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Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community
A Monitoring & Evaluation Framework
The Eastern African Sub-Regional SupportInitiative for the Advancement of Women
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 2
A Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community:
Published by
Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)P.O. Box 24965, Kampala, UgandaEmail: eassi@eassi.org Website: www.eassi.org
Society for International Development
6th Floor, Timau Plaza , Argwins KodhekP.O. Box 2404-00100, Nairobi, KENYATelephone: 254-20-2737991
Plot 377, Mwai Kibaki Rd, Mikocheni B P O Box 105620, Dar es Salaam, TANZANIATelephone: +255 713 787055
802, via Ardeatina – 00178 Rome, ITALYTelephone: +39 (06) 4872172Fax: +39 (06) 4872170
Email: sidea@sidint.orgWebsite: www.sidint.net
© 2013 Society for International Development (SID) and Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)
ISBN: 978 - 9966 - 029 - 20 - 1
With funding from Diakonia
The publication, however, remains the sole responsibility of the Society for International Development (SID) and Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI)
Written by: Okumba Miruka
Technical editing: Katindi Sivi Njonjo
Copy editing: Joy Thitu Kimani & Leonard Wanyama
Design, Printing & Publishing: Ascent Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior express and written permission of the publishers. Any part of this publication may be freely reviewed or quoted provided the source is duly acknowledged. It may not be sold or used for commercial purposes or for profit.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
Abbreviations 1
Foreword 2
Acknowledgements 4
About SID 5
About EASSI 5
1.0 Introduction 6
1.1 Background on the East African Community (EAC) and its Gender Commitments 6
1.2 Rationale for a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the EAC and its Member States 8
1.3 Objectives of the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 11
2.0 Key Concepts 12
2.1 Gender Equality 12
2.2 Gender mainstreaming 12
2.3 Monitoring 13
2.4 Evaluation 13
3.0 Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 15
3.1 Existing Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 15
Contents
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
3.1.1 The African Gender and Development Index (AGDI) 153.1.2 The African Gender Equality and
Women’s Rights Monitor (AGM) 17
3.1.3 Gender Impact Analysis Tool by the Federation of Women Lawyers (Kenya). 17
3.2. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Tools for the EAC and its Member States 18
3.2.1 General Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming Environment 18
3.2.2 Score Card 213.2.3 Gains Reporting Sheet 233.2.4 Thematic Assessment 24
4.0 Implementation of the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 41
4.1 How to Use the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 41
4.1.1 Questions to Answer 414.1.2 Questions to Ask 424.1.3 Questions to Consider 42
4.2 Implementation Steps 464.2.1 Familiarisation 464.2.2 Pre-testing 464.3.3 Advocacy 474.2.4 Resource Centre 474.2.5 Linkages 47
4.3 Reporting 47
5. References 50
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework1
AbbreviationsAGDI African Gender and Development Index AGM African Gender Equality and Women’s Rights Monitor AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeARV Anti-Retroviral ART Anti-Retroviral Therapy AU African Union AUC African Union Commission BPfA Beijing Platform for Action CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CSO Civil Society OrganizationEASSI Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women EADGE East African Declaration on Gender Equality EAC East African Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa EFA Education for All FGM Female Genital MutilationGBV Gender Based ViolenceGDI Gender-related Development Index GIMAC Gender is My Agenda Campaign GEM Gender Empowerment Measurement GSI Gender Status Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICT Information Communication TechnologyIDEA International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance MDGs Millennium Development GoalsNEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development SDGEA Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in AfricaSID Society for International Development SMT Science, Mathematics and Technical UN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for WomenVAW Violence Against Women
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ForewordThere are several commitments and outcomes to gender mainstreaming efforts in Africa. However, the implementation of these commitments has in many occasions been ignored, and in fact, not much is said to have changed. The need to assess the execution of gender equality instruments has therefore been identified in different forums and by various actors as important. For instance, the 7th African Regional Ministerial Conference on Women, held in Addis Ababa in October 2004, concluded that “African governments continue to commit to international instruments promoting and protecting women’s rights, but there has been a lack of effective implementation at the national level”. A similar conclusion was reached at the Beijing+10 conference held in New York in March 2005 which reiterated that “the presence of protocols and conventions on women’s rights would remain mere slogans and political pronouncements without deliberate efforts to hold governments accountable”.
Among the fundamental principles of the East African Community, comprising of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, is gender equality and equal opportunities. Article 5 (3e) commits the EAC to ensuring “the mainstreaming of gender in all its endeavours and the enhancement of the role of women in cultural, social, political, economic and technological development”. The Community has also established the Gender and Community Development Committee which compiled a framework of socio-economic indicators to guide future programmes and activities. However, recognizing the attitudes and approaches that have served to marginalize women’s issues and undermine the agenda of gender equity are well entrenched within individual attitudes and governance structures, the EAC risks to fail in its gender mainstreaming endeavour if these gender commitments are not executed.
The Society for International Development (SID) and the Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) undertook to develop a regional monitoring and evaluation mechanism for Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to ensure that the EAC is accountable for the gender-related commitments entered into. This initiative emanated from a project undertaken by EASSI entitled ‘Towards an East African Declaration on Gender Equality (EADGE) which embarked on the development of a Gender Protocol for the region and a campaign for its adoption by EAC’s partner states.
