Ukrainian society became apparent, especially after the events of the

so called "Orange Revolution". During the first "post-Orange" months, many meetings,

conferences and round tables were organised by dissatisfied artists and cultural producers.

Many appeals, requests and letters to change the situation were adopted and submitted to

the President and the government. As a result, some new structures (public boards) were

established at the Ministry of Culture and in the Presidential Secretariat.

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Council of Europe/ERICarts, “Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 12th edition“, 2011 UKR-3

The Presidential Edict of 24 November 2005, N 1647/2005, proclaimed that "ensuring the

enrichment and development of culture and spiritual heritage of the Ukrainian society is

one of the high-priority tasks of the Cabinet of Ministers". In accordance with the Edict,

the National Board for Cultural Affairs (NBCA) was established as an advisory body by

the President of Ukraine. The NBCA was liquidated on 2 April 2010. The Presidential

Edict of 2 April 2010, N 469/2010, established a Public Humanitarian Council under the

President of Ukraine with the aim "to consider socially significant interests in resolving themost important issues of humanitarian development, to work out proposals for ensuring

human and civil rights in education, science, culture and art, public health, intellectual and

creative activities, and the introduction of system reforms for achieving compliance with

European standards in the protection of such rights".

In May 2007, the Council of Europe adopted the National Report on Cultural Policy in

Ukraine (CDCULT(2007)14), along with the Experts' Review (CDCULT(2007)15),

becoming the 27th country to complete this procedure for the CoE. (You can find both

texts of the National Report and the Experts' Report on

http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPa

ge or on http://www.mincult.gov.ua – Ukrainian versions). The first appraisal of the

implementation of the Experts' Report recommendations was completed by the end of

2009 by the Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Studies at the Ministry of Culture and Tourism

of Ukraine, indicating the necessity to revise the report and political approaches.

The government programme of 2008 determined, among the top priorities of the cultural

policy of Ukraine, the development of a language-cultural space as a basis for social

cohesion and understanding between Ukrainian citizens; preservation and actualisation of

the national cultural heritage; and state protection of the cultural industries of Ukraine.

Revitalising and preserving the memory of the Ukrainian nation was determined as a

separate priority through actions to honour victims of the Famine 1932-1933.

"The first thing that the Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich did after his February 252010 inauguration was to delete the link to the Holodomor on the President's official

website. Yanukovich's predecessor, Viktor Yushchenko, had made the Holodomor - the

famine of 1932–33 produced by Joseph Stalin and responsible for the deaths of millions of

Ukrainian peasants - into a national issue, promoting what the Czech novelist Milan

Kundera famously called "the struggle of memory over forgetting" as part of his attempt to

move the country towards democracy", wrote a professor of political science at Rutgers

University–Newark, Alexander J. Motyl. Later, after public reaction, the link was restored.

By the end of 2008, the government adopted the draft Concept of the State targeted

programme for innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013. The

Programme will improve the budget allocation process, increase the share andeffectiveness of cultural expenditure, modernise mechanisms for attracting non-budget

funds, regulate legislation, and modernise the governance system.

The Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, N 1085, on Optimisation of Public Agencies,

affected directly the management structure in culture, tourism, the film industry, and

intercultural relations. See also chapter 3.1 and chapter 3.2.

On 14 December 2010, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the new Law on Culture which

was gradually developed and improved since 2005. After being signed by the President of

Ukraine on 6 January 2011, the new Law on Culture (№ 2778–VI) replaces the former

Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture of Ukraine (1992, with amendments). The new

law determines the legal foundations of cultural activities, regulates social interrelationsrelated to creation, use and protection of cultural values, and defines priorities of public

cultural policy. See also chapter 2.1, chapter 2.3 and chapter 4.1.

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2. General objectives and principles of cultural policy

2.1 Main features of the current cultural policy model

Existing cultural policy is based on the Constitution of the Ukraine (1996), the Law of

Ukraine on Culture (2011), the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), the Budget Code of

Ukraine (2002, de-centralised financing), and the draft Concept of the State targeted

programme for innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013 (see alsochapter 1).

Article 4 of the Law of Ukraine on Culture establishes that priorities of public cultural

policy shall be determined by state programmes of social and economic development of

Ukraine which should take into account aspects of cultural development. "The government

shall create on a priority basis conditions for: development of culture of the Ukrainian

nation, indigenous peoples and national minorities of Ukraine; maintenance, restoration

and protection of the historical environment; aesthetic education of citizens, first of all,

children and young people; and enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas."

According to the Budget Code, basic cultural services are provided and financed through

local administrations including support for libraries, houses of culture, clubs, museums,

theatres, exhibitions, etc. This means that local authorities are theoretically entitled to

formulate their own cultural policies. However, due to many adverse factors, the newly

adopted decentralised model is inefficient and declared government objectives are left

unfulfilled (see also chapter 2.3). Some of these adverse factors include:

• lack of a comprehensive common cultural policy model to co-ordinate the goals andaspirations of the different regions and cities as well as different players and

stakeholders, including private and non-profitable organisations;

• inadequate financial resources and the lack of alternative ways of financing culture;

• the non-existence of any arms'-length institutions or public bodies to distribute

allocations for culture;• cultural institution are unable to meet modern requirements and there is a lack of

defined standards for state-guaranteed, free-of-charge cultural services; and

• non-governmental and commercial organisations in the cultural sector are too weak to

exert influence on the political decision-making process.

In 2009, the government tried to return effectiveness to the decentralisation process

initiated in 2002 through giving more financial autonomy to local communities in small

towns and villages (about 12 000 entities) and public institutions.

By the end of 2010, the government initiated two important reforms in tax and

administrative systems. The Tax Code adopted in December 2010 came into force on 1

January 2011. The administrative reform, started in December 2010, will be finished by the

end of February 2011, meaning the transformation of central public agencies, including

their commitments, and reduction of administrative staff on all levels, including regional

and local. Both steps will obviously impact on the cultural sphere. For example, in some

cities cultural departments may be closed or their functions will be transferred to other

departments. Also, as experts stated, it could touch such areas as book publishing, since the

Tax Code doesn't envisage any tax remissions for cultural industries and cultural activities.

2.2 National definition of culture

According to the Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011), culture is: "a complex of material andspiritual achievements of a certain human community (ethnos, nation), accumulated,

consolidated and enriched over a long period, which is handed down from one generation

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to another and includes all kinds of art, cultural heritage, cultural values, science,

education, and reflects the level of development of this community".

2.3 Cultural policy objectives

The Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011) proclaims the following objectives or main

principles:

• acknowledgement of culture as one of main factors for self-expression of the Ukrainian

nation, all indigenous peoples and national minorities;

• contribution to the establishment of an integrated cultural space of Ukraine,preservation of culture integrity;

• protection and preservation of cultural heritage as a basis of national culture, concern

for cultural development;

• efforts in strengthening humanistic ideas, high moral principles in social life;

• providing freedom of creativity, protection of incorporeal rights, copyright andneighbouring rights;

• assurance of civic rights in culture;

• create conditions for individual creative development; increase cultural level; aesthetic

education of citizens; availability of cultural education for children and youth,

broadening of educational programmes through national museums, galleries, reserves,

etc.; meeting the cultural needs of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous peoples, and

national minorities; development of cultural institutions irrespective of form of

ownership; attraction of investments; money from paid services; donations, other

sources allowed by law to culture;

• assistance in activity of professional associations and social culture organisations;creation of domestic (national) cultural product in the Ukrainian language and

functioning of the Ukrainian language in the cultural space all over Ukraine; access of citizens to cultural goods;

• determination of aesthetic education of children and youth as a priority of culturedevelopment;

• assurance of activity of the basic network of cultural institutions, educational cultural

establishments;

• support of cultural activities related to production and distribution of electronic andprint media, audio and visual products, development of computer technologies and an

increase in their potential for enlargement of access and involvement of citizenship to

cultural activities, etc.;

• promotion of Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity abroad and global cultural

achievements in Ukraine;• support of national cultural producers;

• support of Ukrainian cultural life all over the world;

• encouraging a Ukrainian character in the modern entertainment industry;

• support of regional cultures and increasing importance of regional, district centres,

cities with historic cultural traditions;

• development of international cultural collaboration; and

• establishment of an insurance fund for documentation on cultural values and

documents on cultural heritage objects.

The draft Concept of the State targeted programme for innovative development of

Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013, on the basis of comparative analysis, offers to solveexisting problems by attracting non-budget funds, transition to a producer system for

culture, and an introduction of cutting-edge technologies.

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3. Competence, decision making and administration

3.1 Organisational structure (organigram)

Cultural policy in Ukraine rests upon three pillars: government (Cabinet of Ministers),

Parliament (Committee on Culture and Spiritual Heritage) and the President's

Administration. The Public Humanitarian Council at the Presidency (PHC), with a special

working group on culture and arts, (see also chapter 1 and chapter 3.2) plays an advisoryfunction.

The general scheme of cultural policy-making in Ukraine is presented in the organigram

below. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is an active player in formulating

international cultural policy and the cultural image of Ukraine. The State Committee on

Information Policy, TV and Radio Broadcasting plays an important role in the interaction

of culture with the media and executing governmental book publishing programmes.

Organigram of the Ministry of Culture and of Ukraine

An organigram will be presented in March 2011 following restructuring.

Cabinet of Ministers

(Department for

Humanitarian Policy)

President's Administration(Chief Directorate for

Humanitarian and Social

Important Issues)

Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

Committee on Culture and

Spiritual Heritage

Ministry of Culture of

Ukraine Public Humanitarian

Council

National Cultural Institutions (theatres, museums,

libraries, etc.)

Ministry of Culture of

AR of CrimeaCultural Departments of Oblast

State Administrations

Cultural Departments of Rayon

and City Administrations

Cultural organisations of local importance (libraries, clubs, theatres, art schools, etc.)

Committees on

Culture in Oblast or

Local Councils

(elected bodies)

State Film Agency

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3.2 Overall description of the system

On the basis of the Presidential Edict of April 2, 2010, N 469/2010, the Public

Humanitarian Council (PHC) was created at the President's Administration as an advisory

body, consisting of different working groups, including one for culture and arts issues. The

PHC submits proposals concerning national cultural policy to the Presidential Secretariat,

Cabinet of Ministers and Parliament, representing the interests of all cultural groups and

minorities.

The restructured Ministry of Culture plans to form a Non-Governmental Council at the

ministry which will represent a variety of public, private and non-governmental

organisations in the cultural field of Ukraine. This Council will take part in formulating

and monitoring the execution of cultural policies. The first meeting is envisaged for

February 2011.

Cultural institutions and their responsibilities are regulated by the Constitution and by

special laws.

According to the Constitution (Article 85), the responsibilities of the Ukrainian Parliament

(Verkhovna Rada) are to:

• approve laws (including laws on culture);

• adopt the state budget;

• develop guidelines on national and foreign policies;

• approve national programmes of social and cultural development; and

• approve lists of units not subject to privatisation.

The Permanent Committee on Culture and Spiritual Heritage of the Verkhovna Rada is the

main body responsible for the design and development of cultural laws.

Three bodies hold executive power over cultural matters:

• the Chief Directorate for Humanitarian and Social Important Issues of the PresidentialSecretariat;

• the Department for Humanitarian Policy of the Cabinet of Ministers; and

• the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine.

The Ministry of Culture is mainly a financial administrative unit, which allocates funds to

more than 120 state cultural institutions of national importance (theatres, museums,

libraries, film studios, higher schools, etc.) and to a number of nation-wide festivals and

events. As international experts stated: "…while the base and the context have changed

fundamentally in Ukraine, the expectations remain and the Ministry of Culture is often

seen as a 'funding body' that should fund everything" (CDCULT(2007)15 p.36).

On the basis of the Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, Nr 1085, on Optimisation of

Public Agencies, the Ministry changed its structure, commitments and functions and its

staff will be reduced. The State Service for Tourism and Resources is subordinate now to

the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine; the State Film Service is transformed into the

State Film Agency and away from the ministerial structure but is subordinated directly to

the minister of culture. The State Committee for Nationalities and Religions is liquidated,

transferring its functions related to nationalities, rights of national minorities and religions

to the Ministry of Culture, while matters relating to migration are transferred to the State

Migration Service. The State National Heritage Service and the State Control of National

Values and Displacement remain in the structure of the Ministry of Culture. The Ministry

has an advisory and controlling public body called the Collegium, which consists of headsof Ministry departments, parliamentarians and representatives of (mostly state-owned)

cultural institutions and associations.

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The system of public administration for culture is made up of 24 oblasts (regions) and 2

cities (Kyiv and Sevastopol). The basic units of administration are rayons (counties) which

are under the supervision of the oblast or city cultural administrations. The Autonomous

Republic of Crimea has its own Ministry of Culture, which is responsible to the Cabinet of

Ministers of the AR of Crimea.

In January 2008, the Ministry of Culture developed new agreement on collaboration

between the Ministry as a central agency, and oblast state administrations. Financing jointactions at the expense of the state budget and local budgets shall be executed according to

requirements of budget laws with obligatory attraction of other sources (by formula

50%+25%+25%). However, the practical implementation of this formula in 2009 and 2010

has shown that in many cases joint actions of national importance have become an

additional burden for local budgets because of undeveloped multichannel funding

mechanisms and the impact of the economic crisis is reflected in a budget reduction on all

governmental levels.

3.3 Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operationA number of ministries and public agencies are involved in cultural affairs (including

funding). According to the Law on the 2011 State Budget , 16 different units are involved in

cultural spending, especially the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and

Science, Youth and Sport, the State Committee on TV and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine,

the State Archive Service, the Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing,

the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, and the Ministry of Infrastructure of

Ukraine.

A special working committee, under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was

established in 2008 to execute the Action Plan between the Council of Europe and Ukraine

for 2008-2011 which, among others, has two cultural programmes: the CoE regionalprogramme "Kyiv Initiative" and the CoE Pilot Programme "Intercultural Cities". In

September 2010, the working committee continued its activity for a new period of 2011-

2013 including activities within the Eastern Partnership Programme.

The principal partners of the Ministry of Culture are:

• Ministry of Finance (budget spending programmes);

• Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (development programmes);

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (international relations and promotion of Ukrainian culture

abroad);

• Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports (art and aesthetic education and

research; youth cultural exchange);• Ministry of Justice (laws on culture);

• Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing (culture development at

regional and local level, architectural heritage, reserves);

• Ministry of Social Policy (social protection); and

• Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine (cultural tourism).

Different national cultural programmes or events are carried out in co-operation with

regional, rayon or city authorities. Following the adoption of the Budget Code of Ukraine

(2002), 691 local governments independently formed relations with central government

agencies and received funding for projects of national significance.

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3.4 International cultural co-operation

3.4.1 Overview of main structures and trends

One of the top priorities of state policy is to promote the integration of the Ukraine in a

European and global cultural context, to promote a positive image of Ukraine, and to

collaborate with international organisations. Such priorities are defined, particularly, in the

draft Concept of the State targeted programme for innovative development of Ukrainian

culture in 2009-2013 (see also chapter 1) and the Law of Ukraine on Culture (Chapter 1.

Basic Provisions, Article 3: "to promote Ukrainian national culture in all its diversity

abroad and the global cultural achievements in Ukraine"; (Chapter 3, International Cultural

Relations, Article 32) "The State shall provide international cultural exchange and

collaboration between culture institutions, creative workers, Ukrainian cultural workers

and their partners" (see also chapter 2.3).

Different instruments are used to reach this aim: participation in and organisation of

international festivals, exhibitions, seminars, artistic tours, days and years of culture, etc.

Examples of this type of activity are: the International Arts Festival Kyiv Travnevy,

International Festival of Medieval Culture Lutsk Castle's Sword , International TheatreFestival Melpomene of Tauria, International Film Festival Molodist , Days of Culture

French Spring in Ukraine, Multicultural Festival Halychyna, Gogol-Fest , etc.

There are also numerous common projects and cultural co-operation between independent

and public organisations in Ukraine and European countries – from research and policy-

making projects, like Agenda 21 for Culture, Intercultural Cities, European Bus,

Intercultural Caravan, Creative Cities, Cultural Network, to artistic or exchange projects.

However, such an active shift to culture driven projects is mostly related to aspirations and

efforts of independent institutions and local powers in Ukraine. The official external

relations continue basing cultural diplomacy on events like days / weeks of culture,

festivals or government supported tours of selected groups.In recent years, Ukraine has signed more than 80 bilateral agreements (interstate,

intergovernmental and interministerial). The active collaboration is developed now with 58

countries. In 2010, the following international bilateral agreements were signed: between

the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of Byelorussia on collaboration in

the cultural heritage sphere; between ministers of culture of Ukraine and the Russian

Federation; between the ministers of culture of Ukraine and Syria; between the ministers of

culture of Ukraine and FYROM. Four intergovernmental agreements are in the process of

being signed (with Malta, Portugal, Czech Republic and Montenegro).

The Ministry of Culture takes part in approximately 30 bilateral intergovernmental

committees. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Ukraine and the EUentered into force on 1 March 1998. Today, Ukraine sees its main task as consolidation of

European values and standards in political, economic and social spheres, including culture

and heritage. Ukraine is a unique state outside of the EU, which celebrates regularly the

Day of Europe.

In 2010, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, jointly with public institutions, took part in the

organisation events such as: Photo-exhibition dedicated to the 65-th anniversary of Victory

in World War II in Ukrainian cultural and information centres in Moldova, Kazakhstan,

Byelorussia and Russia; XIX International Arts Festival "Slaviansky Bazar" in

Byelorussia; Days of Culture of Ukraine in China; Culturalogic and Art Event "Chekhov –

Yalta", jointly with the Ministry of Culture of Russia; Days of Byelorussia in Ukraine; and

the International Seminar "Role of Religious Communities in the World Cultural Heritage

Management".

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In 2010, the Ministry of Culture and the Development Centre "Democracy through

Culture" prepared and published the Ukrainian version of the White Paper on Intercultural

Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in Dignity". The publication was discussed at various

meetings organised by the independent centre, the ministry and the National Academy for

Chief Managers in Culture and Art of Ukraine. In December 2010, the scientific and

theoretical conference "Dialogue of Cultures: Priorities of the Modern Development of

Ukraine" was held in Kyiv, initiated by the Institute for Cultural Research of the NationalAcademy of Arts of Ukraine.

Within the frames of European Heritage Days in Ukraine, the International Cultural and

Artistic and Educational Project "Ukraine, the Land of Castles and Fortresses" was carried

out in the Khmelnytsk region from 22-25 September 2010.

