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December 10, 2009
Ashley Haines
TRELLEBORG RIDDERKERK B.V.
ANDRE Structural Isolation Bearings
Vereniging van Kunststof en Rubber Technologen
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2
Development and durability of laminated natural rubber bearings
Basic theory of isolation
Vibration isolation of the RACM-KADE building in Amersfoort
Seismic isolation
Rubber Springs to Protect Buildings
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Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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A section of the 100-year old rubber still in good condition
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1 division is 1mm
Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)
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Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Pelham Bridge, Lincoln, UK (1957)
6
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Stiffness increase over 37 years ≈ 7 %
Pelham Bridge Bearings (1957), Tested in 1994
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Albany Court, London (1965)
District and Circle lines
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Albany Court (1965) 15-Year Creep Deflection
Creep rate within predicted levels of 6 mm in 100 years
Bearings are still providing effective isolation today
9
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Natural Frequency
Natural frequency depends on
• Supported mass (kg)
• Spring stiffness (N/m)
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TransmissibilityRatio of ground vibration amplitude to building vibration amplitude
a
b
c
d
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To Achieve Isolation
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Frequency of the ground vibration______________________________________
Natural frequency of the isolated building
≥ 1.41
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
Deflection x (mm)
Natu
ral
Fre
qu
en
cy n
f (H
z)
Natural Frequency versus Bearing Deflection
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x
1nf
Lower nf higher performance
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RACM Building in Amersfoort (2008)
Mixed use:
Library
Offices
Auditorium
Laboratories
Exhibition spaces
Museum
Floor area 14600 m2
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Building Location
Location
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Very close to heavily used rail lines
Apeldoorn to Utrecht and Zwolle to Utrecht
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Bearing Specification
Design Life (minimum) 60 years
Natural Frequency (maximum) 4.5 Hz
Four Vertical Designs
58 no. Column Type 1 1500 kN
70 no. Column Type 2 1100 kN
16 no. Wall Type 3 750 kN
487 no. Wall Type 4 200 kN
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Column Bearings
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Bearing Type 1
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Tests to Verify Bearing Designs
• Load versus deflection
• Load v. natural frequency
• Creep test
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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Bearing Type 1: Natural Frequency versus Load
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Natu
ral fr
eq
uen
cy (
Hz)
Load (kN)
Specification 4.5 Hz
Design
Load 1500 kN
4.3 Hz
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Bearing Type 1: Creep Test under 1500 kN
Creep rate: 1.7 % of the initial bearing
deflection per log decade of time
Over 60 years the creep deflection
will be in the order of 3 mm
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Bearing
Type
Dimensions
(mm)
Service Load
(kN)
Deflection
(mm)
Natural
Frequency
(Hz)
1 500 x 500 x 324 1500 22 4.3
2 500 x 500 x 324 1100 21 4.3
3 400 x 400 x 316 750 22 4.3
4 250 x 250 x 214 200 21 4.5
Bearing Performance Summary
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Seismic Isolation
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Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Courtesy of Seismic Isolation Engineering Inc.
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Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Courtesy of Seismic Isolation Engineering Inc.
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Conventional Building
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Base Isolated Building
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Bearing Design
Compression stiffness > 1000 x shear stiffness
Courtesy of Rubber Consultants
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500 mm Diameter Bearing (53 x 5 mm layers)
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Shear Displacement ± 610 mm. Vertical Load 10 MN
1100 mm Diameter Bearings
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Examples of USA Seismic Isolation Projects
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• 911 EOCC, San Francisco
• Cathedral, Los Angeles
• Hearst Mining Building, Berkeley
• LAC + USC Hospital, Los Angeles
• Hoag Hospital, Newport Beach
• First American Corp., Santa Ana
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911 Emergency Operation Communications Centre (2000)
Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.
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911 EOCC (2002), Installed Bearing
Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.
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911 EOCC (2002), Flexible Service Connections
Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.
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Cathedral of Our Lady of The Angels (2002)
Courtesy of Nabih Youssef & Associates
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Cathedral of Our Lady of The Angels (2002)
Courtesy of Nabih Youssef & Associates
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Conclusions
Durability: Proven life > 100 years
Maintenance free
Accommodates misalignment & easy to install
Comparable vibration isolation performance to steel springs
Small inherent hysteresis to dampen resonant frequencies
Lower transmission of acoustic frequencies
High energy capacity enabling compact bearing designs
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TRELLEBORG RIDDERKERK
40 October 2, 2008
www.trelleborg.com
Thank you for your attention
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