The primary objective of a regional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is to have indicators that help civil society groups assess the EAC on issues of: gender parity (equal representation and participation of women and men); equality (equal access, control, opportunities, rewards, and benefits for women and men); equity (the ratio of participation, access, opportunities, rewards, and benefits according to needs/concerns of women and men, women’s empowerment and transformation of gender relations); empowerment (cognitive, behavioral, and affective changes to increase levels of equality and empowerment of women in relation to men); and transformation (transforming the gender order; changing existing distribution of resources and responsibilities to create balanced gender relations).
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework3
By developing a monitoring and evaluation framework and by building capacity of regional CSOs to effectively use the M&E framework, SID and EASSI hopes that: first, CSO’s in the region will have an organized way in which to gauge the progress/ level of gender mainstreaming in national programmes and within the EAC institutions; second, CSO’s in the region will have the ability to enumerate actual gender equity outcomes and evaluate gender impact of national programmes and those of the EAC institutions; and third, CSO’s in the region will establish a way of ranking the performance of all EAC countries on issues of gender. It is envisaged that this process will enhance the realization of gender equity within the EAC.
Marren Akatsa - BukachiExecutive Director, EASSI
Ali HersiRegional Director, SID
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AcknowledgementsSociety for International Development (SID) and the Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) are grateful to all the individuals directly involved in this publication. Special mention goes to Katindi Sivi-Njonjo (SID, Programme Director) and Christine Nankubuge (EASSI, Programme Director) for their institutional leadership and management of the project. Many thanks to Leonard Wanyama; Nivatiti Nandujja; Assumpta Muweera, Stefano Prato, Aidan Eyakuze and Jackson Kitololo for the different roles played in the completion of this publication.
SID and EASSI would also like to thank Dr. Consolata Kabonesa, Mrs. Ronah Serwadda Dr. Josephine Ahikire, Ms. Jane Mpagi, Ms. Beatrice Nyamoya, Mr. Eric Tumwesigye, Ms. Mary Muyonga, Ms. Valerie Msoka, and Ms. Ritah Achiro for attending the peer review meeting held on 1st March 2012 and for making invaluable comments that went into improving and finalizing the book. The support of Diakonia in funding the project is also gratefully acknowledged.
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About SIDThe Society for International Development (SID) is an international network of individuals and organizations founded in 1957 to promote social justice and foster democratic participation in the development process. Through locally-driven programmes and activities, SID strengthens collective empowerment, facilitates dialogue and knowledge-sharing on people-centered development strategies, and promotes policy change towards inclusiveness, equity and sustainability. SID has over 30 chapters and 3,000 members in more than 50 countries. While headquartered in Rome, Italy, its main operational offices are located in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
About EASSIThe Eastern African Sub-Regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI) is a sub regional women’s rights organization working to advance the status of women in Eastern Africa, Great Lakes and the Horn. EASSI works to monitor implementation of women’s rights instruments including the African and Beijing Platforms for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women and UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women’s participation in peace and security issues, as a means of holding governments accountable.
6Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
1.1 Background on the East African Community (EAC) and its Gender Commitments
EAC is an intergovernmental organization bringing together Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The origin of the EAC can be traced to 1960 when the Chief Minister of Tanganyika, Julius Nyerere, proposed that the independence of Tanganyika be delayed until Kenya and Uganda were also independent so that the three countries could form a federation. This call was not heeded and Tanganyika and Zanzibar (which later became the Republic of Tanzania), gained independence first. On June 5, 1963, however, the leaders of the three states met and declared an intention to form an East African Federation before the end of 1964. Four years later, the East African Community was born in 1967. Unfortunately, the EAC only lasted for ten years before it collapsed in 1977 largely due to ideological differences among Presidents Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda.
At a meeting of African heads of state in Zimbabwe in 1991, the idea of reviving the cooperation was mooted and accepted. Subsequent meetings of the then three heads of state led to the signing of an agreement for the establishment of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation on November 30, 1993. At the second summit in Arusha on April 29, 1997, the heads of state directed the commission to elevate the agreement into a treaty. The treaty establishing the EAC was signed on November 30, 1999 by the original member states (Kenya,
Introduction1.0
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework7
Uganda and Tanzania). It came into force on July 7, 2000 after its ratification. Burundi and Rwanda joined the EAC on July 6, 2009.
The EAC is governed by the Summit of Heads of State, the Council of Ministers, the Coordination Committee, Sectoral Committees, the East African Court of Justice, the East African Legislative Assembly and the secretariat.
The over-riding objective of the EAC is to “develop policies and programmes aimed at widening and deepening cooperation among the partner states in political, economic, social and cultural fields, research and technology, defence, security and legal and judicial affairs, for their mutual benefit” (EAC, 2002:12). Technically, the EAC is a precursor to the East African Federation. Steps towards the formation of an East African federation include the launch of the East African Common Market in 2010, proposals for a common currency, and intended political federation in 2015.