On 20 January 2010, the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine ratified the UNESCO

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions after

wide public discussion and public approval (see also chapter 3.4.3). The annual All-

Ukrainian Forum of National Cultures founded in 1998 took place in November 2010, in

Kyiv, dedicated to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention. The National

Academy for Chief Managers in Culture and Art of Ukraine prepared a special seminar forstudents and cultural managers about the UNESCO Convention (see also

http://dakkkim.edu.ua/seminars-convention-on-protection-and-promotion-of-the-diversity-

of-cultural-expressions-q).

At the same time, it's necessary to indicate some negative trends developed recently. As

Kyiv Post newspaper wrote: "Unfortunately, at present Ukraine's image in the world is not

getting better, but worse," an expert in strategic communications and public relations in

politics and business, Denis Bohush, said during a Ukrainian-German video conference

dedicated to Ukraine's image in 2010-2011. He noted that his company, Bohush

Communications, while assessing Ukraine's image and branding, took into account the

country's performances in three areas: investment, tourism and migration. According tothese indicators, Ukraine's image has been persistently declining, the expert said. In turn, a

PR expert from Germany, Thomas Achelis, said: "I get the impression that Ukraine and its

representatives haven't understood the importance of a positive image of the country.

Unfortunately, today Ukraine's image in the world, especially in Western Europe, does not

reflect the real situation, and it's rather negative." In his opinion, such a negative image

does not help raise the investment attractiveness of the country. Achelis also noted that

there is not much information about Ukraine as the co-host of the Euro 2012 European

Football Championship.

See: http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_general/detail/95685/#ixzz1CDrKJfyq

3.4.2 Public actors and cultural diplomacy

In recent years, responsibility for international cultural collaboration has been distributed

on the central level mainly between the following agencies:

• Ministry of Culture (cultural events, exchanges, heritage, diaspora, minorities, culturalvalues, tours, intercultural dialogue);

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (promotion and international relations; coordination of

international multilateral programmes);

• State Committee on Information Policy, TV and Radio Broadcasting (media, TV,

books, advertisement); and

• Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sport (student culture and education,

youth culture, intercultural dialogue, sport).

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The newly established Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine will include tourist exchanges

and tourist routes. The Ministry of Regional Development, Building and Housing is

empowered to develop international cultural collaboration on the regional level. At the

same time, regional or local authorities can develop international collaboration

independently or with support from central governmental agencies e.g. organising artistic

tours, festivals, conferences, etc.

International cultural agencies and institutes play a very important role in the Ukraine, bydeveloping cultural dialogue and supporting Ukrainian artists through different projects.

Besides artistic events (e.g. concerts, exhibitions, master classes, film weeks), the British

Council, Goethe Institute, Swedish Institute, French Cultural Centre, and the Polish

Institute support translations into Ukrainian, publish bulletins and manuals, and organise

arts management training courses.

The British Council in 2009 organised, jointly with the Ukrainian cities (Lviv, Odessa,

Melitopol, Vinnytsia and others) and local partners (the Lviv Centre for Urban History of

East Central Europe and the Development Centre "Democracy through Culture"), the

Future City Game training with local players. The participants were invited to generate

ideas on how to regenerate their cities taking into account the diversity of interests. Thispractice continued in 2010. The results of these efforts were discussed at the forum of "city

makers" in Lviv, in January 2011.

On the governmental level, the major instruments used efficiently in international cultural

relations are still co-operation treaties, especially bilateral treaties on years of culture or

some joint events (forums, festivals, days / weeks of culture).

The most important recent developments in the field of cultural education and training in

Ukraine are: publications in Ukrainian of works on cultural policy and arts management by

the British Council, the Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" (with support

of the ECF, Council of Europe), the Polish Institute and Renaissance Foundation; training

sessions with local and international experts organised by "Democracy through Culture" jointly with the Swiss Cultural Programme in Ukraine (for the local level) and the Swedish

Institute and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine (for the regional level); the

pilot project for Cultural Strategy Development in the city of Lviv, realised in 2008-2009

by the Art Management Centre (Lviv) and the ECF; the special projects "Future City

Game", "Cultural Navigators", and "Creative Cities" organised by the British Council in

Ukraine jointly with Ukrainian partner organisations; a set of training, study tours and

conferences within the CoE pilot programme Intercultural Cities. In 2010, the Centre for

Cultural Management (Lviv) started the "Ukraine Culture Network Initiative", a project

supported by ECF, envisaging the creation of the unique cultural policy fabric on local,

regional and national level and consisting of two components: training and organising of

the independent sector (Centre for Cultural Management) and of local self-government(Democracy through Culture). Cities participating in the project are: Kyiv, Donetsk,

Kharkiv, Odessa, Lviv, Kherson, Ivano-Frankivsk. For more information see:

http://www.kultura.org.ua/index.php?lang_id=3&content_id=165.

On 25-26 September 2010, the International Charity Foundation IZOLYATSIA, Platform

for Cultural Initiatives, held a conference on the subject of cultural conversion: A New

Life of the Industrial Past. The participants of the conference came to the conclusion that

the creation of a multifunctional art-platform within one of the defunct warehouses of the

Izolyatsia plant, situated in the industrial outskirts of Donetsk, is "a highly relevant and

necessary initiative not just for Donetsk, but for the whole of Ukraine". The following

individuals were present as speakers: the director of Zeche Zollverein, Ulrich Borsdorf (Germany), architect-urbanist Tania Concko (France), the president of an association of

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independent cultural centres, Teh.net Erick Backer (Netherlands), and art-critic Ekaterina

Degot (Russia).

As IZOLYASIA Foundation site informs, the participants of the round table discussion,

"Culture as a Means of Regional and Community Development: Challenges and

Prospects", focused on the relevance and the development possibilities of such projects in

Ukraine. The moderator of the round table, Olexandr Butsenko - the expert on cultural

issues at the Council of Europe in Ukraine - posed three questions: to what extent are suchinitiatives necessary in Ukraine?, what form should such initiatives take, and what activity

should they be geared towards?, what relationship should they have with various groups

including the government?

The participants of the round table discussion - Evgeniy Bystrytsky (International

Renaissance Foundation), Anatoliy Zabalotny (Rinat Akhmetov's Development of

Ukraine), Mykola Skyba (National Art Museum of Ukraine), Yuriy Rybachuk (cultural

journalist), Maxym Ilyashenko (director of GOGOLFEST), Pavel Makov (artist), Boris

Mikhailov (photographer), Rick Rowbotham (architect), Anastassia Boutsko and Ludmila

Garbuz (Izolyatsia) - highlighted that this project is "a highly relevant and necessary

initiative not just for Donetsk, but for the whole of Ukraine." For more information seehttp://www.izolyatsia.org/en/catalog/?id=106.

3.4.3 European / international actors and programmes

On 11 May 2007, the Council of Europe adopted the National Report of Ukraine in the

cultural field. It allows, not only the construction of a new cultural policy in Ukraine with

assistance of European experts, but also active participation in different European

programmes and projects. Two CoE programmes involving Ukraine are the "Kyiv

Initiative" and Intercultural Cities. The latter started in 2008 in 11 pilot cities, selected

among 45 European city-applicants with exchange of best practices and mapping exercises

to study multicultural assets. The Ukrainian city Melitopol is among the selected cities.

During 2009, the Ukrainian city took part in different international and official meetings,

conferences and study tours and was also a host city for other European cities on a study

visit in June 2009.

The concept for the "Kyiv Initiative" programme was approved at the 5th (Enlarged)

Ministerial Colloquium under the STAGE Project of the Council of Europe on 15-16

September 2005 in Kyiv. The key organisers of the Colloquium were the Council of

Europe and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine. The Concluding Declaration

of the Colloquium includes the "Kyiv Initiative" of 5 nations: Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The concept was further developed at the Bucharest

Ministerial Conference to launch the "Kyiv Initiative" Regional Programme on 15

December 2006. During 2007, the programme was structured and the project linesdetermined. At the 6th Meeting of National Programme Co-ordinators in Strasbourg on 20-

21 November 2007, participating countries discussed General Terms of Reference and

project lines (see also chapter 4.2.5). The 7th Meeting in Baku in November 2008 and the

Ministerial Conference in Ljubljana in November 2009 determined concrete events and

projects for 2009 and 2010, in particular, within such programme line as "Rehabilitation of

cultural heritage in historic cities". For more information see:

http://www.coe.int/t/e/culturalcooperation/culture/policies/kyiv/Summary.asp#TopOfPage

In 2010, at the experts' workshop, ten priority intervention towns were selected for the

project "Rehabilitation of cultural heritage in historic cities". The experts emphasised that

the towns reflected the wealth and variety of the town planning heritage of Ukraine andrepresented the key issues that the territorial communities were facing. The representatives

of the Council of Europe, David Johnson and Tetiana Biletska, mentioned the strong

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potential of small and medium towns of Ukraine and the high motivation level of the local

project teams. Experts recommended including 10 places in the list of priority towns. They

are: Bilovodsk, Vinnytsia, Zhovkva, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Medzhybizh, Melitopol,

Pryluky, Starokostiantyniv, and Khmilnyk. The special information booklet in Ukrainian

and English was published representing selected towns. The Ukrainian city of Melitopol hosted a seminar on 25 and 26 November 2010

"Intercultural Cities: communities oriented towards the future". The objective was to shareinformation on the pilot phase of the Intercultural Cities programme with other Ukrainian

cities in order to inform and inspire them to become members of a national network of

intercultural cities. This exchange was jointly organised by a development centre

Democracy through Culture, and Melitopol's authorities under the Council of Europe /

European Commission Intercultural Cities programme. The Programme is supported by the

Ministry of Culture and started in Ukraine since 2008/2009.

Melitopol is a Ukrainian city which has renewed its support for the intercultural approach.

During the opening session, Serhiy Valter, Melitopol's new mayor, confirmed his

commitment to the intercultural concept. Melitpol's dedication to interculturalism is also

felt by many community stakeholders, as they view people and human relations as thecity's most valuable assets.

The exchange attracted a vast array of participants, including representatives of other

Ukrainian cities, cultural institutions, non-governmental organisations, as well as

academics and students. The mayor of the Ukrainian city of Pryluky expressed his

commitment to joining the network and adopting the intercultural approach. Among other

cities participating in the seminar were Yuzhny (Odessa region), Nizhyn (Chernihiv

region), Kmelnytsky,and Zhytomyr.

A draft memorandum setting up the Ukrainian Platform of Intercultural Cities was

distributed to Ukrainian cities that wish to be future members of the Intercultural Cities

network and national platform. This binding document will be used to develop a commonaction plan, identify a specific responsible body or individual in the local authority, and

identify training needs as well as objectives. Local City Councils were invited to adopt and

make amendments to the memorandum. The detailed working schedule will be decided

after city majors have signed the memorandum at their meeting in March 2011.

Ukraine became a member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organisation (UNESCO) on 12 May 1954. Ukraine's Permanent mission to UNESCO has

operated since December 1962, with its headquarters in Paris. Recent years have shown

active engagement of Ukrainian institutions and experts in the work of UNESCO's global

projects in the fields of: development of the information society, protection of the world

information and digital heritage, democratisation of cyberspace, guaranteed sustainabilityof the world's development, and securing tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the

era of globalisation. One of the main aspects that determines Ukraine's role in UNESCO's

activities is the country's participation in the work of this institution's leading initiatives.

The 50th anniversary of Ukraine's membership in UNESCO was celebrated in May 2004.

The jubilee stamp and 5 hryvnia metal coins were issued on that special occasion. An

exhibition of modern Ukrainian Decorative Art was organised at the UNESCO headquarters

in Paris. One of the vivid examples of Ukraine-UNESCO cooperation is the International

Scientific and Educational Centre of Information Technologies and Systems that operates in

Kyiv. One of the new projects deals with establishing a model for a virtual university that

will share scientific, technical and engineering knowledge developed by the institutes and

universities of Central and Eastern Europe; it will be monitored Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.

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Ukraine takes an active part on an official and non-official level in all cultural activities of

the Black Sea countries, including festivals, meetings and joint activities such as Slavic

Bazar in Vitebsk (Byelorussia).

The Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine are entrusted with

the responsibility for implementing and monitoring the UNESCO Convention on the

Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. During 2008-2009, the

Ministry of Culture, jointly with independent institutions, organised wide public discussionof the Convention at various training events, seminars, conferences and forums as well as

by internet and through the media. For example, in May 2009 the Convention was

approved at the Forum of Associations of National Cultures in Ukraine. The Parliament of

Ukraine ratified the Convention on 20 January 2010. It opened new opportunities for the

cultural sector in Ukraine, particularly, direct participation in regional EC initiatives, for

instance, the Eastern Partnership Culture Programme.

3.4.4 Direct professional co-operation

Professional co-operation is developed in four main ways:

• Cultural exchanges supported by international foundations and participation in cultural

events, competitions or festivals. For example: International Festival GOGOLFEST in

Kyiv on September 4-12, 2010, involving the participation of different foreign art

collectives and artists supported by various foundations, embassies and agencies (seealso http://www.gogolfest.org.ua/eng/ .

• Commercial projects: for example, Spring and Autumn International Sculpture Salons

in Kyiv; 5th International Art Fair "Art Kyiv Contemporary" on November 9-14, 2010.

During 10 days, nearly 200 000 people visited the art fair. From 2006-2009, the

exhibition took place in Ukrainian House. Since 2010, the forum is held in the museum

complex ART-ARSENAL spreading over an area of 16 sq.m – more information can

be found at: http://www.art-kyiv.com/page/1/?lang=en; Balcan Fest in Kyiv inDecember 2009 with participation of the best music groups from Serbia, Romania,

FYROM, Ukraine and the USA, such as Fanfare Ciocarlia, K.A.L., Gogol Bordello,

Kocani Orkestar, Haydamaky, and The No Smoking Orkestra.

• Days of culture, months of culture or years of culture, when events with cultural

professionals are organised by public bodies. For example: Days of Byelorussia in

Ukraine from 26-30 September 2010 (Kyiv and Lviv); Days of Culture of Ukraine in

China from 26-31 August 2010.

• Cultural events between local communities within the framework of traditionalprogrammes like town-twinning, cross-border co-operation, intercultural cities, etc.

The Ministry of Culture takes part in 20 bilateral intergovernmental and interagency

committees and task forces, in particular: Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Slovak Committee

on national minorities, culture and education, Collateral Ukrainian-Uzbek Committee on

comprehensive collaboration, Collateral Ukrainian-Armenian Intergovernmental

Committee, Subcommittee on humanitarian collaboration of Ukrainian-Russian

Intergovernmental Committee, Interagency Ukrainian-Chinese Committee on cultural

collaboration, Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Chinese Committee on trade and economic

cooperation, and the Ukrainian-Polish Intergovernmental Coordinating Board on

interregional collaboration.

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3.4.5 Cross-border intercultural dialogue and co-operation

Governmental programmes to support trans-national intercultural dialogue activities are

concentrated mainly in three fields:

• special programmes for developing cross-frontier relations, e.g., "days of good

neighbourhood" among border towns or villages which are organised jointly in

cooperation with local administrations;• the development of culture and information centres in foreign countries to present

Ukrainian culture; and

• support to specific groups: Crimean Tartars, Roma, etc.

During 2009-2010, more than 120 Ukrainian students had the opportunity to study in

educational centres of the countries of the Visegrad group (Hungary, Slovakia, Czech

Republic and Poland), with the help of the Visegrad Fund (http://www.visegradfund.org).

The L2 project creates opportunities for the artistic environments of Lublin (Poland) and

Lviv (Ukraine) to meet. The direct contact between the two groups of people is the pretext

for exchanging knowledge and "know-how" in the area of culture and art. In the long run,

the aim is to build bridges between the two cities and enable common projects. The first

phase of the L2 project was a three-day visit in Lviv. Nearly 100 people presented various

artistic presentations there and showed a broad spectrum of the young cultural environment

of Lublin. In April 2009, artists from Lviv visited Lublin. The next stage of the project will

be based on the experience gained in the course of cooperation between the cultural sectors

in Lviv and Lublin.

There are different NGOs operating in the cultural sphere in Ukraine that are engaged in

trans-national dialogue activities e.g. the New Music Association (Odessa), Arabesque

Theatre Studio (Kharkiv), Association of Art Galleries (Kyiv), Development Centre

"Democracy through Culture" (Kyiv), KusiCreaVision (Odessa), Centre for Cultural

Management (Lviv), Totem (Kherson), Garage Gang (Kyiv). Working actively with localauthorities, sponsors, international foundations and, sometimes, with central agencies,

these NGOs realise many projects based on trans-national collaboration e.g. museum

training courses (Association of Art Galleries, with support of the Dutch programme

Matra); Model 21 – creation of arms-length bodies at the local level; development of

international joint projects (DC "Democracy through Culture", with support from the Swiss

Cultural Programme – DEZA, Pro Helvetia); literary meetings and co-productions of

modern authors from different countries (Arabesque with support from the Swedish

Institute), and mapping and training (Centre for Cultural Management with support from

the ECF).

3.4.6 Other relevant issues

In general, about 10 million Ukrainians live abroad. The Ukrainian Diaspora's relationship

with its historical motherland is realised through the organisation "Ukraine". The magazine

"Ukrainian Diaspora", published by the National Academy of Sciences, plays an important

role to encourage these relations. The largest Ukrainian Diaspora is located in Russia, with

a population of 4 379 690. Many Ukrainians live in Moldova (13.8% of its population),

Romania, Poland, Canada (more than 1 million), USA, UK, Argentina, Germany, Italy,

Spain, Portugal, Australia and other countries. In general, the Ukrainian Diaspora can be

divided into two types: the old Diaspora in Canada, USA, Argentina and Australia, mainly

homogeneous in its national and social composition, and a new one, mostly in Russia and

Europe, representing various ethnic and social groups of modern Ukraine (so called work seekers).

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The state policy of Ukraine aims to support the Ukrainian Diaspora. To this end, on 24

September 2001, a Presidential Decree approved the programme "Foreign Ukrainians" for

the period 2001 to 2005. In 2006, the State Committee on Humanitarian and Social Issues

approved a new state programme to encourage collaboration with foreign Ukrainians, up to

the year 2010. As part of this programme, it is envisaged to publish a White Paper on

cultural achievements of Ukrainians in the world.

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine has a special department "Ethno Cultureand Diaspora" which is responsible for cultural relations with foreign Ukrainians. In

August 2006, the 4th World Congress of Ukrainians was held in Kyiv with the

participation of the President of Ukraine.

