December 10, 2009

Ashley Haines

TRELLEBORG RIDDERKERK B.V.

ANDRE Structural Isolation Bearings

Vereniging van Kunststof en Rubber Technologen

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Development and durability of laminated natural rubber bearings

Basic theory of isolation

Vibration isolation of the RACM-KADE building in Amersfoort

Seismic isolation

Rubber Springs to Protect Buildings

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Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)

Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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A section of the 100-year old rubber still in good condition

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1 division is 1mm

Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)

Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Australia (1889)

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Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Pelham Bridge, Lincoln, UK (1957)

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Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Stiffness increase over 37 years ≈ 7 %

Pelham Bridge Bearings (1957), Tested in 1994

Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Albany Court, London (1965)

District and Circle lines

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Albany Court (1965) 15-Year Creep Deflection

Creep rate within predicted levels of 6 mm in 100 years

Bearings are still providing effective isolation today

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Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Natural Frequency

Natural frequency depends on

• Supported mass (kg)

• Spring stiffness (N/m)

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TransmissibilityRatio of ground vibration amplitude to building vibration amplitude

a

b

c

d

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To Achieve Isolation

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Frequency of the ground vibration______________________________________

Natural frequency of the isolated building

≥ 1.41

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

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0 10 20 30 40 50

Deflection x (mm)

Natu

ral

Fre

qu

en

cy n

f (H

z)

Natural Frequency versus Bearing Deflection

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x

1nf

Lower nf higher performance

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RACM Building in Amersfoort (2008)

Mixed use:

Library

Offices

Auditorium

Laboratories

Exhibition spaces

Museum

Floor area 14600 m2

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Building Location

Location

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Very close to heavily used rail lines

Apeldoorn to Utrecht and Zwolle to Utrecht

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Bearing Specification

Design Life (minimum) 60 years

Natural Frequency (maximum) 4.5 Hz

Four Vertical Designs

58 no. Column Type 1 1500 kN

70 no. Column Type 2 1100 kN

16 no. Wall Type 3 750 kN

487 no. Wall Type 4 200 kN

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Column Bearings

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Bearing Type 1

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Tests to Verify Bearing Designs

• Load versus deflection

• Load v. natural frequency

• Creep test

Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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Bearing Type 1: Natural Frequency versus Load

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

5,5

6

1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Natu

ral fr

eq

uen

cy (

Hz)

Load (kN)

Specification 4.5 Hz

Design

Load 1500 kN

4.3 Hz

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Bearing Type 1: Creep Test under 1500 kN

Creep rate: 1.7 % of the initial bearing

deflection per log decade of time

Over 60 years the creep deflection

will be in the order of 3 mm

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Bearing

Type

Dimensions

(mm)

Service Load

(kN)

Deflection

(mm)

Natural

Frequency

(Hz)

1 500 x 500 x 324 1500 22 4.3

2 500 x 500 x 324 1100 21 4.3

3 400 x 400 x 316 750 22 4.3

4 250 x 250 x 214 200 21 4.5

Bearing Performance Summary

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Seismic Isolation

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Kobe Earthquake (1995)

Courtesy of Seismic Isolation Engineering Inc.

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Kobe Earthquake (1995)

Courtesy of Seismic Isolation Engineering Inc.

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Conventional Building

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Base Isolated Building

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Bearing Design

Compression stiffness > 1000 x shear stiffness

Courtesy of Rubber Consultants

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500 mm Diameter Bearing (53 x 5 mm layers)

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Shear Displacement ± 610 mm. Vertical Load 10 MN

1100 mm Diameter Bearings

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Examples of USA Seismic Isolation Projects

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• 911 EOCC, San Francisco

• Cathedral, Los Angeles

• Hearst Mining Building, Berkeley

• LAC + USC Hospital, Los Angeles

• Hoag Hospital, Newport Beach

• First American Corp., Santa Ana

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911 Emergency Operation Communications Centre (2000)

Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.

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911 EOCC (2002), Installed Bearing

Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.

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911 EOCC (2002), Flexible Service Connections

Courtesy of Forell Elsesser Engineers Inc.

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Cathedral of Our Lady of The Angels (2002)

Courtesy of Nabih Youssef & Associates

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Cathedral of Our Lady of The Angels (2002)

Courtesy of Nabih Youssef & Associates

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Conclusions

Durability: Proven life > 100 years

Maintenance free

Accommodates misalignment & easy to install

Comparable vibration isolation performance to steel springs

Small inherent hysteresis to dampen resonant frequencies

Lower transmission of acoustic frequencies

High energy capacity enabling compact bearing designs

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40 October 2, 2008

www.trelleborg.com

Thank you for your attention