Among the fundamental principles of the EAC is “good governance including adherence to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, accountability, transparency, social justice, equal opportunities, gender equality, as well as the recognition, promotion and protection of human and people’s rights in accordance with the provisions of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights” (Ibid:14). Article 5 (3e) commits the EAC to ensuring “the mainstreaming of gender in all its endeavours and the enhancement of the role of women in cultural, social, political, economic and technological development” (Ibid: 13). Article 121 of Chapter 22 of the treaty, which is dedicated to the role of women in socio-economic development, requires the partner states to:
a. promote the empowerment and effective integration and participation of women at all levels of socio-economic development especially in decision making;
b. abolish legislation and discourage customs that are discriminatory against women;c. promote effective education awareness programmes aimed at changing negative attitudes
towards women;d. create or adopt technologies which will ensure the stability of employment and professional
progress for women workers; ande. take other such measures that shall eliminate prejudices against women and promote the
equality of the female gender with that of the male gender in every aspect.
Article 122 of the same chapter states that the partners will:a. increase the participation of women in business at the policy formulation and
implementation levels;b. promote special programmes for women in small, medium and large scale enterprises;c. eliminate all laws, regulations and practices that hinder women’s access to financial
assistance;
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 8
d. initiate changes in educational and training strategies to enable women to improve their technical and industrial employment levels through the acquisition of transferable skills offered by various forms of vocational and on-the-job training schemes;
e. and recognize and support the national and regional associations of women in business established to promote the effective participation of women in the trade and development activities of the Community.
In March 2000, the Community established the Gender and Community Development Committee which compiled a framework of socio-economic indicators to guide future programmes and activities.
1.2 Rationale for a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the EAC and its Member States
The need to assess commitment to and implementation of gender equality instruments in Africa has been identified in various forums and by various actors. For instance, the 7th African Regional Ministerial Conference on Women, held in Addis Ababa in October 2004, concluded that “African governments continue to commit to international instruments promoting and protecting women’s rights, but there has been a lack of effective implementation at the national level” (Westhuizen, 2005:15). A similar conclusion was reached at the Beijing+10 conference held in New York in March 2005. As aptly identified by Mhlanga, “the presence of protocols and conventions on women’s rights would remain mere slogans and political pronouncements without deliberate efforts to hold governments accountable” (Mhlanga, n.d: 5).
Gender mainstreaming efforts in Africa and their impactIndeed there are several commitments to, and outcomes of, gender mainstreaming in Africa. In 1998, for instance, the then Secretary General of the African Union (AU), Dr Salim Ahmed Salim, formed the African Women’s Committee on Peace and Development to advise him on issues pertaining to gender equality. The Committee provided a semi-formal structure through which women could engage with African political principles and advocate for greater political commitment to gender equality. In 2002, the AU adopted the gender equity principle in its first summit. The Constitutive Act of the AU promotes gender equality as one of its founding principles with the rider that one in five members of the Pan-African Parliament has to be a woman. It has since maintained the principle in the election of commissioners. Other key developments include the:
a. Establishment of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights (1998).b. Establishment of the African Court on Human and People’s Rights to enforce the
African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1998).c. Appointment of the first Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Women in Africa
(1999).
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework9
d. Establishment of the Directorate of Women, Gender and Development in the African Union (2000).
e. Adoption of the Optional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003).
f. Development and publication of the African Gender and Development Index (2004) to assess the extent to which African countries are meeting their commitments at policy and legal levels.
g. Election of Ellen Sirleaf Johnson as President of Liberia in 2006, becoming the first elected female president in Africa.
h. Appointment of the first African woman to the position of Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) in 2007.
i. Appointment of the first African woman to the position of UN Special Envoy on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Africa (2007).
j. Ascension to power of Joyce Banda as President of Malawi in 2012 becoming the second female head of state in Africa.
k. Election of the first female Chairperson of the AU Commission, Dr. Dlamini Zuma (2012).
Of significance is the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (SDGEA), adopted by African heads of state in July 2004, which committed African states to achieving concrete progress on the status of women. The heads of state agreed to:
a. Accelerate the implementation of gender specific economic, social and legal measures aimed at combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic and effectively implement the Abuja and Maputo declarations on malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and related infectious diseases.
b. Ensure the full and effective participation and representation of women in peace processes including the prevention, resolution and management of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction in Africa as stipulated in UN Resolution 1325 (2000) and to appoint women as special envoys and special representatives of the AU.
c. Launch, within the next year, a campaign for systematic prohibition of the recruitment of child soldiers and abuse of girl children as wives and sex slaves in violation of their rights as enshrined in the African Charter on the Rights of the Child.
d. Initiate, launch and engage, within two years, sustained public campaigns against gender based violence (GBV) as well as the problem of trafficking in women and girls; and reinforce legal mechanisms that will protect women at the national level and end impunity for crimes committed against women in a manner that will positively alter the attitude and behaviour of African society.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 10
e. Expand and promote the gender parity principle adopted regarding the African Union Commission (AUC) to all organs of the AU including its New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) programme, to the Regional Economic Communities, and the national and local levels in collaboration with political parties and national parliaments.
f. Ensure the active promotion and protection of all human rights for women and girls including the right to development by raising public awareness or by creating legislation where necessary.
g. Actively promote the implementation of legislation to guarantee women’s land, property and inheritance rights including their rights to housing.
h. Take specific measures to ensure the education of girls and literacy of women, especially in the rural areas, to achieve the goal of the World Declaration on Education for All (EFA).
i. Undertake to sign and ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa by the end of 2004 and to support the launching of public campaigns aimed at ensuring its entry into force by 2005 and usher in an era of domesticating and implementing the protocol as well as other national, regional and international instruments on gender equality by all states.