There is a special budget programme "Measures for establishing cultural relations with the

Ukrainian Diaspora", executed by the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. In 2009, due to the

restricted budget, the financing of this programme was not envisaged. However, according

to the Government Resolutions of 19 August 2009 and 14 October 2009, some funds from

the Stabilisation Fund were assigned for realising programme measures. Under this

funding, the Ministry of Culture, in December 2009, carried out a set of measures, such as:

participation in national festivals in Brazil (Maringa), Romania (Timisoara), Russia(Moscow) and a competition for the monument to Famine (1932-1933) victims to be built

in Washington (USA).

Approximately 30 laws and by-laws regulate state policy related to foreign Ukrainians,

including the Constitution of Ukraine (1996), Declaration of the Rights of the Nationalities

of Ukraine (1991), Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Ukrainians (2004), Law on

Immigration (1994, 2001), Law on Introducing Changes into Regulations regarding the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2005), Law on the Establishment of a National

Committee for Foreign Ukrainians (2004) and others. In 2009, the Ministry of Culture and

Tourism of Ukraine approved the Draft Law on Amendments to the Law of Ukraine on the

Legal Status of Foreign Ukrainians developed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Among policy priorities for 2010 concerning the support of the Ukrainian diaspora, the

Ministry of Culture has defined the elaboration of an Innovative programme for developing

cultural relations with the Ukrainian Diaspora for 2011-2015; the creation of a digital base

of Ukrainian cultural values abroad; and the financial support of Ukrainian organisations

abroad, etc.

On 4 October 2009, the parliament hearing "Foreign Ukrainians: Current Situation and

Perspectives of Collaboration" was held and resulted in a Resolution of 19 January 2010,

"Recommendation of the parliament hearing" where, among others, it was recommended

to improve respective laws in terms of voting rights of foreign Ukrainians.

Because of the economic crisis, expenses directed to measures for cultural relationshipswith the Ukrainian diaspora in 2010, according to the governmental programme 1801270,

were significantly reduced. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Culture activated collaboration

with different Ukrainian foreign communities, particularly, in Latvia, Spain, Moldova,

Russia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Italy, USA, Brazil and others. The Ministry distributed about

2 000 copies of Ukrainian books to foreign Ukrainians.

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4. Current issues in cultural policy development and debate

4.1 Main cultural policy issues and priorities

On 6 January 2011, the President of Ukraine signed the new Law of Ukraine on Culture.

The new law defines the following priorities of the national cultural policy:

• development of the culture of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous peoples and nationalminorities of Ukraine;

• maintenance, restoration and protection of the historical environment;

• aesthetic education of citizens, first of all, children and young people; and

• enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas (see also chapter 2.1).

On the basis of the Presidential Edict of 9 December 2010, Nr 1085, on Optimisation of

Public Agencies, the structural reform started in the sphere of public culture. It will change

the structure of central agencies, their functions, staff numbers and budgets. New laws

which were adopted, like the Law on Culture, Tax Code, and others that are under

development, like labour legislation and pension laws, can impact on the public culture

system leading to a reduction of funds and staff. Thus, one of the main tasks of the newcultural policy might be to stimulate innovative decisions and creative partnerships (see

also chapter 2.1).

During recent years, cultural policy was mainly determined by fiscal and administrative

reforms. The main aim was to decentralise areas of state policy. Some steps in this

direction were made in 2009 through granting all cultural institutions with financing

powers and obligations (accountability), contrary to the previous model when cultural

departments of local administrations executed all financial operations and accountability.

Cultural policy priorities during 2001-2010 included:

• preservation of the historical and cultural heritage. In 2000, the Law on Protection of

Cultural Heritage was adopted and in 2004 amendments to the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage were adopted (see chapter 4.2.2). In 2005, the Law on the

Ratification of the Agreement on the Displacement of Cultural Values was adopted. In

2008-2009, the following laws were adopted: Law on Joining the International

Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage; Law on Approval of the

List of Cultural Monuments which cannot be Subject to Privatisation; Law on

Amendments to the Law of Ukraine on Museums; Law on Amendments to Some Laws

of Ukraine in Connection with the Approval of the Parliament; Law on Amendments to

the Law on the State Programme for Cultural Heritage Protection; in 2010, these laws

were supplemented by the Law on Amendments to Some Laws of Ukraine on

Protection of Cultural Heritage, Law on Protection of Archaeological Heritage with

Amendments, Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage with Amendments;

• preservation of existing cultural institutions through government support. In 2005, the

Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Resolution on Banning the Closure of Social and

Cultural Institutions in Rural Areas; in 2009 the Parliament adopted a resolution -

Moratorium on the dispossession of art unions - prohibiting local authorities from

evicting associations of artists, authors, musicians, etc. from state-owned or

community-owned premises until the respective law will be adopted; the new Law on

Culture "prohibits the expulsion of culture institutions (theatres, philharmonics,

libraries, museums, archives, art galleries (exhibitions), cinemas, out-of-school art

schools for children and youth, clubs, etc.) from their premises without granting them

another equivalent space" ( Article 19, par.4);• support for folk and amateur arts, especially in the regions, through amateur arts

festivals and all-Ukrainian performances;

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• support for cultural diversity and cultures of national minorities. In 2009 the All-

Ukrainian Forum of national cultures "Ukraine: artistic diversity and dialogue of

cultures" was held in Kyiv in October, organised by the Ministry of Culture (see also

chapter 4.2.4); in November 2010, the All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures was

held in Kyiv dedicated to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the

Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (see also chapter

3.4.1);• support for national performers. In 2003, the Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine was

adopted, envisaging an income from the touring activities of foreign performing artists

or groups by applying a tax rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets (in 2011, this tax

income was replaced by a new Tax Code, see also chapter 6.1); each year the Ministry

of Culture offers supporting grants to national performers;

• creation of favourable conditions for the adoption of a socially agreed, long-term

programme of cultural development in Ukraine; and

• support for national film-makers. In 2002, the Law on the State Programme for

Development of the National Film Industry for 2003-2007 was adopted. Parliamentary

Hearings on the concerns of the national cinematography sector were held in 2005 and

2006. Unfortunately, in 2009 the funding for the national film industry was reduced

critically, almost by 10 times, mainly due to the economic crisis. The reduction of

funds for national cinema caused public protests, and as a result, on 18 February 2010,

the Parliament approved the amendments to the Law on Cinematography by which the

Ukrainian film producers will be exempt from VAT for the next 5 years. Funding for

film production will also be envisaged as a separate budget item of protected expenses.

According to the new law, the government will establish a special fund to support

national cinematography which will accumulate funds for film industry development

(see also chapters 5.1.5 and chapter 5.3.6). According to the 2011 Budget Law, the

funding for the national film industry, through the new State Film Agency, is envisaged

at UAH 120 million, which is almost 6 times more than the previous year (see alsochapters 4.2.3 and chapter 6.1).

4.2 Specific policy issues and recent debates

4.2.1 Conceptual issues of policies for the arts

The public art policy is based on the provisions of the Law on Culture which ensures

support for all kinds of artistic creativity as well as Ukrainian art production, including

new technologies. The Ministry of Culture organises competitions for Presidential grants to

young artists. At the same time, innovative modern art projects are initiated and supported

mainly by private players: Pinchuk Fund / Pinchuk Art Centre(http://pinchukartcentre.org/ ), Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine

(http://www.fdu.org.ua/en), International Charity Foundation IZOLIATSIA

(http://www.izolyatsia.org/en), Cultural Centre Master Klass

(http://www.masterklass.org/eng), etc.

4.2.2 Heritage issues and policies

The protection and preservation of cultural heritage is one of the top priority issues of

Ukrainian cultural policy, however, there is no direct co-ordination between political and

budget priorities, and during last ten years cultural heritage was one of the lowest item of

budget expenses (see also chapter 6.1). The main explanation of this fact is that other

cultural areas like libraries or houses of culture mean much more numerous staff and

institutions and, according to Ukrainian laws, salaries constitute protected budget items,

that is, higher expenses.

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Basic principles of the preservation of cultural heritage are reflected in the country's main

law, The Constitution of Ukraine, which was adopted at the fifth session of the Ukrainian

parliament (Verkhovna Rada) on the 28 June 1996. It proclaims that "Cultural heritage

shall be protected by law" ( part 4, Article 54); "The State shall ensure the preservation of

historical monuments and other objects of cultural value..." ( part 5, Article 54); "Everyone

shall be obliged not to harm nature or cultural heritage, and to compensate for any damage

he / she inflicts ( Article 66 )".The Ministry of Culture in co-operation with other ministries and public agencies started to

create a list of monuments and historical sites and objects not subject to privatisation and

to develop a general scheme to map the territory of Ukraine. In 2009, on the basis of a

Governmental Decision on Bringing Objects of Cultural Heritage of National Significance

to the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine, there were 744 registered

monuments of national significance, among them: 264 – historical monuments, 428 –

archeological monuments, 47 – objects of monumental arts, 4 – monuments of science and

technology, and 1- landscape monument.

During 2006-2009, a set of laws regulating heritage issues were adopted, including

ratification of the UNESCO Convention on Underwater Heritage and the EU Conventionon Architectural Heritage.

Great attention is being paid to the restitution of cultural goods taken out of Ukraine in

former times. The Ministry of Culture and the Parliament Committee of Culture are

making significant efforts to prevent the destruction of cultural and historical monuments

and are fighting, in particular, against so called "black archaeologists".

In Ukraine there are 143 424 memorials under state registration. Of these, 57 206 are

archaeological memorials (including 418 units of national significance), 51 364 are historic

memorials (including 142 units of national significance), 5 926 are memorials of

monumental art (including 44 units of national significance), 16 797 are memorials of

architecture, city construction, gardens and parks, art and landscapes (including 3 541 unitsof national significance). There are 63 active historic and cultural reservation areas.

A part of the reservation areas is constituted by complexes (ensembles) of memorials that

are of particular cultural value. 15 reservation areas are granted the status of national

reservations. Almost 9 400 settlements in Ukraine possess over 70 000 objects of cultural

heritage that need research and registration. In some regions, about 50-70% of historical

monuments are in an unsatisfactory state and about 10% are under threat of collapse.

401 settlements are entered into the List of Historic Settlements in Ukraine. The state is

responsible for the preservation of the heritage mentioned, as represented by the State

Service on Issues of National Cultural Heritage at the Ministry of Culture. These historic

settlements have been included into the UNESCO World Heritage List.

A set of state programmes link heritage assets with the development of cultural tourism

e.g. "Castles of Ukraine" 2006-2011, "Wooden Sacral Architecture" 2006-2011, "Golden

Horseshoe of Cherkassy Region", "Programme for the Development of Folk and

Traditional Arts", etc. During 2005-2006, restoration works were executed in several

historical sites, in Lviv, Kamianets-Podilsky, Nizhyn, Kaniv, Glukhiv and Baturyn, due to

a significant increase in the budget spending for restoration and repair of architectural

monuments (by 2.5 times in 2005, compared to the figure for 2004). In general, budget

spending for heritage protection and maintenance increases annually by 25-30%, according

to the Ministry of Culture data.

The National information programme envisages the development, in 2006-2008, of electronic systems entitled "Ukraine Libraries" and "Ukraine Museums".

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At the same time, according to the data of the Accounting Chamber of Ukraine, the

insufficient financing is causing serious problems in the culture heritage sphere. For

example, due to poor security, 432 old relics and monuments from the state part of the

Museum Fund of Ukraine were stolen in 2005-2009, from 26 museums in 17 regions.

Another problem is the poor organisation of accounting of museum values which in many

cases impedes the ability to define the real cost of the lost objects. Experts also indicate the

inappropriate level of museum funds for restoration. The Ukraine National Scientific andResearch Restoration Centre, in existence for 70 years, does not have its own premises and

uses out-of-date equipment. Under such conditions, they can restore only 0.1% of museum

funds.

4.2.3 Cultural / creative industries: policies and programmes

There is no clear definition of the cultural industries in Ukraine. The first mention of

"cultural industries" appeared in the Law of Ukraine on the Conceptual Framework of the

Public Cultural Policy of Ukraine (2005). The Law on Culture, which had been under

discussion for 7 years and was adopted by the Parliament in December 2010, has no

mention of "cultural industries". The Law offers the following formulation: "cultural

wealth is goods and services produced in the course of activities in the sphere of culture to

satisfy cultural needs of citizens (books, audio and visual products (music recordings),

works of art and documents on new information-carrying media, crafts, theatre and circus

performances, concerts, cultural and educational services, etc.)".

Government support measures are addressed mainly to film production, book publishing

and crafts. There are no specific training and education programmes for culture industry

professionals.

In 2008, the Cabinet of Ministers made a proposal to local authorities that they increase the

number of bookshops on their territories. The government defined the following minimum

standards: one bookshop for 20 000 inhabitants in large cities, one bookshop or book

department for 5-10 000 inhabitants in towns, and one bookshop for 5 000 inhabitants in

villages and settlements. In comparison: currently there is one bookshop in Ukraine per

96 000 inhabitants, while in Russia there is one bookshop per 75 000, and in France one

bookshop per 20 000 inhabitants. According to the data of the Book Chamber of Ukraine,

in 2010, Ukrainian publishers produced 1.0 books per capita compared to 1.2 books in

2007. By 1 December 2010, 11 212 titles were published in the Ukrainian language; with

16 899 400 printed copies, which constitutes 64.9% of all titles and 49.8% of all copies.

Compared to 2009, the number of titles decreased by 14% and the number of copies

decreased by 42.7%. 4 206 titles were printed in languages of national minorities

constituting 26.7% of the total amount of titles - a decrease of 13.4% compared to 2009. In

the Russian language, 4 462 titles were published, or 25.8% of the total amount (a decreaseof 12.4% compared to 2009). 46% of Ukrainians do not buy books and are not considered

active readers.

According to State Film Service data, cinema cash receipts increased in 2009 by 37%

comparing with 2008 (UAH 420 million versus UAH 306 million with the average

exchange rate being 1 EUR to 8 UAH in 2008 and 10 UAH in 2009); the number of

visitors increased in 2009 by 15% compared with 2008. In 2010, the number of visitors

didn't change.

In 2009, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, together with the State Service on Tourism,

started establishing tourist-information centres throughout the country. These centers are to

provide tourists with information, souvenirs, book tours, etc.

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4.2.4 Cultural diversity and inclusion policies

Ukraine is a multinational state, with a long established tradition of peaceful multiethnic

coexistence. According to data of the State Committee of Nationalities and Religions

(liquidated in 2011), representatives of more than 130 nationalities are residing in Ukraine.

On 1 January 2010, the population of Ukraine was 45.79 million. Cultural minorities

constitute about 9.54 million or 22.2% of the population. The main minority groups inUkraine are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Main minority groups in the Ukraine, 2009

Main minority groups Number % share of total

Russians 8 334 100 17.3

Byelorussians 275 800 0.61

Moldavians 258 600 0.55

Crimean Tatars 248 200 0.52

Bulgarians 204 600 0.43

Hungarians 156 600 0.33

Romanians 151 000 0.32Poles 144 100 0.30

Jews 103 600 0.21

Armenians 99 900 0.21

Greeks 91 500 0.19

Tatars 73 300 0.15

Roma 47 600 0.10

Azerbaijanians 45 200 0.09

Georgians 34 200 0.07

Germans 33 300 0.07

Source: State Committee on Nationalities and Religions in Ukraine, 2009.The existing legislation defines all Ukrainian citizens ("Ukrainian people") as belonging to

two major categories: either the ethnic Ukrainian majority ("Ukrainian nation") or one of

the "national minorities", without distinguishing indigenous nations (for example, Crimean

Tatars), autochthonous groups or "classical" national minorities (Russians, Jews,

Romanians, Hungarians, Roma, Greeks etc.), and Diaspora groups, or ethnic minorities

that have arrived in the Ukraine following recent migration processes. However, the draft

Law on Concept of the Public Ethno-National Policy of Ukraine (September 2010)

contains definitions of "indigenous people", "national minority", "national identity" and

others, which may be assumed as the basis of future diversity policy.

There are several sub-ethnic groups in Ukraine, which, historically, are closely linked withthe Ukrainian nation. Due to specific geographical and regional conditions, however, and,

mainly, due to influences of various states and empires under whose jurisdiction they had

developed over considerable periods of time, they now have different traditions, customs,

dialects, etc. These include Hutsuls, Boyky, Lemky - from the Carpathian region,

Polischuky - from the Polissia region, and Carpathian Ruthenians. The latter, on behalf of

their leaders and some representatives of the Ruthenians diaspora in the USA, Canada,

Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, try to obtain recognition of Ruthenians as a separate

nation or, at least, a national (autochthonous) minority.

Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukraine

condemned the offences of the Soviet regime towards national minorities and declared the

recognition of international norms of law in this sphere in a document entitled Appeal To

Ukrainian Citizens of All Nationalities.

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In November 1991, the Parliament of the Ukraine adopted the Declaration of Rights of

Nationalities in the Ukraine, which provided rights to minorities to pursue their respective

language and culture. In the same year, national minorities also took part in a referendum

on the independence of the Ukrainian state.

The Constitution of the Ukraine declares in Article 11 that "the state provides support for

the development of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious originality of all indigenous

nations and national minorities of the Ukraine".

Rights of national minorities are also represented in:

• Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture (1992);

• Law on Publishing (1997);

• Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993);

• Law on State Support to Mass Media and Social Protection of Journalists (1997);

• Law on Local Self-Governance in Ukraine (1997);

• Law on Citizens Appeal (1996 / 2005); and

• Law on Associations of Citizens (1992 / 2006).

There are also some other official documents providing policy instruments in this fieldincluding Presidential Edicts on Measures Supporting the Activity of National and Cultural

Societies (21 September 2001), on Assurance of Citizens' Participation in State Policy

Formulation and Implementation (15 September 2005), on Holding in 2008 a Year of

Intercultural Dialogue in Ukraine (February 25, 2008) and Cabinet Ministers' Decrees:

• Approval of the Programme on Adaptation and Integration into Ukrainian Society of

Deported Crimean Tatars and Persons of Other Nationalities, and the Development of

Their Culture and Education (January 10, 2002);

• Approval of the Programme Providing Social Development and Adaptation of Crimean

Tatar Young People in 2002-2005 (January 2002); and

• Issues on Assurance of Citizens' Participation in State Policy Formulation and Implementation (March 2006).