j. Establish AIDS Watch Africa as a unit within the Office of the Chairperson of the Commission to: render annual reports on HIV/AIDS situation in the continent during annual summits; and promote the local production of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs.
k. Establish an African Trust Fund for Women for the purpose of building the capacity of African women and further request the AUC to work out the modalities for the operationalisation of the fund with special focus on women in both urban and rural areas.
l. Commit to report annually on progress made in terms of gender mainstreaming and to champion all issues raised in this declaration both at the national and regional levels, and regularly provide each other with updates on progress made.
m. Request the chairperson of the AUC to submit, for consideration, an annual report, during ordinary sessions, on measures taken to implement the principle of gender equality and gender mainstreaming, and all issues raised in the declaration both at the national and regional levels.
The ‘Gender is My Campaign’ (GIMAC) Network carried out an evaluation of the implementation of the SDGEA in 2011. The evaluation which was based on 31 reports submitted by AU member states found that the reporting obligation had been consistently ignored, and that not much had changed.
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1.3 Objectives of the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
In essence, the aim of the framework is to promote dialogue on performance regarding gender equality commitments within the EAC and among its member countries and identify what can be improved to attain even greater achievements. The purpose of this M&E framework is to provide Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) with an instrument to:
a. Establish the level of a country’s commitment to gender equality and equity.b. Gauge the level of gender mainstreaming in national programmes and processes.c. Assess the gender impact of national programmes and processes.d. Establish the progress of implementation of the gender commitments.e. Enumerate actual gender equity outcomes. f. Compare the performance of all EAC countries.
12
2.1 Gender Equality This is the similarity of treatment of women and men. This derives from human rights provisions (all born equal) as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW ) (1979). It means that women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights and potential to contribute to political, economic, social and cultural development and benefit equally from the results. There are two types of equality. First is equality of opportunity, which means access for girls and boys, women and men e.g. enrolment in school. This is also called “competitive equality”. Second is equality of outcome or result, which means proximate results for women and men, girls and boys e.g. completion rates for girls and boys in primary school and their levels of performance. This is also called substantive equality. Equality of opportunity on its own does not give a true picture of gender equality because it does not capture the historical and systemic causes of gender disparities
2.2 Gender Mainstreaming This is a strategy for ensuring that women’s and men’s concerns and experiences are integral to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all legislation, policies and programmes so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The term came into widespread use with the adoption of the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) at the 1995 UN International Conference on Women. Successful gender mainstreaming depends on adherence to basic principles which are listed below.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
Key Concepts2.0
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework13
a. Existence of policy frameworks at national and sectoral levels to obligate and guide gender mainstreaming in practice.
b. Diagnosis of gender differences through research and analysis that produce gender disaggregated data and information.
c. Establishment of institutional steps, mechanisms and processes to systematize mainstreaming e.g. gender focal points and working groups.
d. System-wide responsibility and accountability to ensure that everyone contributes to gender mainstreaming.
e. Gender balance at all levels in the public and private sectors.f. Existence and manifestation of political will at the highest level to spur and sustain
mainstreaming in implementation at lower levels.g. Allocation of adequate resources (human, financial, material and non-tangible) to ensure
that planned activities are implemented effectively.h. Capacity building to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for mainstreaming. i. Setting of targets and indicators for tracking progress in mainstreaming.j. Use of targeted and gender-specific policies and programmes that address problems
unique to both genders where necessary. k. Collaboration between and among government, civil society, development partners, private
sector and communities.l. Availability of gender expertise internally and externally to an organization or establishment.m. Networking for information and experience sharing. n. Monitoring, evaluation and reporting on achievements, shortcomings and lessons.
2.3 Monitoring This is the systematic gathering and analysis of information about the progress of an intervention over time to enable decision making to improve its quality. It is a continuous check on implementation in the context of a plan.
2.4 EvaluationThis is the process of identifying the broader positive and negative outcomes of an intervention so as to reach a conclusion as to its overall value/worth and whether the objectives have been met.
Baltiwala (2011:2-3) states that M&E should be “a fundamental expression of our accountability to our cause and our constituencies, and a critical means of advancing our individual and collective learning”. She notes that “even when we have extremely strong M&E systems, our learning from them tends to remain at the organisational level or, at best, is shared with our donors” and that “this falls short of
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 14
the most important goal of all - building and advancing a shared knowledge base on what works and what doesn’t - so that together, we strengthen our collective capacity for advancing gender equality and women’s rights” (ibid).
15 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
3.1 Existing Monitoring and Evaluation ToolsThere are a number of tools that have been developed to monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming efforts around the world. A User’s Guide to Measuring Gender-Sensitive Basic Service Delivery (UNDP/Unifem: 2009) is a survey of several tools for measuring gender inequality that presents the tools, their areas of focus and exemplar indicators. Some of these tools / instruments include:
3.1.1 The African Gender and Development Index
(AGDI) One of the most comprehensive gender equality M & E tools is the African Gender and Development Index (AGDI) developed by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). It can be used to measure the performance of all governments in addressing gender equality, women’s empowerment and the advancement of women. In addition the tool can be used to streamline reporting on various instruments such as the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). AGDI takes into account African instruments, focuses on selected power blocks and relies on available national statistics. Based on the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM) developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the 1990s, it allows a comparison of gender gaps and government performance among African countries rather than with non-African countries.