In 2010, 1 458 associations or organisations of national minorities operated in the Ukraine

(compared to 1 158 in 2007). They take part in umbrella organisations such as the Council

of National Societies of Ukraine, the Association of National Cultural Unions of Ukraine,

and the Congress of National Communities of Ukraine. 45 of these organisations have

national status.

Some of the main social organisations of ethnic minorities of Ukraine with national status

are:

• Association of Bulgarians of Ukraine;

• Association of Jewish organisations and societies of Ukraine;

• Association of Koreans of Ukraine;

• Association of national and cultural unions of Ukraine;

• Association of Germans of Ukraine;

• All-Ukrainian Association Public Organisation "Union of Armenians of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian Association of Georgian societies;

• All-Ukrainian Association of Crimean Karaites "Krymkarailar";

• All-Ukrainian charitable organisation "Jewish Fund of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian public organisation "Russian Movement of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian national and cultural Moldavian association;

• All-Ukrainian organisation "Russian Community of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian Union of Byelorussians of Ukraine;

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• All-Ukrainian union of public organisations "Community of Lithuanians of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian union of public organisations "Congress of Roma of Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian national cultural and educational society "Ruskoye Sobraniye";

• All-Ukrainian association "German Youth in Ukraine";

• All-Ukrainian society of Meskhetian Turks "Vatan";

• All-Ukrainian society of Russian culture "Rus'";

• All-Ukrainian Tatar Cultural Centre "Tugan Tel";

• Democratic Association of Hungarians of Ukraine;

• Estonian expatriates' community in Ukraine;

• Jewish confederation of Ukraine;

• Jewish council of Ukraine;

• Congress of Azerbaijanis of Ukraine;

• Congress of national communities of Ukraine;

• Crimean cultural and educational society of inhabitants of the Crimea "Krymchakhlar";

• International society of Germans "Widergeburg";

• Council of national societies of Ukraine;

• Council of Germans of Ukraine;• Association of Greeks of Ukraine;

• Association of Poles of Ukraine;

• Federation of Greek societies of Ukraine;

• Federation of Polish organisations in Ukraine; and

• Czech National Council of Ukraine.

The Congress of National Communities of Ukraine (CNCU) is s non-profit non-

governmental organisation established in 2001. There are 17 national communities

participating at the CNCU programmes of: Monitoring of Law Violations Against National

Minorities, Publishing Projects, Law Experts' Group, National Mass Media Journalists,

Education at the National Communities in Ukraine, Children's Camp "Sources of Tolerance", Monitoring of Election Campaigns in the Context of the Inter-ethnic Relations,

Researching of Ethnic Processes of Ukrainian Society, and Restitution Problems for the

Communities. These and other CNCU programmes are aimed at uniting efforts of the

national communities in Ukraine in integrating into Ukrainian society and its

transformation into a democratic and civil society, active advocacy for tolerance values,

equality, mutual respect of customs and values of each member the polyethnic Ukrainian

people. The Congress pays much attention to children's programmes. The Annual

Children's Summer Camp "Sources of Tolerance" was successfully conducted from 2002-

2005 for 300 young representatives of the 17 national communities of Ukraine (Poles,

Jews, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, Moldovans, Volga Tatars,

Armenians, Ukrainians, Crimeans, Tatars, Russians, Greeks, Belorussians, Bulgarians, and

Azerbaijanis). Tutors in the camp also belonged to various ethnic cultures. Professional

psychologists worked with children. Children are not divided into groups depending on

their ethnic grouping so that children from different nations do not have to compete with

each other. Teenagers and tutors study new facts about different cultures and acquire skills

of tolerant communication.

Centres of national culture operate to meet the needs of national minorities. By 1 January

2010, there were 96 such centres, 12 of which are funded by local government:

• All-Ukrainian Centre of Bulgarian Culture in Odessa;

• Scientific and Methodological Centre of Bulgarian Culture in Bolgrad;

• Centre of National Cultures in Izmail district of Odessa region;

• Centre of National Cultures in Reni district of Odessa region;

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• Centre of Aesthetic Education in Izmail of Odessa region;

• Centre of Minority Cultures of Transcarpathia in Uzhgorod;

• Sevastopol National and Culture Centre;

• Styl'sk Village House of Greek Culture in Donetsk region;

• Volnovakha City Centre of National Cultures in Donetsk region;

• Velykoanadol' Village Centre of Greek Culture in Donetsk region;

• House of National Cultures in Luhansk; and

• City Centre of National Cultures in Mykolaiv.

Sections with literature in languages of national minorities function in 360 libraries of

Ukraine. These libraries also organise literature rooms, clubs by interests, different events

dedicated to cultural heritage, language, traditions and customs. The universal scientific

library of Khmelnytsky region publishes annual information and the reference bulletin

"National Minorities of Khmelnytchyna".

According to the data of the State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television

and Radio Broadcasting, 197 periodicals for national minorities were registered in Ukraine

in 2005. They are mainly founded and supported by local governments, national societies

and / or private persons. Among monolingual periodicals of ethnic groups which live in

one or another region of the Ukraine are: "Polacy Donbasu" (newspaper of the Polish

Cultural Society located in the Donbass region), "Yanyi Dyunya" (Crimean Tatar

newspaper in Crimea), "Slavic Sun" (Bulgarian newspaper in the Zaporizhia region),

"Zorile Bukovinei" (Romanian newspaper in the Chernivtsy region), and "Karpati Igas So"

(Hungarian newspaper in the Zakarpatian region). In May 2010, the National Media

Encounter "From multicultural perspectives to intercultural dialogue" organised by the

Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" and the Council of Europe, with

assistance of the British Council in Ukraine. At the same time, the Shevchenko district of

Kyiv carried out a campaign Against Discrimination using CoE videos for different city

street screens.Among traditional culture and art events organised with governmental assistance is the:

Festival of Slavic Culture and Written Language, All-Ukrainian Festival "Polissia Circle",

Festival of Jewish Art "Sholom, Ukraine", International Theatre Festival "Wandering

Stars", All-Ukrainian Festival of Korean Culture "Koreiada", International Turk-Tatar

Festival-Contest "Kyiv Sanduhachi", International Roma Festival "Amala", and the

Festival of Children's Polish Songs and others.

Annual celebrations of national cultural days and annual festivals of national cultures take

place in all regions. Such festivals as Seven Cultures in the city of Kamianets-Podilsk,

Friendship in the Mykolayivska oblast, Koreiada in the city of Simferopol, Melodies of

Salt Lakes and the International Festival of Roma Art in the Zakarpatska oblast are wellknown far beyond the Ukrainian borders.

In 2006, the Union of Armenians of the Ukraine, one of the largest Diasporas, celebrated

its 5th anniversary by organising the First All-Ukrainian Contest "My Armenia". More

than 270 people from all regions of the Ukraine took part in the competition.

In June 2006, a Ukrainian arts presentation on the theme "1956-2006: from revolution to

Europe", on the culture of Hungarians from the Carpathian region, was held in Kyiv, Lviv

and Sevastopol.

The All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures "Ukraine: artistic diversity and dialogue of

cultures" was held in Kyiv on 30-31 October 2009, under the auspices of the Ministry of

Culture of Ukraine. In November 2010, in Kyiv, the Forum was dedicated to the

implementation of the UNESCO Convention on Diversity. In December 2010, the

scientific and theoretical conference "Dialogue of Cultures: Priorities of the Modern

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Development of Ukraine" was held in Kyiv organised by three national academies – of

Arts (Institute for Cultural Research), Sciences and Pedagogic Sciences, with the help of

the National Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts and the Development Centre

"Democracy through Culture".

The region of Transcarpathia is home to 60 000 persons of Roma ethnicity, who constitute

about 75% of all Roma living in the Ukraine. Many Ukrainians associate this area with

"tsyhany" - gypsies. Cities of Uzhgorod and Muhachevo have the largest number of Romaliving in urban areas in Transcarpathia. They have been settled here for hundreds of years.

The district "Radvanka", where the office of Romani Cherkhenj is located, is the biggest

Roma settlement in the city of Uzhgorod with 2 500 Roma and 2 000 non-Roma living

there. Romani Cherkhenj was founded to organise cultural and sports activities for Roma

youth in Uzhrogord and the surrounding region. It is related to larger Roma organisations

in the city, especially Romani Yag, one of the largest cultural and human rights

organisations for Roma in the region. Romani Yag was one of the first organisations to

have foreign volunteers come and work with it. Romani Cherkhenj and Romani Yag are

partners in the Roma-Gadje Dialogue through Service Initiatives (http://www.rgdts.net).

4.2.5 Language issues and policies

According to the Constitution of the Ukraine ( Article 10), the official language is

Ukrainian. The same Article guarantees the free development, use and protection of

Russian and other languages of national minorities. The Law on Culture (2011) establishes

that the "State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the national

language in cultures all over Ukraine, promotes the creation of the domestic (national)

culture product in Ukrainian and its popularisation in Ukraine and abroad; free use of other

languages is guaranteed in the sphere of culture".

According to the 2001 census, 67.5% of the population of the Ukraine consider Ukrainian

their native language and 29.6% name Russian as their native language. According to

social monitoring studies undertaken by the Institute of Sociology of the National

Academy of Sciences, the Ukrainian language is used in daily communication by 42% of

families, Russian by 36%, and both languages by 21%. The ratification of the European

Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Ukrainian Parliament on 15 May 2003

revived the debate on language policies and emphasised the need for a new basic law. The

Presidential Decree on the Concept of Linguistic Policy (see also chapter 5.1.9)

proclaimed the need, in particularly, to improve existing language laws. However, the draft

Law on Languages in Ukraine registered in the parliament in September 2010 by

representatives of governmental parties provoked criticism not only of national experts.

For example, the High Commissioner on National Minorities of OSCE, Knut Vollabaek, in

his letter to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, noted: "The Draft Law failsto regulate the use of languages in Ukraine in a way which meets international minority

rights' standards, facilitates a balance between the interests of different communities, or

promotes integration and stability of the Ukrainian society. In my assessment, the Draft

Language Law is likely to increase rather than decrease tensions between speakers of

different languages and to reinforce existing divisions in society, thus making the Draft

Law counter-productive to the stabilisation of Ukrainian society".

The Law on Education grants Ukrainian families (parents and their children) a right to

choose their native language for schools and studies. In 2001, there were 20 988 secondary

schools in Ukraine, including 16 677 schools teaching in Ukrainian, 1 154 in Russian, 88

in Romanian, 66 in Hungarian, 15 in Crimean Tatar, 6 in Moldavian, 5 in Polish, etc. The

network of educational establishments is formed according to the national composition of a

territory.

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197 periodicals for national minorities were registered in the Ukraine in 2005; 61 of them

were published in the language of a national minority: Russian, Polish, Crimean Tatar,

Bulgarian, Romanian, Byelorussian, German, and Turkish (see chapter 4.2.4). 136

periodicals are bilingual or trilingual, for example: Russian and Crimean Tatar, Ukrainian

and Hungarian, Ukrainian and Russian, etc. At the same time, a huge number of

mainstream periodicals are printed in Russian.

Table 2: Share of different language periodicals distributed in Ukraine, 2005

Language Number

Ukrainian 4 351

Russian 2 343

Byelorussian 2

Hungarian 13

Bulgarian 4

Polish 5

Romanian 12

Crimean Tartar 4

English 28

Georgian 1

Slovak 2

German 3

Chinese 2

Vietnamese 3Source: State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting, 2010.

National TV and radio stations provide special programmes in the languages of national

minorities: Russian, Crimean Tatar, German, Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian, Hungarian, and

Romanian (see chapter 5.1.9). The State Committee on Nationalities and Religions (since

2011, department of the Ministry of Culture) is a co-founder of 6 newspapers publishing inthe language of a national minority, in particular, Armenian "Aragats", Crimean-Tatar

"Voice of Crimea", Polish "Dziennik Kijowski", Jewish "Jewish News", Romanian

"Concordia", and Bulgarian "Roden Krai".

4.2.6 Media pluralism and content diversity

According to the data of the State Committee on Information Policy, Television and Radio

Broadcasting, there were 6 250 printed periodicals registered in Ukraine in April 2009

(3 896 newspapers and 2 354 magazines). Approximately 70% of national and local

periodicals are privately owned (their founders / owners are legal or physical entities). The

State Committee on Information Policy has created a database of 737 community printedperiodicals, including 41 newspapers which were founded by regional administrations, 199

by city administrations, 487 by district state administrations, district councils and editorial

boards, and 10 by village authorities. Other founders are public organisations, political

parties, local governments, religious institutions, educational establishments, scientific

organisations, creative associations, etc. From the total number of printed periodicals

(generally, newspapers and magazines) 250 at the national level are literary and artistic and

47 at the local level are cultural and educational.

There are 120 information agencies in Ukraine, 5 of which are state-owned. The key state-

owned information agency Ukrinform, located in Kyiv, issues daily 500 prompt reports in

English, German, Russian and Ukrainian, around 200 photos and an audio digest.

Ukrinform delivers information to the media, TV channels, radio stations, officialestablishments and local governments, foreign embassies and Ukrainian diplomatic

missions abroad, and the foreign media. The server "UKRINFORM-NEWS" offers on-line

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free access to the sites: "Nations of the World", "Business Ukraine", "Integral Ukraine",

"Ukrinform Audio / Video", "BSANNA" and "Press Center". 1 613 TV and Radio stations, under various forms of ownership, were registered in

Ukraine in June 2010 (according to data of the National Council for Television and Radio

Broadcasting). The total air time of TV and radio broadcasting is above 12 000 hours per

day. About 80% of all air time is filled by non-Ukrainian products (programmes and

films); this tendency increased drastically in 2010, especially of Russian products. Thecontent of 15 national channels consists of 65.8% of Ukrainian language products and

34.2% of other languages including subtitles. Within the system of State TV-Radio Broadcasting, there are 24 regional TV stations, the

State TV Company "Crimea" and State TV-Radio Station in Kyiv and Sevastopol. The

share of non-public TV and radio broadcasting constitutes 96% of the Ukrainian

informational space.

There are no anti-trust measures to prevent media concentration. Maybe this is the reason

that in 2010 conflicts related to frequency licenses occurred between private channels;

possibly due to the observation, according to experts, that "the broadcasting networks of the

relatively independent channels TVi, Channel 5 and some regional channels have been

"absorbed" into media empires of those more sympathetic to the government line"

(read more: http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/93675/#ixzz1CDtYoO7N).

There are no special legislative mechanisms or governmental programmes to promote

cultural issues through media or encourage the production of cultural programmes, or any

specific training programmes for journalists working in the cultural sphere.

The number of Internet users in Ukraine is increasing: in September 2009, there were 7.2

million users compared with 3.2 million in 2006.

4.2.7 Intercultural dialogue: actors, strategies, programmes

In June 2010, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, in his message to the

Ukrainian people stated: "Dialogue of cultures is a pivot which really will ensure the

uniqueness of our country in Europe and in the world. Ukraine of the 21st century needs a

young and integrated generation… "Ukraine: dialogue of cultures" is an all-Ukrainian

forum which should be held in 2011. I am sure that we'll find out answers to all

accumulated problems of interethnic and interconfessional relations on the united platform

of the common house of Ukraine".

In April 2010, the Ministry of Culture and Development Centre "Democracy through

Culture", with assistance of the Council of Europe, prepared and published the Ukrainian

version of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in

Dignity". General public discussions in 2010 and 2011 organised by the Ministry of

Culture, Development Centre "Democracy through Culture", and educational and cultural

institutions, will elaborate proposals for practical implementation of the White Paper

provisions within the frames of governmental programmes (see also chapter 3.4.1).

The All-Ukrainian Forum of national cultures, "We All Are Your Children, Ukraine", was

initiated in 1988. The Forum takes place once every two years within the framework of the

artistic project "Ukraine is Open to the World" and is supported by the Board of National

Societies of Ukraine and the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. The purpose of this project is

to promote cultures from different nations and nationalities living in Ukraine. The Forum

displays the creative work of professional, folk and amateur artists, collectives and groups.

The following private actors operate successfully in the field of intercultural dialogue: New

Music Association (Odessa), Arabesque Theatre Studio (Kharkiv), Association of Art

Galleries (Kyiv), Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" (Kyiv), Theatre

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Pechersk (Kyiv), Theatre "Drabyna" (Lviv), the Centre of Contemporary Art (Kyiv), Art

Centre "Dzyga" (Lviv), Centre for Youth initiatives "Totem" (Kherson), Centre for

Cultural Management (Lviv), Donetsk city youth centre of arts "EkoArt", NGO "Art

Travel", Art Gisheft (Ivano-Frankivsk) and other organisations.

Examples of Good Practice

In 2010, within the framework of the CoE / EU Programme "Intercultural Cities", theinternational team of young designers organised by Stadslab (Tilburg, the Netherlands)

spent a week in the city of Melitopol developing a concept for renovating the local park.

This master class was organised by Stadslab and the Development Centre "Democracy

through Culture" with assistance of the Council of Europe and local municipality. A leader

of the initiative, the Dean of the Academy of Architecture and Urbanism, and Director of

Stadslab European Urban Design Laboratory, Marc Glaudemans, wrote:

"The city of Melitopol is a member of the Intercultural Cities programme of the Council of

Europe. The city is proud to have over one hundred nationalities among its nearly 160 000

inhabitants. This fact was to be the driving force behind the city's intercultural ambitions.

The Gorky Park, dating back originally to 1937, was to be transformed into an

"intercultural park", but nobody really had an idea what that would be exactly. Groups of

citizens developed some ideas in interactive brainstorm sessions. Somehow the whole city

cared about this project and the park was to be the "unique selling point" for this otherwise

rather bland city. For Stadslab, it was interesting to find a situation of an ambitious local

authority, a city linked to a pan-European international network, and a truly unique theme

for the transformation of its already successful city park. Even though the complexity of

the study seemed rather modest, compared to our previous master classes on urban

segregation in Hungary, it was great to work on a case that represented the opposite of

segregation. Intercultural is everything but the dividing of cultures. With Phil Wood as the

international expert on intercultural cities, we devised a programme for the new park and

concluded that any city park that truly functions as the heart of the city already providesthe basic conditions for intercultural exchange. In this case, typically, the park still

functioned very well as a social "condensator", but was seriously lacking in maintenance

and diversity. Landscape architect Jan Maas and architect Beatriz Ramo supervised the

team of eleven international participants. In a period of one week the team had to get

acquainted with the park, the city and the region and provide a strategic design proposal to

transform the Gorky Park into an intercultural park. An important condition for the design

was furthermore that it should be possible to implement it phase by phase, with as much

support of the local community as possible and considering the very limited resources of

the city. Nothing is easier for an international workshop than to come up with a fancy

modern-looking park, inspired by glossy magazine publication on contemporary park

design. However, considering the very specific wishes and programme, and the extremelylimited budget of this modest Ukrainian city, we could only create true value by proving a

solution as tailor-made as possible. In my opinion we largely achieved this goal, even

considering the limited time and relatively limited experience of this group. The strategy

consists of a transformation of the park's green and paved structure, reinforcing already

existing qualities. Many of the interventions are either cheap to implement or could be

produced in collaboration with industrial companies in the city or region. Next to a strategy

for physical interventions the team devoted a substantial amount of time on a branding

strategy for Melitopol. On their journeys to the Crimea, many tourists pass Melitopol, and

the city wants to benefit from being on this corridor. The park can provide a nice half-day

stop for people to relax and have their children play in the park. At the same time they can

get acquainted with the agricultural richness of this region, by tasting local honey, cherriesand other fruits, all available from the urban farm in the park. Most important is that the

new park will still function as the heart of the city and provide a space for all generations

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of citizens to gather, play, sport, dance and relax. The intercultural dimension is there

because it is already in the hearts and minds of the people of Melitopol. We have no naïve

belief in the power of architecture to meaningfully transform believes or behaviour of

society. But if the basic conditions are there, the architecture of the park can reinforce

behavioural patterns and provide an immensely richer environment for being and living

together in the city".

4.2.8 Social cohesion and cultural policies

In April 2010, the Ministry of Culture and Development Centre "Democracy through

Culture", with assistance of the Council of Europe, prepared and published the Ukrainian

version of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in

Dignity". After public discussion during 2010-2011, proposals and provisions of the White

Paper will be used for developing cultural programmes and projects aimed at social

cohesion.

There are special programmes directed at the development of participation and social

cohesion in each region, in the form of arts festivals, meetings and reviews. In most cases,

funding for these events is derived from regional or local budgets. As a rule, key actors arecivil society organisations and state-owned institutions.

Some good examples are internet centres in small towns and villages, opened with the support

of international projects, which are accessible to all groups and are mainly free of charge.

Responding to an increase in the number of suspected racially motivated attacks in Ukraine

that began in December 2006, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), the

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Amnesty International (AI)

and other concerned civil society organisations formed the Diversity Initiative network in

April 2007 to begin addressing the issue in a coordinated way.

The Diversity Initiative strives to uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants,

refugees and visible minorities in Ukraine. It currently includes over 65 organisations from

the international, civil, corporate, and government sectors as well as diplomatic missions

and interested individuals.

Kyiv National Shevchenko University is the first academic institution that has introduced

formally a course on cultural diversity.

4.2.9 Employment policies for the cultural sector

In January 2010, a total of 210 000 persons were employed in the public cultural sector in

about 45 000 state or community owned cultural organisations. Most of the cultural

employees are working in institutions funded from local budgets (more than 150 000

workers).

There is no data on employment patterns in the private sector cultural industries.

The main problems related to cultural employment are the following:

• to raise the salaries of cultural workers;

• to provide training programmes offering new management skills;

• to raise the prestige of employment in the cultural sector; and

• to secure tax and rent privileges, especially for independent artists and organisations

(see also chapter 4.3).

4.2.10 Gender equality and cultural policies

Equal rights for women and men are guaranteed by the Constitution, through Article 24

and through other laws, e.g. the Law on Employment (where special attention is paid to

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single mothers and mothers with children under 6 years), the Law on Vacations,

Fundamentals of the Legislation on Health Care and others.

There are no specific programmes supporting women as professionals in the cultural labour

market. Traditionally, however, women represent the majority of cultural employees,

especially in administration, libraries, museums, and archives. Due to the insufficient

financing of culture, jobs in the cultural sector are not very prestigious and attractive. At

the same time, the emerging cultural industries market is not regulated by quota schemes,and some sectors, e.g. new technologies, are dominated by men. Quota schemes are absent

not only in the field of culture, but also in other kinds of social, political or economic

activities.

4.2.11 New technologies and digitalisation in the arts and culture

During 2004-2005, the Ministry of Culture concentrated on the introduction of modern

technology into traditional cultural institutions to enable them to meet the demands of the

information society. Significant progress has been achieved in the field of libraries. For

example, the Ministry implemented a programme to develop a local library electronic

network, in partnership with international foundations and embassies. Today, more than90% of the main regional libraries are connected to the Internet, more than half of all

university libraries on the city level have their own web sites. More than 2 million entries

are available from e-catalogues. A similar programme has been developed to modernise

museums. However, most local museums in medium-size cities (above 100 000

inhabitants) have no access to the internet. Table 3 represents Internet resources for

Ukrainian culture.

The government of Ukraine has entrusted the Ministry of Culture and Academy of

Sciences of Ukraine with creating a unified and generally accessible electronic library.

This process will start in 2011 and take 5 years based on multichannel financing.

Table 3: Internet resources for Ukrainian culture, 2007

Culture, general 549 sites

Museums 162

Music 406

Theatre 271

Festivals, concerts 73

Film Industry 74

Cultural Education 51

Circus 6

Cultural institutions abroad 135

Publishing Houses 19Organisations 98 sites

Libraries 121

Visual art 463

Choreography 133

Literature 186

Crafts 100

Photo 82

National minorities 91

Reserves, parks 45Source: Ukrainian Centre for Cultural Studies of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine, Cultural

Policy in Ukraine, National Report, 2007.

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Due to limited financial resources, there are no special state programmes to support artists

working with new technologies. Innovations in the field of new technologies are usually

developed with non-governmental resources.

The Law on National Informatisation Programme was adopted in 1998 to integrate all

informatics programmes. According to Accounting Chamber data, about USD 800 million

were spent for this objective during the last 12 years. However, paper document flows in

public agencies didn't decrease while the number of employees increased by 45%. Themain problem is unsystematic, inefficient and uncontrolled efforts in creating and

providing electronic state registers. Up to now, the order and real mechanisms of

interaction between ministries of culture and regional development concerning the

recording of cultural heritage objects into the state register of immovable monuments of

Ukraine are not developed or applied.

4.3 Other relevant issues and debates

Ukrainian intellectuals started the campaign "No to Destruction of Kyiv!". Within the

campaign, they began collecting signatures under appeal to the President of Ukrainedemanding an end to the destruction of monuments of history and culture and a cease to

rebuilding historical areas of Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. According to the coordinator

of the public initiative "Preserve Old Kyiv", Ihor Lutsenko, if the parliament adopts a new

version of the Law Regulating Town Planning (approved in the first reading), the situation

will become even worse. This law establishes only a consultative role of historical heritage

expertise, that is, a developer may or may not take it into account. Besides, the law does

not make obligatory any public discussions. The situation is complex because of the

inadequate financing of the State Heritage Service: in the Ukrainian capital there are only 3

inspectors for about 5 000 monuments. The situation in other cities is even worse.

According to the Accounting Chamber, the city of Lviv, home to 12.5% of all architecture

monuments of Ukraine, only harnesses about 4% of its tourism potential. In 2007, only188 000 tourists used hotel services in Lviv, while 6 million guests visited the similar city

of Cracow in Poland in 2008. One of the main reasons is the unsatisfactory state of cultural

heritage.

As a deputy chief of the State Heritage Service, Viktor Vechersky, noted the new law can

essentially change two basic laws – Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage and Law on

Protection of Archaeological Heritage. Ukraine has ratified 7 international conventions

about cultural heritage and should follow them, he said.

On February 3, 2011, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanunovych, vetoed the approved

law.

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5. Main legal provisions in the cultural field

5.1 General legislation

5.1.1 Constitution

The Constitution proclaims that:

• the state provides the framework for the consolidation and development of the

Ukrainian nation, its historical awareness, traditions and culture and guarantees the free

ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious development of all indigenous nations and

national minorities of the Ukraine ( Article 11);

• Ukraine takes care of cultural and language needs of Ukrainians living abroad( Article 12);

• the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, and technical creativity is guaranteed,

intellectual ownership, authors' rights, moral and material interests related to different

kinds of intellectual ownership are protected ( Article 54); and

• "Cultural heritage shall be protected by law" ( part 4, Article 54); "The State shall

ensure the preservation of historical monuments and other objects of cultural value..."( part 5, Article 54); "Everyone shall be obliged not to harm nature or cultural heritage,

and to compensate for any damage he / she inflicts ( Article 66 )".

5.1.2 Division of jurisdiction

The basic laws establishing the division of cultural competence between different levels of

government in Ukraine are the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), and the Budget

Code of Ukraine (2002).

The Law on Local Self-Governance determines the responsibilities of local authorities in

the sphere of culture including:

• administration of cultural institutions belonging to territorial communities;

• creation of conditions for the development of culture;

• providing the regeneration of centres of traditional skills and cultural traditions; and

• support to creative associations and non-profit cultural organisations.

The Budget Code determines cultural responsibilities and financial obligations to provide

public services.

Table 4 shows the distribution of competencies and responsibilities between the different

levels of government.

Table 4: Allocation of government responsibilities in Ukraine, 2002-2010

Level of government Responsibility

Central government Institutions and companies, cultural heritage and

programmes of national importance; international

relations; national media, radio and television; state

archives

Regional / oblast Institutions and programmes of republican or

regional importance

Municipality / Rayon Libraries, museums, exhibitions, theatres, centres and

houses of culture, art schools

Town / village Houses of culture, clubs, libraries

Source: Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Budget Committee, 2010.

In 2005, President Verkhovna Rada approved the Law on Amendments to the Budget Code

of Ukraine, which determines the financing of cultural institutions and programmes from

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the municipal (rayon) budget including: state cultural-educational and theatre programmes

(theatres, libraries, museums, exhibitions, palaces and houses of culture, art schools);

village, settlement and town palaces of culture, clubs and libraries. In other words, towns

and villages of a municipality can direct their culture expenditures (if they can) to their

own development.

5.1.3 Allocation of public fundsThe main provisions for the allocation of public funds for culture including the central and

local level are established by the Budget Code of the Ukraine (2002), especially

Articles 86-93.

The Budget Law for each year is adopted in the previous year, and defines the current

allocation of public funds for culture concerning the chief spending units.

5.1.4 Social security frameworks

Chapter 6 (SOCIAL GUARANTEES) of the Law on Culture (2011) establishes the

structure and conditions of payment, social and legal security, material aid for cultural

employees as well as benefits for those working in rural areas.

Members of artists' unions (writers, painters, architects, musicians, theatre workers) have a

right to receive a service pension. According to the law, they could also have access to

premises to be used as their studios under preferential terms. Artists unions pay for medical

services of their members.

There is no government support programme related to health insurance or taxation for self-

employed artists. The general unemployment schemes developed during the last years in

Ukraine also include cultural professions and occupations.

5.1.5 Tax laws

The Law on Charity and Charitable Foundations, which came into force in 1997, grants

tax exemptions for funds voluntarily transferred to the state budget, local budgets or to

non-profit organisations up to a maximum of 4% of the taxable income. Under the

conditions of a shadow economy (whose share of the Ukrainian economy is estimated at

more than 60% by independent experts) this measure, which is not supported by other

political or social measures, has proven to be inefficient. A new Law on Charity and

Sponsorship is still under development. In 2006, the Ministry of Culture submitted the

draft Law on Arts Patronage for public discussion. At the moment, there is no separate law

on non-profitable organisations, especially in the cultural sphere. The Law on Culture

(2011) establishes that "with the aim to attract additional financial resources for

development, the government shall create favourable taxation conditions for physical andlegal entities allocating their money for the development of culture".

There is no special VAT rate for cultural products or cultural services. According to the

Law on State Support to Book Publishing (2003), Ukrainian book producers are exempt

from VAT since 2005. In 2009, the Law was extended up to 2015. On 18 February 2010,

the Parliament approved the amendments to the Law on Cinematography, by which

Ukrainian film production will be exempt from VAT for the next 5 years.

The Law on Culture envisages ( Article 13) the support of national producers in culture by

creating favourable taxation conditions and providing government financial assistance for

producing and distributing books, films and other kinds of cultural products in Ukrainian,

inside and out of Ukraine. According to the new Tax Code (2010), book producers andfilm makers are exempt from VAT to 2015, and film studios (producers of national films)

are exempt from land tax.

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There are no specific tax breaks or other such benefits for artists.

5.1.6 Labour laws

Article 28 of the Law on Culture (2010) defines that payment conditions for employees of

state and communal culture institutions, and educational establishments in culture are

determined by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, that is, by general labour laws. It

means that wages of cultural employees, according to this law, should be equal to wages of employees in other economic areas.

The Law on Professional Artists and Artistic Unions (1997) regulates relations between

artists unions and the government, envisages government subsidies to support these

organisations, and ensures their participation in the development of cultural programmes

and decision making.

The Budget Code of Ukraine ( Article 87 ) outlines government support to cultural unions or

associations of national significance. There are 11 national creative unions registered in the

Ukraine.

There is a unified system of salaries for cultural employees in the public sector, and thewages of this category of public employees remain the lowest compared to other economic

branches. According to the Law of Ukraine on Establishing Minimum Subsistence and a

Minimum Wage (2009), the minimum wage for a public employee is UAH 922 (87 EUR)

as of 1 December 2010. Nevertheless, cultural employees, especially in small towns and

villages often earn half or one quarter of this minimum wage (see also chapter 4.2.9).

5.1.7 Copyright provisions

The Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights was adopted in 1994. In 1995, Ukraine

joined the Bern Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. In 2001, all

necessary amendments were introduced into the Copyright Law. In 2002, the Parliament

ratified the agreement to join the Rome Convention on Protection of the Rights of Performers, Phonogram Producers and Broadcast Organisations. Joining the WTO

TRIPS Agreement required further harmonisation of the Ukrainian Copyright Law

provisions to bring it into line with European and international regulations.

The Law on Distribution of Copies of Audio and Visual Products and Phonograms (2000)

regulates norms of copyright and joint copyrights, protecting producers against

broadcasters and other product users.

In 2006, the governmental Department on Intellectual Property developed a draft law on

amendments to laws and by-laws on intellectual property rights taking into account new

technological achievements, especially in audio and video industries.

5.1.8 Data protection laws

The Law on Information (1992, with amendments 2000 and 2002) determines general legal

principles for receiving, using, distributing and keeping information, secures its protection

and defends an individual and society against incorrect information.

The Law on Data Protection in Automatic Systems was adopted in 1994. Amendments and

changes were introduced in 2004. This Law and respective government resolutions are

aimed at establishing regulative principles of legal relations concerning data protection in

databases "under observance of property rights of Ukrainian citizens and legal entities to

information and access to information".

On 1 June 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law on Protection of Personal

Data which came into force on 1 January 2011. As a head of the parliamentary committee

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for science and education, Volodymyr Polokhalo said, "this law filled the privacy gap

guaranteed by the Constitution". On the other hand, the law now forces companies and

banks to inform a citizen about including his / her personal data in databases. At the same

time, as some experts warn, the law allows top officials to refuse to present data about their

incomes.

5.1.9 Language lawsThe main principles of language policy of Ukraine are presented and defined in the

Constitution of Ukraine and laws of Ukraine: Law on Languages, Law on Education, Law

on Pre-School Education, Law on Secondary Education, Law on Vocational Technical

Training, Law on Higher Education, Law on National Minorities in Ukraine, Law on

Information, Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting, Law on Publishing, and Law on

Printed Media (Press) in Ukraine. Besides, there are numerous normative and legal

documents and government programmes formulating public policies in the area of national

language and languages of national minorities.

One of these documents is a Presidential Decree Nr. 161 of 15 February 2010, sanctioning

the Concept of Linguistic Policy. This Concept determines strategic priorities andbenchmarks in providing language rights to all citizens of Ukraine.

Since 2005, the State Committee on Nationalities and Religions (now a department of the

Ministry of Culture) has had a special budget for implementing partially the provisions of

the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages concerning the protection of

languages in the area of culture and information. In 2007-2008, budget funds for these

expenses constituted annually UAH 963 000 (about 150 000 EUR) but in 2009, due to the

economic situation, such costs were reduced by 10 times to UAH 96 300.

State TV companies located in the regions have special language quotas on programmes

broadcast in the languages of national minorities. This provision is found in the laws on

national minorities. In general, TV and Radio companies in 17 regions broadcast fornational minorities, in particular, in Transcarpathian, Zhytomyr, Odessa, Chernivtsi,

Crimea, Lviv, Donetsk and other regions. The Transcarpathian Regional State TV and

Radio Company (RSTRC) has TV and radio editorial staffs broadcasting in Hungarian,

Slovak, German, Romanian, Polish and Roma languages. The total annual volume of TV /

Radio programmes in Hungarian constitutes 92/164 hours, in Slovak – 48/48 hours, in

Romanian – 95/112 hours, and in German – 40/32 hours. Zhytomyr RSTRC broadcasts in

Polish and Czech and the State TV and Radio Company "Crimea" broadcasts in Crimean-

Tatar, Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek and German languages. The Chernivtsi RSTRC has a

special creative formation of TV and radio programmes in Romanian. The Odessa RSTRC

broadcasts in Moldavian, Bulgarian and Gagauz languages and the radio company "News

of Transdniestria" prepares special broadcasts in the Moldavian, Bulgarian, Jewish,Gagauz, Greek and Byelorussian languages. Mariupol TV in Donetsk region broadcasts in

Greek, and the radio company "Independence" in Lviv region broadcasts in Polish.

Source: State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting, 2010.

5.1.10 Other areas of general legislation

According to Article 19 of the Procedural Criminal Code of Ukraine, the legal procedure

is carried out in Ukrainian or the language of the majority population of a locality.

Participants of the procedure can use their native languages or services of an interpreter.

Judicial documents should be handed over to the accused when translated into his / her

native language or other language he / she speaks.

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5.2 Legislation on culture

According the Law of Ukraine on Culture (2011), the legislative framework of the cultural

sector of the Ukraine consists of: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law on Culture, other

laws regulating activities in culture, international agreements on culture issues adopted by

the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and other by-laws. The culture sector is regulated also by:

• resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukraine;• Presidential Edicts, decrees, resolutions and instructions of the corresponding

ministries and government agencies; and

• resolutions of local governments.