3.0 Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 16
The AGDI consists of two parts. First is the Gender Status Index (GSI) which provides quantitative data related to social (education, health), economic and political power. An index close to zero means that discrimination against women is very high while an index of 1 means no discrimination. Second is the African Women’s Progress Scoreboard which tracks government progress in ratifying relevant conventions and implementing their provisions. It highlights what government has and has not done in relation to women’s agency (the ability of women to influence processes and decisions as integral rather than subordinate actors) and captures factors that cannot be strictly quantified e.g. women’s rights. It rates specific actions (not general interventions) that promote gender equality, gives prominence to African conventions, charters or policy documents and includes some relevant international conventions. For each document, a selection of the most salient issues is made. The scorecard has two axes. The vertical axis presents the four variables to be measured namely: women’s rights, social power, economic power and political power. The horizontal axis presents the units of measurement. The score is against:
x Ratification without reservation. x Reporting. x Existence of laws at national level. x Commitment expressed to implement a policy. x Existence of a plan with measurable objectives and targets. x Existence of institutional mechanisms to implement the plan. x Whether there is a sufficient budget allocated to the plan. x Whether there are sufficiently qualified human resources to implement the plan. x Whether government has commissioned research on relevant issues. x Whether government involved civil society in its programmes. x Whether monitoring, evaluation and dissemination have been done.
The scores are rated as follows: x 0 = No performance on the particular variable e.g. law, policy or budget. x 1 = Poor or fair performance on the variable. x 2 = Good to excellent performance on the variable e.g. law passed, adequate budget
allocated etc. x X = Not possible to score or not applicable.
The AGDI has been piloted in Uganda, Tanzania, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cameroon, South Africa, Mozambique, Egypt, Tunisia, Ethiopia and Madagascar.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework17
3.1.2 The African Gender Equality and Women’s Rights Monitor
(AGM)This is an initiative that was established in 2006 by gender activists in Africa to “contribute to the full realization of women’s emancipation and eradication of all forms of discrimination, oppression and abuse so as to uplift women’s rights as human rights” (Mhlanga: 5). The initiative aimed to produce data on the successes and failures of governments to place women’s participation at the centre of national development. Its objectives were to:
a. Monitor the domestication and implementation of international women’s human rights instruments.
b. Monitor the ratification, domestication and implementation of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the SDGEA.
c. Research and document good practices on the implementation of instruments on gender equality.
d. Support and partner with existing national and regional CSOs and networks on promotion of gender equality and women’s rights to fulfill their mandate.
e. Support AU gender machinery in addressing issues such as gender, family, youth and people with disabilities through research, training and capacity building.
It does not appear, however, that AGM made any progress beyond the publication of its plan in 2007.
3.1.3 Gender Impact Analysis ToolThis tool was developed by the Federation of Women Lawyers (Kenya) to measure government compliance with CEDAW and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCRs). It focuses on population, health, violence against women, household, marital status and fertility, education, work and income, women in power and decision making, and land and inheritance laws. The Gender Impact Analysis tool has eight indicators on compliance and changes in women’s circumstances. These indicators are highlighted below.
a. Availability of up to date data on the current situation of women and men. b. The extent to which gender is recognized in national policies.c. Enactment of enabling gender sensitive legislation.d. Development of strategies and action plans to facilitate the implementation of legislation
and policies.e. Allocation of resources devoted to gender equality work.f. Provision and delivery of necessary services which have been identified as being of highest
priority in reducing the burdens on women and reducing gender gaps in health, education, income, law, power and decision making.
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g. Monitoring and evaluation processes which integrate gender indicators into policy and programme reviews of gender equality work.
h. Regular reporting to parliament, line ministries and treaty bodies (as well as other relevant stakeholders).
Other tools include: Gender Equality Index by Social Watch; Gender Info by UN Statistics Division; Gender Statistics by UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; Gender Statistics by UN Economic and Social Council for Asia/Europe; Genderstats by the World Bank; Global Database of Quotas for Women by the International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) and Stockholm University; Global Gender Gap Index by the World Economic Forum; and Women in Parliaments by the Inter-parliamentary Union.
Most of the tools measure specific variables plotted against relevant indicators.
3.2. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation Tools for the EAC and its Member States
This section contains four proposed monitoring and evaluation tools. These tools have adopted elements from existing tools guided by the conviction that “no single tool or method can respond to all our learning needs, since each has been designed to track or capture specific dimensions of change or operational effectiveness” (Baltiwala, 2011:5). Each tool is described below.
3.2.1 General Assessment of Gender Mainstreaming Environment This is a list of questions that seeks to assess the general gender mainstreaming environment of the country and the status of gender equality based on common measures.
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Measure Analytical Questions
1 Commitment to international and regional equality instruments.
x What international and regional gender equality instruments has the country committed to (signed, ratified)?
x What provisions for domestication of the international and regional instruments are provided for?
x What action plans and strategies are there to implement the instruments committed to?
x To what extent have the plans been implemented? x What reporting mechanisms are there against each instrument
committed to? x To what extent has the country adhered to the reporting
requirements? x What key issues have been raised with regard to government
reports on compliance with gender equality instruments by treaty bodies?