The Law on Culture, which was adopted after 7 years of discussions, replaced the out-of-

date Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture (1992), taking into account numerous

amendmends and observations as well as social and cultural changes. The Law came into

force on 6 January 2011. Only time will tell if the law will resolve the numerous problems

of the cultural sphere, however it is a new efficient tool which can be corrected and

improved.

In October 2008, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine on the List of Cultural Heritage Monuments Prohibited from Privatisation. It is a result of about 10

years of research and inventory work realised by ministry experts. In general, 2 464

heritage objects are defined for special state care. On 12 February 2010, on the basis of the

Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law on the List of Cultural Heritage Monuments

Prohibited from Privatisation, 10 more monuments were included on the list, mainly in

Crimea and Transcarpathian region.

In November 2009, the Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law

of Ukraine on Museums and Museum Activities.

Table 5: List of the main existing cultural laws

Title of the Act Year of Adoption

Laws setting out cultural policy frameworks or declarations of principle

Law on Culture 2011, determines legal principles, regulates

social relations associated with creation, use,

distribution and preservation of cultural heritage

and cultural values and providing access to

them

Law on National Minorities in Ukraine 1992, ensures equal political, social, economic

and cultural rights and freedoms to citizens

irrespective of their origin and supports the

development of national cultures Laws establishing the scope, operation(s), governing structure(s) and procedures for

funding cultural institutions

Law on Information 1992, with amendments 2001, confirms the

right of citizens to information, freedom of

expression

Law on Television and Radio

Broadcasting

1993, with amendments 2002, regulates

activities of television and radio organisations in

Ukraine and defines legal, economic, social, and

organisational conditions of their functioning

Law on Copyright and Related Rights 1994, with amendments 1999, protects personal

non-property and property rights of authors and

their assignees

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Law on Libraries and Librarianship 1995, 2008, defines the status of libraries, legal

and organisation principles of activities of

libraries and librarianship in Ukraine

Law on Museums and Museum Activities 1995, 2009, regulates social relations in the

sphere of museum activities

Law on the National Archive Fund and

Archive Institutions

1994, regulates relations in the field of training,

accounting, preservation and use of the NationalArchive Fund and other main issues related to

archive science

Law on Governmental Support to Mass

Media and Social Protection of

Journalists

1997, establishes legal, economic, and

organisational principles of governmental

support for the mass media and social protection

of journalists

Law on Professional Artists and Artists

Unions

1997, defines the legal status of professional

artists, establishes legal, social, economic and

organisational principles of activities of artists

unions

Law on Cinematography 1998, 2010, establishes legal norms of activitiesin the sphere of cinematography and regulates

social relations in the field of production,

distribution, preservation and exhibition o

films.

Law on Preservation of Cultural Heritage 2000, regulates legal, organisational, social, and

economic relations in the sphere of preservation

of cultural heritage. An amendment is currently

being prepared

Law on Export, Import and Restitution of

Cultural Goods

1999, regulates preservation of national cultural

heritage and development of international co-operation in the field of culture

Law on Distribution of Copies of Audio

and Visual Products and Phonograms

2000, regulates norms of copyright and joint

copyrights, fulfilment of international

obligations

Law on Theatre and Performing Arts

Activities

2005, regulates social relations in the theatre

sector, defines the legal status of theatres, their

financing and how they are established

Law on Temporary Prohibition to

Privatise Cultural Heritage Objects

2005

Law on the List of Cultural Heritage

Monuments Prohibited from Privatisationand the Law on Amendments to the Law

of Ukraine

2008, 2010

Laws providing financing

Budget Code of Ukraine 2002, defines allocation of public funds for

culture between different levels of government

Law on Charity and Charitable

Foundations

1997, defines tax exemption for funds

voluntarily transferred to support culture or

cultural activities

Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine 2003, establishes duties from foreign tour

companies or individual performers for

developing national performing art

Tax Code of Ukraine 2010

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Laws referring to the " status of artists"

Law on Professional Artists and Artistic

Unions

1997, regulates relations between artists' unions

and the government, envisages government

subsidies to support these organisations, and

ensures their participation in the development of

cultural programmes and decision making

Draft bills Law on Access to Public Information On January 13, the Law on Access to Public

Information was adopted in the Parliament by

408 votes

5.3 Sector specific legislation

5.3.1 Visual and applied arts

There is no specific law regulating the sphere of visual and applied arts.

The Law of Ukraine on Folk Arts and Crafts (2001) regulates relations in folk arts andcrafts.

The Law on Education and government resolutions define the norms for students in visual

arts and applied arts colleges and departments.

The Law on State Procurements, revised annually, determines the amount for public

purchasing of works of art.

5.3.2 Performing arts and music

A Law on Theatre and Performing Activities was adopted in 2004 by the Parliament of

Ukraine and signed by the President in 2005. The Law "regulates social relations in the

sphere of theatre activity, defines the order of theatre establishment and activities"including different types of theatres.

Meanwhile, performing arts and music is regulated by some provisions found in the

Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture (1992) and the Law on Professional Artists

and Artists' Unions (1997).

The Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine (2003) determines sources of support to the

development of the national performing arts and music sector. Unfortunately, the new Tax

Code abrogates the provision of the law envisaging an income from touring activities of

foreign performing artists or groups by applying a tax rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets.

5.3.3 Cultural heritage

The Law on Museums and Museum Activities (1995) which determined the policy

concerning state-owned collections of cultural-valued objects was amended in 1999. In

November 2009, the Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine on Amendments to the Law of

Ukraine on Museums and Museum Activities directed to the execution of tasks resulting

from the Presidential Address to the Parliament of Ukraine "European choice: Conceptual

principles for economic strategy and social development of Ukraine in 2002-2011". The

new Law introduces European terms; widens the area of museum activities, for example,

allowing paid services; and defines public and private parts of the Museum Fund of

Ukraine.

In 2000, Provisions on the Museum Fund of Ukraine was approved as well as the List of Museums Run by Enterprises, Establishments, and Organisations.

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The Law on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2002) accumulated the principal

provisions concerning cultural heritage of several laws: the Law on the Privatisation of

Public Domain (1992), the Law on Local Self-Government (1997), the Law on

Transferring Public Objects to Communal Property (1998) and others.

In 2002, the government developed and adopted the Methods of Monetary Assessment of

Monuments. On the basis of this government resolution (2002), the State Agency for the

Protection of Cultural Heritage was established, with departments in all cities.

In 2003, local governments increased local budget expenditures for the protection of

cultural heritage. In 2004, the Parliament adopted in its first reading, the Law on

Amendments to the Law on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage determining that the

preservation of cultural heritage is one of the priority tasks of the central government and

local authorities.

The Law on the Preservation of the Archaeological Heritage (2004), considering

provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, Land Code of Ukraine and the Law on

Preservation of Cultural Heritage, regulates relations concerning the preservation,

research and conservation of the archaeological heritage, and secures the right to recognise

archaeological values.

The Law on Export, Import and Restitution of Cultural Values was adopted in 1999 in

compliance with international conventions. On the basis of this law, the State Control

Agency on the Removal of Cultural Values was established at the Ministry of Culture.

In 2005, the Law on Temporary Prohibition to Privatise Cultural Heritage Objects was

adopted as a pre-condition for preparing draft laws on cultural heritage that should not be

privatised. On 12 February 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine on

Amendments to the List of Cultural Objects Prohibited from Privatisation, including

proposals from regions and municipalities.

The Law of Ukraine on Ratification of Agreement of Displacement of Cultural Values (particularly in CIS countries), 2006.

The Law of Ukraine on Ratification of the UNESCO Convention on Preservation of

Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2006.

5.3.4 Literature and libraries

The Law on Copyright and Related Rights (1994, with amendments 1999, 2001) and the

Law on Professional Artists and Artists' Unions (1997) secure the right of authors and

literary translators. Royalty rates for literary and translation activities established by the

Cabinet of Ministers Resolution (2000) are based on the living wage and do not consider

new market conditions. As a result, existing rates do not encourage such activities.

The Law on Publishing (1997, 2002) and the Law on State Support to Book Publishing

(2003) determine the state policy and measures to provide conditions for the development

of national publishing including the exemption of book producers from VAT since 2005,

extended to 2015. According to this Law, which came into force in 2004, Ukrainian book

producers were exempt from taxes until 2008. The law lists target activities and stipulates

how to use the funds collected to revive and develop the publishing industry. In 2006, the

State Committee of Ukraine on Information Policy, Television and Radio Broadcasting

prepared a draft governmental Resolution on Promoting the Development of Book

Publishing in Ukraine, which indicated the necessity for annual quotas for importing books

from different countries. In particular, the document establishes that "…annual quotas(numerical limitations) will be introduced on imported printed editions (books, brochures,

printed materials, dictionaries, encyclopaedias etc) into Ukraine, the import duty will be

collected…".

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The Law on Libraries and Librarianship (1995, 1999, 2009) regulates relations between

the state and public libraries and determines the organisation of library activities in

Ukraine.

5.3.5 Architecture and spatial planning

The Law on Architecture Activities (1999, 2006) defines legal and organisation principles

of architecture activities in Ukraine. It also envisages wide public participation in decision-making process concerning construction and reconstruction of settlements.

The Law on Natural and Reserve Fund of Ukraine (1992) and the Law on Amendments to

the Law on Natural and Reserve Fund of Ukraine (2000) establish principles of

preservation for reserved territories subject to architecture design.

In 2001, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukraine adopted the Resolution on Inclusion of

Monuments of History, Monumental Art and Archaeology of National Significance to the

State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine.

The Draft Law on Town Planning adopted in the first reading in January 2011 provoked

wide public discussion (see also chapter 4.3).

5.3.6 Film, video and photography

The Ukrainian legislative base concerning the film industry is based on ca. 50 laws and by-

laws. However, economic and organisation relations in cinematography are not regulated

by such laws. The existing legislative base needs to be improved and new rules designed in

compliance with modern realities and European standards.

The Law on Cinematography regulates all film productions regardless of the

legal / ownership status of individual film companies.

There are 5 state-run film studios in Ukraine. On the basis of the Law on the Privatisation

of State Property (1992), most cinemas are now privatised or run by communities. Thereare 532 cinemas in Ukraine and 4 104 cinema facilities in rural areas.

The presidential edict Guidelines on the Development of Cinematography in Ukraine until

2005 supports the development of regional programmes to improve cinema services.

In 2002, the government elaborated and the Parliament adopted the Law on the State

Programme for the Development of a National Film Industry for 2003- 2008.

In 2003, the Draft Law on Duty for the Development of National Cinematography was

submitted to the Parliament for consideration by the Committee on Culture and Spiritual

Heritage. In accordance with the Cabinet of Ministers Resolution of 22 November 2005,

the State Film Service was created within the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine.In 2006, the Law on Amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Violations of

the Law (concerning film distribution) was adopted.

In 2007, the State Film Service prepared the draft "Concept of the State Programme for

National Film Industry Development for 2008-2012" as well as:

• the draft Government Resolution on budget support to film production, distribution andexhibition; and

• draft laws on creating favourable conditions for national film industry development, on

funds for the development of national cinematography, other norms, rules and

recommendations.

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine obliges all producers to dub or transmit

all foreign films in the Ukrainian language. Subtitles are allowed when films are kept in

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their original language. According to a 2007 survey of First Movies International, only

11% of Ukrainians were against film dubbing.

On 18 February 2010, the Parliament of Ukraine approved the amendments to the Law on

Cinematography, by which the government will establish a special account to support

national cinematography, which will accumulate funds for film industry development.

5.3.7 Mass media

The Law on Television and Radio Broadcasting (1993, with amendments 2002) regulates

the activities of private TV and Radio companies in Ukraine. The National Council on

Television is a non-ministerial body for all broadcasters irrespective of their ownership

status. It acts as a regulator and grants licenses to TV companies.

On 13 January 2011, the Law on Access to Public Information was adopted in the

Parliament by 408 votes. The approval of the Law on Information is the first initiative

taken to support journalists during the last 7 years. A director of the Media Law Institute,

Taras Shevchenko, stated that the law would broaden possibilities for journalists and

destroy the cloak of bureaucratic establishments. Particularly, journalists will have more

possibilities to defend their rights, not only through the legal process. At the same time,experts pointed out that the law would not work mechanically because of the lack of

regulated mechanisms in public institutions. On February 3, 2011, the President signed the

Law on Access to Public Information.

The special Law on the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting, approved

in 1977, establishes a general content quota for broadcasting: Ukrainian productions must

have a share of not less than 50% of all programmes. There are also language and

advertising time quotas (not more than 20 minutes for an advertising bloc).

The government resolution Provision on the National Screen Time and its Use by Entities

of Cinematography and Television, based upon the Law on Cinematography ( Article 22),

determines the quota for "the demonstration of national films, which is no less than 30% of

the national screen time". These quotas are (theoretically) obligatory for all cinemas and

video networks as well as for TV channels. In reality, however, there are not enough

domestic productions to fill the air time available.

5.3.8 Other areas of culture specific legislation

In 2007, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of

Cultural Expressions was formally signed by the Minister of Culture. It was ratified by the

Parliament of Ukraine inn January 2010 and signed by the President. The National

Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts of Ukraine prepared a special seminar for

students and cultural managers about the UNESCO Convention (see also chapter 3.4.1).

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6. Financing of culture

6.1 Short overview

The level of public financing of culture has remained almost equal in real values at the

beginning and the end of the last decade, constituting 0.5% of GDP in 2001 and 0.6% in

2010, after some increases in 2007-2008 and a decrease in 2009. By the end of the decade,

the share of private financing increased on account of private foundations, while thecontribution of households decreased to 1.8% in 2009 in comparison with 2.5% in 2008

and 2.4% in 2007. It is explained by the fact, according to a statement from the Ukrainian

ombudsman on human rights, Nina Korpachova that about 70% of Ukrainians live below

the poverty line (using World Bank criteria) of USD 3 per day. The living–wage, as the

Ministry of Labour and Social Policy indicated, is understated by 14%, but according to

the Accounting Chamber, it is understated by 27%. Taking into account the recent general

rise in prices, household spending was reduced first of all.

Key priorities of the cultural policies formulated in the new Law on Culture reflect cultural

priorities of the last years: development of the culture of the Ukrainian nation, indigenous

peoples and national minorities of Ukraine; maintenance, restoration and protection of thehistorical environment; aesthetic education of citizens, first of all, children and young

people; and the enlargement of the cultural infrastructure in rural areas. At the same time,

cultural heritage was the lowest spending item in 2001 as in 2010. It is explained by the

large network of cultural institutions which need essential funds for maintenance and staff

wages. Most cultural institutions were created during the Soviet period and have been

"conserved" despite the crisis in public financing. 98.5% of all cultural institutions and

services are being funded from local budgets. Therefore, the most significant trend in

funding culture is the worsening of the economic structure of local budget expenditures

during 2000-2010. Wages account for approximately 75-85% of the entire local budget. In

small towns and villages wage payments constitute 85-90% and more of the total

expenditure on culture, while the other 15-20% is allocated to communal services.

Culture expenditure in 2009 was critically reduced in Ukraine. In some spheres, like

cinema or cultural ethnic groups, or cultural management training, budgets were reduced

by several times. For example, many public cultural trips and cultural exchanges were

cancelled. At the same time, cultural policy reflected the general policies based on ad hoc

decisions when funds are directed at current official events to the detriment of planned

programmes.

In 2011, the funding of the culture sphere faces new threats. The Presidential Edict on

Optimisation of Public Agencies envisages the structural reduction of public funds and

staff. First of all, it has impacted on the culture sector in regions and cities. The new Tax

Code (2010) supporting tax exemptions for the book and film industry, at the same time,abrogates the provision of the Law on Touring Activities in Ukraine (2003) envisaging an

income from the touring activities of foreign performing artists or groups by applying a tax

rate of 3% on proceeds from tickets.

Table 6: Shares of main culture expenditures in Ukraine in 2001 and 2010

Country Year Libraries Museums Music Radio, TV, Press

2010 25% 7% 29% 10%Ukraine

2001 20% 8% 21% 14%Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.

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Table 7: Maximum and minimum culture expenditure in Ukraine in 2001 and 2010

Country Year Highest Lowest

2010 Libraries MuseumsUkraine

2002 Radio, TV, Press Museums and archivesSource: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.

6.2 Public cultural expenditure

6.2.1 Aggregated indicators

Table 8: Public culture expenditures per capita in 2001-2010

Per capita 2010 Per capita 2001Level

UAH EUR UAH EUR

State budget 35.4 3.5 6.8 1.2

Regional

budgets 30.3 3.0 5.3 0.9

Municipalities 56.2 5.6 9.5 1.7Total 121.9 12.1 21.6 3.9

Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.

During the last 10 years, public culture expenditure per capita increased 3 fold on all

levels. However, in comparison to other European countries, public culture expenditure per

capita in Ukraine is very small.

Table 9: Culture expenditures as a share of the GDP, consolidated and state budget

Share (%) of cultural expenditureYear

GDP Consolidated budget State budget

2001 0.5 2.0 0.9

2010 0.6 1.7 1.1Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, 2010.

The share of culture expenditure in GDP demonstrate that during last 10 years public

spending for culture practically didn't change; decentralisation started at the beginning of

2000 ceased and even turned back.

The Budget Code of Ukraine introduced a new system of allocations of public cultural

expenditure in 2002. Cultural expenditure coming from local budgets is determined on the

basis of exact expenditures assigned between budget types and administrative levels. The

total amount of funds allocated to culture is determined by the unified spending norm per

capita. The Ministry of Finance estimates the projected spending for social and culturalservices granted from the local budget on the basis of the available budget resources.

6.2.2 Public cultural expenditure broken down by level of government

Table 10: Public cultural expenditure in Ukraine: by level of government, in million

UAH, 2008 and 2010

Total expenditure % share of totalLevel of government

2008 2010 2008 2010

State 2 081 1 620 35% 24%

Regional (oblast, rayon) 2 140 1 422 36% 21%

Local (municipal, towns) 1 630 2 539 29% 37%Paid services n/a 1 222 n/a 18%

Total 5 851 6 802 100% 100% Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, DC "Democracy through Culture", 2010

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In 2008, paid services were included in cultural expenditures, mainly on central and

regional level. However, without taking it into account, it is obvious that local expenditures

increased in 2010, first of all because of the rise in wages.

6.2.3 Sector breakdown

Table 11: State cultural expenditure: by sector, in million UAH, 2010

Field / Domain / Sub-domain Direct

expendit

ure

Transfers

(to other levels

of government)

Total % of total

State / local

Special fund

State / local

Cultural Goods 374.5 1 560.2 1 934.7 2.4 0.1 85.5 743.6

Cultural Heritage 243.2 318.0 561.2 81.3 74.2

Historical Monuments* 134.8 25.4 160.28.0 1.0 59.6 32.2

Museums 108.4 292.6 401.07.0 7.0 21.7 42.0

Archives 80.6** 0.0 80.6 0** 0 1.2 0.3

Libraries 131.3 1 242.2 1 403.1 8.0 31.0 3.0 26.6

Arts 552.3 801.0 1 353.3 0.0 4.9

Visual Arts (including

design)*** 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

Performing Arts 552.3 801.0 1 353.3 0.0 4.9

Music, dance and circus 230.9 279.4 510.314.0 7.0 0.0 4.5

Theatre and Musical Theatre 312.4 521.5 833.9 19.0 13.0 0.0 0.4

Multidisciplinary 9.0 0.1 9.11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Media 606.4 198.5 804.9 226.9 1.7

Books and Press 37.4 115.3 152.7 0.0 0.7

Books 13.3 12.2 25.51.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Press 24.1 103.1 127.2 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.7

Audio, Audiovisual andMultimedia

569.0 83.2 652.2 226.9 1.0

Cinema 11.6 17.6 29.2 1.0 0.0 0.9 1.0

Television & Radio 523.7 62.2 585.9 32.0 2.0 226.0 0.0

Other media 33.7 3.4 37.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other 113.4 1 488.0 1 601.4 18.9 127.4

Interdisciplinary 106.0 1 488.0 1 594.0 18.9 127.4

Socio-cultural 0.0 1 102.1 1102.1 28.0 0.0 0.0 85.9

Cultural Relations Abroad 86.7 298.9 385.6 5.0 8.0 15.2 41.5

Administration 19.3 0.0 19.31.0 0.0 3.7 0.0

Educational Activities 0.0 0.0**** 0.0

Not allocable by domain

(Research) 7.4 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

TOTAL 1 646.6 4 047.7 5 694.3 100% 331.3 877.6Source: State Treasury of Ukraine, DC "Democracy through Culture".

* Maintenance and protection of historical monuments is also in the competence of the Ministry of

Construction and Architecture of Ukraine; presented here are mostly expenses for culturally

preserved areas.** Expenses for archives are in a separate budget item.

*** There is no special budget item for visual arts; it is included into the item "Museums" as

"exhibition activities". The Academy of Arts of Ukraine is funded separately.

**** Cultural or aesthetic education is in the competence of the Ministry of Education and Science of

Ukraine.

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6.3 Trends and indicators for private cultural financing

In general, studies of private funding for culture do not exist in Ukraine. It is possible only

to present some information about household spending for culture and information about

spending for culture by large charitable foundations on the basis of their annual reports. It

is necessary to note that commercial sponsors (large and small companies) supported a

great variety of different events on all levels – festivals, exhibitions, concerts, contests, etc.

covering from 20% to 60% of all expenses (for example, the film festival "Molodist",

GOGOLFEST and others include different logos of sponsors in their information material)

– but general analytical data does not exist. Sponsorship has become more concentrated

and open.

There are different examples of individual donors / patrons. Maecenas and businessman,

Viktor Pinchuk, entered into the list of the most influential personalities in modern art – in

the ratings of the British magazine Art Review, the founder of the PinchukArtCentre

jumped during a year from 53rd to 37th place.

Moscow businessman and Maecenas originated from Ukraine (Pryluky), Yuriy Koptiev, is

reconstructing and developing his native city of Pryluky: during the last three years, he hasreconstructed squares and buildings and new monuments appeared in the city.

Information about expenditure for culture from lotteries or gambling is not available. Some

museums, especially in the capital and large cities (like St. Sophia Cathedral -

http://www.nzsk.org.ua, M.Bulgakov memorial museum -http://bulgakov-kiev.tripod.com/ ,

Khanenko Museum of Arts - http://www.khanenkomuseum.kiev.ua/en) have successful

experience in developing friends of museum practice (partners, patrons, benefactors). The

same is also true for local level, for example, a local museum in Pryluky (Chernihiv

region) was restored with the help of a private sponsor, Yuriy Koptiev (see above).

The decrease in household spending for culture to an average of 1.8% (2.2% in urban areas

and 0.8% in rural areas) in 2009, in comparison with 2.5% in 2008 and 2.4% in 2007, isexplained by the rise in prices: according to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine,

90% of all household expenditure constitutes consumer expenses (food, communal

services, transport, health, etc.).

According to annual reports, Pinchul Foundation and Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for

Development of Ukraine allocated about UAH 43 million for culture in 2009

(approximately 7.5 million EUR). Sources: http://www.pinchukfund.org and

http://www.fdu.org.ua/en.

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7. Public institutions in cultural infrastructure

7.1 Cultural infrastructure: tendencies & strategies

The Law on Culture (2011) defines the actors in the cultural field as follows: "physical or

legal entities practising cultural activity or realising authorities in the sphere of culture".

During the last years, several laws, government decrees and presidential edicts wereadopted. Of special importance were the changes made to the Law on Privatisation of the

Public Domain (1992), the Law on Local Self-Governance (1997), the Law on Professional

Artists and Artists' Unions (1997), the Law on Charity and Charitable Foundations (1997),

the Law on the Taxation of Enterprises (1997), the Law on Local State Administrations

(1999), the Budget Code of Ukraine, the Tax Code of Ukraine (2010) and also the

Presidential Edicts on the Fund to Support Art Development (1994), the National

Establishments of Culture (1994), and Providing Charitable Activities in Ukraine. The

main goal of these legal amendments was to de-centralise public responsibilities for culture

and to delegate basic tasks and responsibilities to the local government level, transferring

some services to private or non-government organisations.

The newly emerging private and non-government sector of culture (including art galleries,

design centres, events, publishing houses, and media) has no influence on the public

cultural policy and acted, until recently, more or less independently of government cultural

policies. The consolidation of non-government and private organisations and associations

at the local and central level, and the growing state acknowledgement of the important role

these organisations can play in the restructuring of the cultural system gives rise to the

hope that there may be an efficient re-allocation of responsibilities in the future.

New initiatives related to the creation of cultural centres in industrial zones or networks of

cultural public and non-governmental organisations (see also chapter 3.4.2) can provide

support mainly at the local level and encourage cultural entrepreneurship.

7.2 Basic data about selected public institutions in the cultural sector

Table 12: Cultural institutions financed by public authorities, by domain

Domain Cultural institutions (subdomains) Number (Year) Trend (++ to --)

Cultural heritage Cultural heritage sites (recognised) 63 (reserves)/2010 ++

Museums (organisations) 499 ++

Archives (of public authorities) 709 ++

Visual arts Public art galleries / exhibition halls n/a n/a

Art academies (or universities) 64 --

Performing arts Symphonic orchestras 77 --Music and art schools 1 474 ++

Music / theatre academies (or

universities)

5 --

Dramatic theatres 136 --

Music theatres, opera houses 23+6

Dance and ballet companies 6 professional

ballet companies

Books and Libraries Libraries 20 100 --

Audiovisual Broadcasting organisations 1 623 ++

Interdisciplinary Socio-cultural centres / cultural houses 18 700 --

Other (please explain)Sources: State Statistics Committee, Ministry of Culture, State Committee on TV and Radio Broadcasting,

State Archive Committee.

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7.3 Status and partnerships of public cultural institutions

A cultural institution that has been granted a "national" status is entitled to receive direct

financial support from the central government and special standards of material provision.

From 1992-1994 the decision to grant this status was the prerogative of the Presidential

Administration, through the Cabinet of Ministers. A presidential edict of 1994 reserved the

right to grant this status to the President only.

The most important national cultural institutions are:

• National Academy T. Shevchenko Opera Theatre;

• National Academy I.Franko Drama Theatre;

• National Academy L.Ukrayinka Russian Drama Theatre;

• National Philharmonic Society;

• Ukrainian National Academy Folk Choir Named after H. Veriovka;

• National Merited Dance Company Named after P. Virsky;

• National Merited Bandura Players Company Named after H. Maiboroda;

• National Merited Academy Choir "Dumka";

• National Merited Academy Symphony Orchestra;• National Folkloric Orchestra;

• National House of Organ and Chamber Music;

• National Circus;

• National Company of Soloists "Chamerate of Kyiv";

• Lviv State Academy M. Zankovetska Ukrainian Drama Theatre;

• State Dance and Symphony Orchestra;

• State Brass Band;

• Odessa State Philarmonic Orchestra;

• State Theatre Centre Named after L. Kurbas;

• State Enterprise "Circus Company Stars of Ukraine";• Touring Administration of Circus Companies of Ukraine;

• Donets State Circus; and State Circus of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kryvy Rig,

Luhansk, Odessa, Lviv, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kharkiv, and Yalta; and

• Administration of the House of Art Companies (Kyiv).

In addition to the national institutions, the following major cultural institutions are directly

under the authority of the Ministry of Culture:

• Enterprise "International Agency Ukraine-Art";

• Ukrainian Centre of Festivals and Concert Programmes;

• Film Studio "Ukrainian Animation";

• National Kinematics of Ukraine;

• Ukrainian Newsreel Studio;

• National O. Dovzhenko Film Studio;

• Odessa Film Studio;

• National History Museum of Ukraine;

• National Art Museum;

• National 1941-1945 War History Museum;

• State Museum of Literature;

• State Open-Air Museum of Architecture;

• Administration of Art Exhibitions;

• National Parliament Library;

• State Historical Library;

• Kharkivc State Scientific Library;

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• Odessa State Scientific Library;

• State Children's Library;

• Kyiv State Choreographic Scool;

• Lviv Cinema Technical School;

• National Chaikovky Music Academy;

• Odessa State Conservatory;

• Ukrainian Academy of Art;

• Kyiv Theatre Institute;

• Kyiv State University of Culture; and

• National Academy for Chief Managers in Culture and Art.

There are a number of partnership initiatives or programmes between the state, regional or

local governments and different councils or international foundations, such as the Soros

Foundation, the European Cultural Foundation, the British Council in Ukraine, French

Cultural Centre, Polish Institute, Goethe Institute, Swedish institute, etc. These initiatives

encourage the participation of non-government organisations - sometimes even of the

private sector - or cultural societies to support projects at the central or local level. The

most popular example is the annual international film festival "Molodist", supported by awide range of partners.

In 2007, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine re-established and developed new

partnership relations with non-governmental, commercial and private organisations,

following the recommendations of international experts concerning cultural policy. In June

2007, the Ministry of Culture signed a Memorandum with the private building corporation

"Planeta-Bud" regarding united efforts aimed at "the improvement of the cultural sphere

and arts development based on European principles". The successful Ukrainian

participation in the Venice Biennale resulted from collaboration between the Ministry of

Culture and the private company PinchukArtCentre. PinchukArtCentre is an international

centre for contemporary art of the 21st century. It is an open platform for artists, artwork and society. Its definite innovative profile is aimed at the dynamic interlacing of new

productions, presentation, and collection, bridging national identity and international

challenge. It is an ideal venue for masterworks and workgroups by outstanding artists of

our time which reflect and represent the complexity of the world, transforming it into a

unique and new form. This centre determines its work and creates a corporate identity in

the following fields of activity: collection, exhibitions, projects, communication, education,

publications and research.

In November 2007, the Ministry of Culture signed an agreement with the non-

governmental Development Centre "Democracy through Culture" on co-operation in

international initiatives and training projects.

The Art Association "Dzyga" is a conglomeration of artists, public figures, and

businessmen, assembled by different kinds of cultural, creative projects and actors, namely

clubs, festivals, media-projects, etc. It was founded in 1993 and united the representatives

of "The Students' Brotherhood" (a pro-independence Ukrainian students' movement, 1989-

1993), vanguard art circles ("Shlyakh", 1989-1992) and L'viv Underground Musicians

("Club Shanuval'nykiv Chaju", "Mertvyj Piven'", Festival of Underground "Vy-Vyh").

The civic initiative group "Protect Old Kyiv" was created in 2007 as a reaction to the

intentions of authorities to destroy old city architecture in commercial interests.

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8. Promoting creativity and participation

8.1 Support to artists and other creative workers

8.1.1 Overview of strategies, programmes and direct or indirect forms of support

Support to artists includes direct financing and indirect assistance through e.g. low rents

for premises, studios, workshops etc. Most regional and municipal councils have specialfunds to support creative activities. The lion's share of public funds is directed toward the

maintenance of existing cultural institutions, including paying the salaries of their

employees.

There is a system of Presidential grants for young artists and writers. Also, private

foundations offer different grants to support artistic initiatives (PinchukArtCentre, Rinat

Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine, Open Ukraine and others).

8.1.2 Special artists' funds

The Presidential Edict on State Support to Culture and Arts in Ukraine (1996 and 1998)

granted 100 lifelong scholarships to outstanding artists less than 70 years of age. Sincethen, this number has increased to 200.

Special translation support is offered by the Foundation Open Ukraine (from Ukrainian)

and the International Renaissance Foundation (into Ukrainian). The Ministry of Culture

offers support to creative initiatives in different fields.

Every year, the government sets aside a certain amount of the budget to purchase works of

art.

8.1.3 Grants, awards, scholarships

The National Shevchenko Prize is an annual award for writers, artists and artists groups for

extraordinary achievements in different branches of culture. The Shevchenko Prize

Committee receives applications from organisations and initiatives and declares its

decision at the beginning of each year. There are also awards for special branches of

culture given by the Ministry of Culture and the artists' unions. Prizes are also awarded by

banks, private foundations and individuals. The Writers Union has a special support

scheme for newly emerging writers to publish their works. The Ministry of Culture also

grants the title of Honoured or Popular Artist of Ukraine to outstanding artists and cultural

workers.

The Ministry of Culture holds an annual competition for the best script or story for

documentary film. The winners receive an award amount of which is determined each year

by the Ministry.

8.1.4 Support to professional artists associations or unions

According to the Law on Professional Artists and Artists' Unions, the government supports

11 national artists' unions to help them "execute their legal tasks"; in 2009, UAH 6 798 000

or EUR 1.1 million, was budgeted for this purpose. Artists' unions use government

subsidies to provide their members with scholarships, financial assistance, support in the

event of illness or death, grants (or partially paid vouchers) for members to spend time at

special centres (e.g. in Yalta, Koktebel in Crimea or Odessa and Irpin near Kyiv for writers

and translators), art meetings, exhibitions, parties, cultural programmes as well as for the

maintenance of artists' houses, centres and administration.

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8.2 Cultural consumption and participation

8.2.1 Trends and figures

Over the last 10 years, the total number of public libraries in Ukraine decreased by from

20 700 in 2000 to 20 100 in 2009. The number of libraries under the competence of the

Ministry of Culture decreased as well, from 19 006 in 2000 to 18 249 in 2010. Due to

serious financial problems, libraries were not able to keep up their stocks and purchase

new titles. Today, the average number of copies printed for a newly published book,

according to the Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2000. Therefore, most newly issued books are

not available in local, especially village libraries.

Table 13: Libraries performance

2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of libraries under the

competence of the Ministry of Culture 18 452 18 401 18 349 18 249

Staff numbers 37 716 34 927 34 940 34 991

Internet centres in libraries

2 433 3 346 3 991Source: Ministry of Culture, 2011.

According to the report of the Ministry of Culture, "during the last three years, we have a

negative trend of reduction in the number of public libraries which is caused by the

decrease in population (demographic crisis), on the one hand, and the financial and

economic situation in the country, on the other hand".

While the number of libraries and local club institutions decreased, the number of

professional theatres, concert organisations and museums increased over the last decade

(see Table 14). At the same time, the number of spectators decreased or remained almost

the same because of the rise in prices for tickets.

Table 14: Participation figures for cultural activities in Ukraine, 1996-2009

1996 2000 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Number of professional

theatres

130 131 131 135 137 138 138 136

Number of spectators

(million)

6.9 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.6 7.0 6.2

Number of concert

organisations

53 61 67 78 81 79 77 77

Number of spectators

(million)

4.8 3.8 6.6 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.8

Number of museums 324 378 376 437 445 458 478 499Museum visitors (million) 16.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.2 21.1 21.9 20.8

Number of cinema units

(in thousand)

13.3 6.9 5.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.2

Number of tickets sold

(million)

14 6 9 10 12 18 11 11

Number of public libraries

(in thousand)

23.3 20.7 20.4 19.8 19.8 20.8 20.6 20.1

Number of library

collections (million copies)

364 343 339 330 324 345 352 338

Books (titles) 6 084 7 749 12 444 15 720 15 867 17 987 24 040 22 491

Books (number of copies,

in thousand)

52 44 48 54 54 56 58 49

Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2010.

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The increase in museum visitors is explained by the fact that a number of museum

branches on municipal, regional and national level became separate museum institutions

and developed innovative policies. These developments have attracted additional visitors.

Table 15: Number of visits to the cinema per capita, 1999-2003 and 2009

Year Total Cities Rural area

1999 0.1 0.1 0.12000 0.13 0.14 0.11

2001 0.15 0.18 0.09

2002 0.18 0.23 0.12

2003 0.2 0.26 0.05

2009 0.3 0.33 0.05Source: Ministry of Culture and Ukraine, 2009.

As of January 1, 2010, the Book Chamber of Ukraine registered 17 265 titles of books and

booklets, with 33 930 200 copies that constitute, respectively, 87.1% and 78.8% of the

figures compared to 2009. The decrease in number of copies became a trend in the last

years: in 2008, the number of copies of published books and booklets constituted

58 158 000; in 2009, 48 514 000; and in 2010 – below 40 million.

Table 16: General information on book-publishing in Ukraine

2009 2010

Product Number

of titles

Number of

copies

Number

of titles

%

versus

2008

Number of

copies

%

versus

2008

Books and booklets 22 491 48 514 400 17 265 87.1 33 930 200 78.8

in Ukrainian 14 797 27 527 000 11 212 86.0 16 899 400 70.1

in Russian 5 732 18 622 700 4 462 87.6 15 125 100 90.2

Source: Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2010.

Table 17: Average number of copies and number of books per capita

YearAverage number

of copies

Average number of

books per capita

2000 5.6 0.9

2001 4.7 1.02002 3.8 1.02003 2.9 0.8

2004 3.6 1.12005 3.4 1.15

2006 3.4 1.162007 3.1 1.212008 2.4 1.26

2009 2.2 1.052010 2.0 0.74

Source: Book Chamber of Ukraine, 2010.