2 National constitution and legislation.
x What are the national constitutional provisions for gender equality and non-discrimination?
x What laws have been developed to implement the constitution, promote gender equality and protect women’s rights?
x What are the key provisions of the laws?
3 Gender policy. x Is there a national gender policy? If so, what does it provide for? x What sectoral gender policies are there to implement the
national gender policy? x Are there gender action plans to implement the national and
sectoral gender policies? x To what extent is gender equality articulated in all other policy
documents? x Do the gender equality action plans contain measureable
results? x What penalties are applied to institutions that do not adhere to
the national gender policy?
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Measure Analytical Questions
4 Gender mainstreaming mechanisms.
x What national machinery has been established to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights?
x To what extent are gender mainstreaming mechanisms established and operational in all government institutions?
x What is the stature of the gender mainstreaming machinery relative to comparative structures?
x Where is the machinery located within the government system? To what extent is this location strategic?
x What mandate and authority does the gender machinery have to coordinate other government structures and ensure meaningful gender mainstreaming in the whole government system?
x What is the proportion of resources allocated to the machinery in relation to other structures? How adequate are the resources to enable meaningful gender mainstreaming?
x To what extent is the staff of the gender machinery equipped with the requisite knowledge and skills to carry out the expected work?
5 Gender responsive budgeting.
x To what extent is gender responsive budgeting mandated and applied by the government?
x What specific gender responsive budgeting initiatives have been put in place?
x What policy framework is there to ensure that gender responsive budgeting is carried out?
x What mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that the government carries out gender responsive budgeting?
x To what extent have government officers been equipped with the knowledge and skills to carry out gender responsive budgeting?
x How adequate are the resources allocated for sectors that have high potential for reducing gender inequalities and addressing women’s rights?
x What improvements have been brought about by carrying out gender responsive budgeting?
x What challenges are faced in applying gender responsive budgeting?
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework21
Measure Analytical Questions
6 Gender analysis and disaggregated data.
x To what extent is gender analysis mandated and conducted to inform government programmes?
x Is there an obligation to disaggregate all data by gender? x What data are available on the status of women and men
nationally and per sector? x What gender disparities do these data portray? x To what extent are the data used to plan national development
in order to address gender disparities?
7 Overall gender equality status.
x What is the overall state of gender equality in the country? x What are the main challenges to realising gender equality in
the country?
3.2.2 Score Card This is an assessment of a country’s implementation of its gender commitments. The instrument has two broad components: the instruments that a country has committed to; and the major implementation steps taken. Under commitment, the scorecard looks at whether the country has signed, ratified and domesticated the instrument. Under implementation, the scorecard focuses on national action plan(s), policy framework(s), implementing institution(s), budgetary allocation(s), achievements from implementation and the reporting record. The proposed rating scale for each variable is:
0 = No action.1 = Little action.2 = Satisfactory action.3 = Excellent action.
The total possible score on each instrument is 24. A score of 17-24 indicates that the country’s performance is excellent; 13-16 indicates a satisfactory performance; 7-12 indicates fair performance; and 0-6 indicates serious commitment and implementation gaps. The below table is an example of a score card. It captures only those instruments that are enforceable i.e. conventions or treaties but it can be expanded to incorporate new gender commitments that countries commit to.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 22
Coun
tryCo
mm
itmen
tIm
plem
entat
ionInstrument
Signature
Ratification
Domestication
Mechanism
National Action Plan
Policy Framework
Implementing Institution(s)
Budget Allocation
Reporting Record
Total Score
Regional Rank
Africa
n Cha
rter o
n the
Righ
ts an
d Welf
are of
the C
hild (
1990
).
The P
rotoc
ol to
the A
frica
n Cha
rter o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ple’s R
ights
on th
e Righ
ts of
Wom
en in
Afric
a (20
03).
Protoc
ol to
the A
frica
n Cha
rter o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ples’ R
ights o
n the
Estab
lishm
ent
of an
Afric
an Co
urt o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ples’
Right
s (20
04).
UN Co
nven
tion o
n the
Politi
cal R
ights
of W
omen
(195
2).
Conv
entio
n on t
he N
ation
ality
of M
arried
Wom
en (1
957)
.
Conv
entio
n on
the E
limina
tion
of All
Form
s of D
iscrim
inatio
n ag
ainst
Wom
en
(197
9)
Conv
entio
n for
the S
uppr
essio
n of th
e Traf
fic in
Perso
ns an
d of th
e Exp
loitat
ion of
th
e Pros
titut
ion of
Oth
ers (1
949)
.
Discr
imina
tion (
Emplo
ymen
t and
Occu
patio
n) Co
nven
tion (
1958
).
Conv
entio
n aga
inst D
iscrim
inatio
n in E
duca
tion (
1960
).
Rom
e Stat
ute o
f the I
ntern
ation
al Cr
imina
l Cou
rt (1
998)
.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework23
3.2.3 Gains Reporting SheetThis is a three point reporting sheet which provides the evaluator with an opportunity to capture key events and variables in the country and indicate positive developments, reversals or defence of the status quo with regard to gender equality. Gains are major steps taken towards gender equality and improvements in women’s lives as a result of the steps taken during the period of assessment e.g. passage of new law promoting women’s rights. Defence refers to progressive interventions that have been retained against regressive forces e.g. retention of affirmative policies beneficial to women and girls against opposition to the same. Lastly, reversals are negative changes brought about by the interventions, regressive forces and changing circumstances e.g. amendment of legislation to dilute women’s gains, court rulings against progressive gender equality provisions, failure to implement existing laws and policies and dilution of the mandates of gender machinery.
The rationale for including reversals and defence is that there is often resistance to women’s advancement and it is unrealistic to expect only positive results. In fact, the negative reactions can also indicate positive impact because they show that the intervention has received attention. For example, opposition to a requirement for mandatory gender balance in elective and appointive offices opens up space for debate on the issue hence clarification on how it should be implemented. Defence of existing gains is important to ensure that progress already made is not lost e.g. good laws are not repealed or diluted. Key variables to consider are listed in the table below for illustration only.
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Comparative Notes
Gains Constitution
Legislation
Policy
Elections
Appointments
Gender mainstreaming structures & mechanisms
Gender responsive budgeting
Gender management information systemCo
untry
Com
mitm
ent
Imple
men
tation
Instrument
Signature
Ratification
Domestication
Mechanism
National Action Plan
Policy Framework
Implementing Institution(s)
Budget Allocation
Reporting Record
Total Score
Regional Rank
Africa
n Cha
rter o
n the
Righ
ts an
d Welf
are of
the C
hild (
1990
).
The P
rotoc
ol to
the A
frica
n Cha
rter o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ple’s R
ights
on th
e Righ
ts of
Wom
en in
Afric
a (20
03).
Protoc
ol to
the A
frica
n Cha
rter o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ples’ R
ights o
n the
Estab
lishm
ent
of an
Afric
an Co
urt o
n Hum
an an
d Peo
ples’
Right
s (20
04).
UN Co
nven
tion o
n the
Politi
cal R
ights
of W
omen
(195
2).
Conv
entio
n on t
he N
ation
ality
of M
arried
Wom
en (1
957)
.
Conv
entio
n on
the E
limina
tion
of All
Form
s of D
iscrim
inatio
n ag
ainst
Wom
en
(197
9)
Conv
entio
n for
the S
uppr
essio
n of th
e Traf
fic in
Perso
ns an
d of th
e Exp
loitat
ion of
th
e Pros
titut
ion of
Oth
ers (1
949)
.
Discr
imina
tion (
Emplo
ymen
t and
Occu
patio
n) Co
nven
tion (
1958
).
Conv
entio
n aga
inst D
iscrim
inatio
n in E
duca
tion (
1960
).
Rom
e Stat
ute o
f the I
ntern
ation
al Cr
imina
l Cou
rt (1
998)
.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 24
Defence Constitution
Legislation
Policy
Elections
Appointments
Gender mainstreaming structures & mechanisms
Gender responsive budgeting
Gender management information system
Reversals Constitution
Legislation
Policy
Elections
Appointments
Gender mainstreaming structures & mechanisms
Gender responsive budgeting
Gender management information system
3.2.4 Thematic Assessment This is a thematic tool that looks at specific areas of concern with regard to gender equality and women’s empowerment. It lists questions under each theme and proposes some indicators to
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework25
measure the prevailing status. These indicators can be expanded or modified as need be. From data generated, it should be possible to provide a general summary of the status of gender equality in the country in each area of concern. The information can then be updated from time to time.Theme One: Women in Politics and Decision-Making
Serial Number
Questions Quantitative Indicators
Qualitative Indicators
1 a. How does the national constitution address gender equality in leadership and decision making?
b. To what extent have the constitutional provisions been implemented?
c. What improvements have been realized as a result of implementing the constitutional provisions?
• Percentage of women occupying leadership and decision making positions per sector.
• Explicit constitutional provisions on gender equality in leadership and decision making positions.
• Measures taken to ensure that women occupy leadership and decision making positions in all sectors.
2 a. What legislation is there to promote gender equality in political leadership and decision making?
b. To what extent has the legislation been implemented?
c. What improvements have been realized as a result of the legislation?
• Number of laws enacted to promote gender equality in political leadership and decision making.
• Compliance of laws with international gender equality standards.
• Themes and content of legislation.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 26
Serial Number
Questions Quantitative Indicators
Qualitative Indicators
3 a. In what ways are political parties obliged and committed to gender equality and equity?
a. To what level have political parties complied with the obligations?
a. How has the participation of women in politics changed as a result of action by political parties?
• Proportion of women to men in party membership, leadership and nominations at all levels.
• Explicit gender equality provisions in manifestoes of political parties.
• Affirmative action provisions in political party constitutions and manifestoes.
• Mechanisms in place to guarantee women’s participation in political parties and occupation of top party leadership positions.
• Gender equality provisions in registration criteria for and public funding of political parties.
• Existence of accountability mechanisms to ensure compliance by political parties.
• Penalties against political parties for non compliance with gender equality requirements.
4 a. What measures are in place to ensure gender balance in the legislature, executive and judiciary?
b. To what extent have the measures been implemented?
c. How has the implementation of the measures changed the ratio and positions of women to men in the three arms of government?
• Proportion and hierarchy of women to men in the executive, legislature and judiciary.
• Explicit provisions for gender balance in recruitment and appointments.