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Table 18: Reading behaviour of Ukrainian citizens: number of visits to bookshops,

in %, 2002

Year Every

day

Once per

week

Once per

month

One or several

times per year

No visits

1994 1 10 16 9 64

1997 1 6 14 11 68

2000 1 5 10 12 72Source: Institute of Sociology of Ukraine, 2002.

Table 19: Culture consumption trends in Ukraine, 2000-2005, % of respondents

(average sampling – 1800 adult persons)

Activity / product 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Excursions / travel 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.4 1.3

Attendance at cinemas 1.4 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.7 3.4

Attendance at theatres, concerts,

museums, exhibitions

4.1 3.4 3.7 1.9 2.2 2.9

Visiting libraries 5.9 6.5 5.8 5.8 4.9 5.5Training courses, studios, study groups 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.3

Computers 5.4 8.4 5.3 7.6 7.4 10.8

TV 86.5 87.0 76.5 89.7 83.3 86.4Source: Ukrainian Society 1994-2005: social monitoring. Kyiv, Institute of Sociology of Ukraine, 2006.

8.2.2 Policies and programmes

Special reading programmes initiated by the International Publishers' Forum (Lviv), other

book fairs, publishing houses and writers' associations are supported by local authorities

and government.

Two Ukrainian cinema houses are members of the film theatre network focusing on

European film, Europa Cinemas, "Zhovten" and "Kyiv", both located in the capital.

Besides European and world film production, these cinemas show Art House films and

historical films. More information: http://www.zhovten-kino.kiev.ua and

http://www.kievkino.com.ua.

8.3 Arts and cultural education

8.3.1 Institutional overview

The Bologna Process started officially in Ukraine on 19 May 2005, after signing the

Declaration in the city of Bergen. There is a list of high schools and universities,particularly the Kyiv Polytechnic University, the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, and the National

Medic University and others, which have been selected as pilot institutions for

implementing the necessary changes, including transformation of the education structure,

curricular and testing / monitoring methods. However, as the rector of the National

Academy of Music, V. Rozhok, indicated, no art high school is taking part in this

experiment: "There are no representatives of art high schools in boards coordinating the

adaptation of national experiences to European practice. Artists do not take part in

international seminars and meetings regarding the reform of higher education. If the

Ministry of Education and Science has forgotten art education, the Ministry of Culture has

not lobbied on behalf of our interests in time".

While special / primary and higher art education is mainly within the competence of the

Ministry of Culture, art education in schools is within the competence of the Ministry of

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Education. As in many other cases (like book publishing and libraries, cultural heritage

issues) this division of roles between different agencies results often in no lead

responsibility being taken for maintenance, financing, equipment, and updating.

Primary arts education is available at 1474 (1 485 in 2007) art schools, all of which are

financed from local budgets and by fees. Secondary and special education is provided by 6

state-managed art schools, 2 state-managed professional schools, and 59 municipal-

managed colleges. 11 higher education establishments, including the National Academy of Music, the Ukrainian Academy of Arts, two State Conservatories, the Theatre Institute, the

Institute of Arts, the University of Culture, and National Academy for Chief Managers in

Culture and Art provide post-graduate courses, and 3 provide doctorate courses.

Ukrainian writers have a tradition of actively co-operating with colleges and higher

education institutions e.g. there are some special lectures in the National University that

are delivered by writers and dedicated to the history and theory of literature.

Recently, especially in the regions, e-facilities found in libraries are being actively used to

provide students with, on the one hand, computer skills and on the other hand, up to date

information during special study sessions in libraries.

8.3.2 Arts in schools (curricula etc.)

According to Governmental Decree Nr 1717 of 17 November 2000 relating to "State

Standards of Primary Education", "Arts" was introduced as an educational sphere in the

primary school curriculum. The Decree stated that: "Contrary to the traditional approach to

the educational content in primary schools, when two relatively separate disciplines, Music

and Visual Arts are taught, the educational sphere of Arts is directed to involve students in

creative activities in musical, visual, choreographic, theatrical and screen arts. On the basis

of such interaction of different arts, students will form a comprehensive artistic mentality,

a system of aesthetic ideals and tastes, and a feeling of real responsibility for preservation

of cultural achievements of society. It is reasonable to interconnect this educational spherewith other humanities (for example, choreographic courses can be integrated with

"physical education"; elements of theatrical art – with "reading")".

Table 20: Number of hours per week of courses and disciplines

Hours per week in formsEducational sphere

1 2 3 4

Total

Language and literature 8 8 9 9 34

Mathematics 3 4 4 4 15

Health and physical education 3 3 3 3 12

Technologies 2 1 1 1 5

Man and the world 1 1 2 2 6

Arts 2 2 2 2 8Source: Ministry of Science and Education, 2010.

8.3.3 Intercultural education

Each school in Ukraine has special hours dedicated to peace and tolerance when students

learn about other cultures. In many educational establishments, including high schools,

there are classes on the EU and European values. Intercultural education is mainly

administered by the Ministry of Education and Science and respective educational bodies

on all levels. The programmes focus mainly on shared European values, tolerance

principles, equality and information about world cultures.Many schools, especially with foreign language education, organise days of specific

cultures, festivals, and develop correspondence with respective schools and institutions in

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other countries. Many international organisations (e.g. the British Council, Goethe

Institute) carry out special competitions for literature or journalism or film works about the

vision of European history, present or future, among high school or university level

students in Ukraine.

There have also been different initiatives on the city and county levels. For example, a lot

of intercultural projects are executed by the department of education in the city of

Melitopol, a participant of the CoE Programme "Intercultural cities"; in particular:international projects of the club of youth diplomacy "Leader XXI" at Melitopol

Gymnasium number 5 – Model United Nations of Goldberg 2009, 2010; dance project

"Meeting at Elbe" (2009-2010); activities of the Belgium Club at Melitopol Gymnasium

number 19.

8.3.4 Higher arts education and professional training

Higher arts education institutions under the Ministry of Culture include 64 communal-

owned establishments of I-III level of accreditation and 12 state-owned establishments of

I-IV level of accreditation.

Among communal arts education and professional training establishments are: 24 musiccolleges, 14 culture and arts colleges, 12 culture colleges, 7 special schools and colleges of

arts and theatre, and 7 other establishments (university, 3 academies, music institute,

conservatory, cinematography technical school). Kyiv State Choreographic College and 11

higher educational establishments of III and IV level of accreditation are directly

subordinated to the Ministry of Culture, 10 of which have postgraduate courses, 4

institutions of doctoral candidacy. More than 25 000 students are studying at these

institutions.

The National Academy for Managers in Culture and Arts was founded in 1985. A specific

characteristic of this institution is that it prepares students in different disciplines, including

performing arts, design, visual art, management, etc.; retrains cultural practitioners from allover Ukraine; has postgraduate courses and institutions awarding to doctorate level;

realises different scientific research projects; and regularly publishes scientific and

theoretical collections.

8.3.5 Basic out-of school arts and cultural education (music schools, heritage, etc.)

The network of special art schools (music, choreographic, art, choral, etc.) consists of 1474

institutions, among which 283 schools are located in rural areas. The number of students

constitutes about 338 000 (including 32 000 in rural areas). Compared to 2009, the number

of students increased above 13 000.

Almost all special art schools are financed from local budgets. Teachers and managers of these schools organise performances or exhibitions of their students' works at the end of a

school year. Special events can be planned to commemorate famous dates or persons, and

they hold literary parties. Thematic excursions to museums, art galleries, theatres, historic

sites constitute an essential part of the educational process.

Besides art schools, there are a lot of study groups at local centres for children and youth

creativity which offer pre-school and after school training for children. There are also

special studios for senior pupils where they can train under supervision of professional

artists.

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8.4 Amateur arts, cultural associations and civil initiatives

8.4.1 Amateur arts and folk culture

Each locality of Ukraine is traditionally rich in authentic folk arts and amateur arts. During

the last years, local communities not only preserved the existing amateur arts but also

developed new ones including youth and national minority subcultures. Now, along with

such traditional types of the amateur arts in Ukraine as brass band music, orchestras of folk

instruments, choral singing, choreographic art and dancing, amateur theatre, decorative and

applied art, embroidery, etc. one can enjoy modern genres generated by new technologies

and social evolution: pop song studios, groups of acoustic music, multimedia art, computer

graphic, etc.

In each regional city of Ukraine, there is a regional centre of amateur art and folk culture.

A regional centre is an institution providing proper conditions for the development of folk

culture and amateur art and leisure activities. It is a creative and methodological centre for

houses of culture or clubs in each region.

According to the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine database, there are about 350 amateur

theatres and 60 folk and amateur orchestras. To illustrate the multiplicity of amateur

groups and artists in Ukraine it is sufficient to examine a separate region or town. For

instance, in the Ternopil region (Western Ukraine) with a population of 1.14 million

persons (2.3% of the population of Ukraine) of which (57.3%) reside in rural areas, there

are about 3 500 amateur groups involving more than 50 000 persons. Only in a separate

locality, Gusiatyn rayon, which has 65 small towns, villages and settlements with a total

population of 68 000 persons, there are 192 amateur groups involving 2 535 persons.

Regular festivals and exhibitions of the amateur arts, such as the Annual Brass Band

Parade in the city of Ternopil, festivals of music and dance art such as "Colourful Wreath"

(Dnipropetrovsk) and "Artistic Colours" (Pryluky), "Theatre Spring" (Kherson), "Theatre

Autumn" (Pryluky), "Stage" (Kirovograd), exhibitions "Pictorial Ukraine" and others arealso worth mentioning.

8.4.2 Cultural houses and community cultural clubs

The preservation of the network of cultural clubs and centres inherited from Soviet times

has been a priority of the Ministry of Culture over the last years. In the rural communities

these clubs and centres remain the main centre of cultural life and the platform for the

development of amateur arts. For example, there are 976 clubs in the Poltava region with a

population of 1.7 million. These clubs run 5 250 amateur circles, groups and associations,

with 63 434 persons attending. In general, there are 104 068 various groups and circles, in

clubs and houses of culture, with more than 900 000 participants. In Kirovograd regionwith a population of 1.05 million, there are 582 clubs, which run 2809 amateur groups.

Lack of financing and the transformation from state run institutions into community

property led to a significant decrease in the number of clubs and cultural centres (see

Table 21).

Table 21: Number of cultural clubs in Ukraine, in thousands, 1992-2009

Year 1992 1996 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

lubs 23.9 22.4 20.4 19.9 19.4 19.1 19.0 18.9 18.8 18.7

Source: State Statistics Committee, 2009.

In 2001, the Ministry of Culture adopted a programme to support regional culturalinitiatives to prevent the number of cultural clubs from further decreasing. The main

problems of these institutions are maintenance and personnel: only about 5% of all clubs

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and cultural centres in the rural areas are provided with modern technology, and only 60%

of the staff are cultural specialists, 6% of whom have higher education. 30-40% of existing

cultural clubs require repair or renewal; in some regions (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia,

Odessa, Poltava, Donetsk, Kherson) this number is above 50%. In most regions, many

cultural clubs are not heated in winter.

Recent and important policy measures include:

• the cultural and art action "Arts of a Single Village" (2002);

• All-Ukrainian Review of Folk Art (2002);

• participation of amateur collectives of Ukraine in CIOFF (International Council onOrganising Folkloric Festivals); and AITA / IATA (International Association of

Theatres Amateur) activities; and

• Order of the Minister of Culture "Provision on a Club Establishment" (2007). It should

strengthen the status and competence of cultural club establishment, especially in rural

areas.

In 2005, President Verkhovna Rada adopted the Resolution on Banning the Closure of

Social and Cultural Institutions in Rural Areas, with the aim to stabilise the situation;however, there is no financial mechanism to support this aim. In pursuit of the Presidential

Edict on State Support of Training Specialists for Rural Areas of 19 March 2005, the

Ministry of Culture of Ukraine established an annual quota of places in educational

establishments for rural youth within the limits of the state order.

New multi-functional cultural institutions were formed during 2003-2005 in many regions,

like cultural centres, folk and craft centres, club-museums, club-libraries, etc.

The Ukrainian World Music Festival "Kraina Mriy" is the international musical folklore

celebration which is held every year since 2004 in Kyiv during a few days on the

celebration of Ivana Kupala (Bathed Ivan) – a traditional Ukrainian saint of the summer

solstice, at the end of June – beginning of July. The main aim of the festival is a revival of traditional Ukrainian culture, support for modern musical ethnic styles, and exposing

Ukrainian spectators to culture of different peoples. The initiator, founder and artistic

director of the festival is Oleg Skrypka, leader of the legendary Ukrainian rock band Vopli

Vidopliassova (http://www.vopli.com.ua). The title song written by the band ("Kraina

Mriy" – "Land of Dreams") gave the name to the festival.

8.4.3 Associations of citizens, advocacy groups, NGOs, and advisory panels

See chapter 3.4.5, chapter 4.2.4 and chapter 4.3.

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9. Sources and links

9.1 Key documents on cultural policy

Ministry of Culture Ukraine: State Cultural and Tourist Policies Implementation:

Priorities, Achievements, Perspectives – Analytical Report for 2009 of the Ministry of

Culture and Tourism of Ukraine / Ukrainian Centre of Cultural Studies. Also availablefrom: http://www.mincult.gov.ua

Ministry of Culture of Ukraine: Draft Concept of the State targeted programme for

innovative development of Ukrainian culture in 2009-2013. Only in Ukrainian:

http://www.mincult.gov.ua

O.Hrytsenko, V.Solodovnyk, M.Riabchuk, N.Honcharenko: Researching Problems of

Culture Transformations and Ways of Culture, Key Role Implementation in Social and

Economic Development of the Modern Ukraine. Kyiv, 2008. Only in Ukrainian. Also

available from: http://www.culturalstudiesin.ua

European Programme of Cultural Policy Reviews – Cultural Policy in Ukraine National

Report (English and Ukrainian version) – http://www.culturalstudies.in.ua

Also available– English version from:

http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPage ;Ukrainian version from: http://www.mincult.gov.ua

Council of Europe, Steering Committee for Culture (CDCULT), National Cultural Policy

Review of Ukraine, Experts' Report (CDCULT (2007) 15, 23 April 2007), presented at the

6th Plenary Session, Strasbourg, 9 – 11 May 2007

http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/culture/policies/reviews/Ukraine.asp#TopOfPage

Cultural Actors of Change in Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. East European Reflection

Group. European Cultural Foundation. Available from: http://www.eurocult.org/we-

advocate/stimulating-reflection-debate/east-european-reflection-group/

British Council Ukraine, Report on the training needs of cultural institutions and

organisations in Odessa, June 2007, also available at:

http://www.culturebase.net/project_detail.php?201or from the British Council Ukraine at:

http://www.britishcouncil.org/ukraine.htm

Culture policies in Ukraine (humanitarian security, language, education). InternationalCentre of Perspective Studies. Kyiv, 2007. Only in Ukrainian. Also available from:

http://www.icps.com.ua

Dialogue. Information-analytical bulletin. Volume 5. Ukraine: Cultural Profile, Trends

and Initiatives. Kyiv: Information and Analytical Centre "Democracy through Culture",

2004-2008. Available also from: http://www.model21.in.ua

White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. Living Together as Equal in Dignitity. Ukrainian

version. Council of Europe, Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, Development Centre

«Democracy through Culture ». Kyiv: 2010. See also: http://www.mincult.gov.ua

Yuriy Bohutsky: Self-organisation of Culture: Ontology, Dynamics, Perspectives. Kyiv:

Institute of Cultural Science, Veselka, 2008. Only in Ukrainian.

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9.2 Key organisations and portals

Cultural policy making bodies

Ministry of Culture of Ukraine


Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine

http://www.rada.gov.ua

Presidential Administration

http://www.president.gov.ua/content/300.html

Professional associations

National Writers' Union of Ukraine

http://www.nspu.org.ua

Association of Composers of Ukraine

http://www.composersukraine.org/

National Union of Artists of Ukraine

http://www.nshu.org.ua/

National Union of Architects of Ukraine

http://nsau.org/

Grant-giving bodies

Information resource "Civic Space"

http://www.civicua.org

International Renaissance Foundation

http://www.irf.kiev.ua

British Council Ukraine

http://www.britishcouncil.org.ua

Delegation of the European Commission in Ukrainehttp://www.delukr.cec.eu.int

Polish Institute

http://www.polinst.kiev.ua

Rinat Akhmetov Foundation for Development of Ukraine

http://www.fdu.org.ua/en/

Foundation Open Ukraine

http://www.openukraine.org/en

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Cultural statistics and research

Ministry of Culture of Ukraine


State Statistics Committee of Ukraine

http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua

International Centre of Perspective Studies

http://www.icps.com.ua

R&B Group – Research and Branding

http://www.rb.com.ua

Ukrainian Centre of Cultural Studies

http://www.culturalstudies.in.ua

DC "Democracy through Culture" http://www.model21.in.ua

Culture / arts portal

DC "Democracy through Culture"

http://www.model21.in.ua

Centre of Contemporary Art

http://www.cca.kiev.ua

International Film Festival "Molodist"

http://www.molodist.com

Art-portal - Modern Arts

http://www.artportal.org.ua

Modern Ukrainian Theatre

http://www.virtep.org

National Academy I. Franko Drama Theatre

http://www.franko-theatre.kiev.ua

National Academy L. Ukrayinka Russian Drama Theatre

http://www.rusdram.kiev.ua

National Philharmonic Society

http://www.filarmonia.com.ua

Association of Art-galleries of Ukraine

http://www.soviart.com.ua

National portal Kinokolohttp://www.kinokolo.ua

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Kherson Centre of the Youth Initiatives Totem

http://www.terra-futura.com

Young Literature

http://www.literatura.iatp.org.ua

Dzyga Art Centrehttp://www.dzyga.com.ua

Garage Gang

http://gggg.org.ua/

Artvertep

http://www.artvertep.dp.ua

Theatre-StudioArabesques http://www.arabesky.org.ua

Lviv Publishers Forum

http://www.bookforum.com.ua

Ukrainian world music festival "Kraina Mriy”

http://www.krainamriy.com

PinchukArtCentre

http://pinchukartcentre.org/en

Slavske Rock Festival

http://slavskerock.in.ua

Human Rights Documentary Film Festival

http://docudays.org.ua/2009/portal/en

KORYDOR (Foundation Center for Contemporary Art, Kyiv)

http://www.korydor.in.ua/en/

Documents

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