• Affirmative action provisions for recruitment in the public and private sector.
• Electoral measures in place to ensure gender balance in the distribution of decision making and political positions.
• Penalties for flouting the law on gender balance.
• Reforms to make institutional environments equally responsive to women’s and men’s needs.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework27
Them
e Two
: Wom
en in
Educ
ation
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
1a.
Wha
t con
stitu
tiona
l, leg
al an
d poli
cy
mea
sures
are t
here
to en
sure
gend
er eq
uality
and e
quity
in ed
ucati
on w
ith re
gard
to
acce
ss, re
tentio
n, pe
rform
ance
and
trans
ition?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
been
trans
lated
into
actio
n?c.
Wha
t impr
ovem
ents
have
been
regis
tered
as
a res
ult of
imple
men
ting t
he m
easu
res?
• Nu
mbe
r and
geog
raphic
al dis
tribu
tion o
f sch
ools.
•
Avera
ge di
stanc
es to
scho
ols.
• Sc
hool
enrol
men
t rates
by se
x at a
ll lev
els.
• Sc
hool
atten
danc
e by s
ex.
• Dr
opou
t rates
by se
x.•
Com
pletio
n rate
s by s
ex an
d cyc
le of
educ
ation
.•
Relat
ive le
vels
of fem
ale pa
rticip
ation
in di
fferen
t fie
lds of
stud
y.•
Num
ber a
nd pe
rcent
age o
f fem
ales b
enefi
ting f
rom
affirm
ative
mea
sures
.
• Ex
isten
ce of
laws
on co
mpu
lsory
basic
ed
ucati
on fo
r all c
hildr
en.
• Fre
e edu
catio
n poli
cies.
• M
easu
res to
ensu
re th
at ed
ucati
on is
aff
orda
ble.
• Affi
rmati
ve m
easu
res to
bridg
e ge
nder
gap i
n edu
catio
n at a
ll lev
els.
2a.
Wha
t bud
getar
y mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to
ensu
re th
at m
ales a
nd fe
male
s ben
efit
equa
lly an
d equ
itably
from
educ
ation
?b.
How
have
fem
ales b
enefi
ted fro
m th
e bu
dgeta
ry pr
ovisi
ons?
• Pro
porti
on of
educ
ation
budg
et be
nefiti
ng fe
male
s. •
Perce
ntag
e of e
ligibl
e fem
ales b
enefi
ting f
rom th
e bu
dgeta
ry pr
ovisi
ons.
• Pro
porti
on an
d hier
archy
of ed
ucati
onal
staff t
hat is
fem
ale.
• Ex
isten
ce of
affir
mati
ve bu
dgeta
ry pr
ogram
mes
for fe
male
s e.g.
bursa
ry sch
emes
and s
chola
rship
for fe
male
s.
3
a. W
hat m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace t
o ens
ure t
hat
biolog
ical fa
ctors
do no
t disa
dvan
tage a
nd
cons
train
female
parti
cipati
on in
educ
ation
?b.
To w
hat e
xtent
have
the m
easu
res be
en
imple
men
ted?
c. W
hat re
sults
have
been
achie
ved?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f fem
ale st
uden
ts wi
th ac
cess
to sa
nitary
we
ar.•
Perce
ntag
e of fe
male
stud
ents
with
acce
ss to
sanit
ation
facil
ities i
n edu
catio
nal in
stitu
tions
.•
Perce
ntag
e of g
irls w
ho be
com
e preg
nant
that
are
re-ad
mitte
d to s
choo
l ann
ually
.
• Re
-adm
ission
polic
ies fo
r fem
ale
stude
nts w
ho ge
t preg
nant
. •
Pena
lties a
gains
t perp
etrato
rs of
schoo
l girl
preg
nanc
y.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 28
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
4a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to p
romote
an
d sus
tain f
emale
parti
cipati
on in
sci
ence
, math
emati
cs, te
chnic
al (SM
T) an
d pr
ofessi
onal
subje
cts?
b. W
hat im
prov
emen
ts ha
ve be
en re
gister
ed in
th
e enr
olmen
t and
perfo
rman
ce of
fem
ales
in SM
T and
profe
ssion
al su
bjects
?
• Nu
mbe
r of e
duca
tiona
l insti
tutio
ns de
dicate
d to
ensu
ring t
hat fe
male
s pur
sue S
MT s
ubjec
ts.•
Num
ber o
f fem
ale SM
T tea
chers
at al
l leve
ls.•
Num
ber o
f fem
ale st
uden
ts pu
rsuing
SMT s
ubjec
ts at
all le
vels.
• Nu
mbe
r of fe
male
stud
ents
bene
fiting
from
SMT
bursa
ries a
nd sc
holar
ships
at di
fferen
t leve
ls.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f fem
ale st
uden
ts ex
cellin
g in S
MT
subje
cts at
all le
vels.
• Str
uctu
re of
the c
urric
ulum
at al
l lev
els.
• Affi
rmati
ve in
itiativ
es to
prom
ote
female
parti
cipati
on in
SMT s
ubjec
ts e.g
. bur
sarie
s and
scho
larsh
ips fo
r fem
ales i
n SM
T sub
jects.
5a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t sch
ool e
nviro
nmen
ts are
cond
ucive
for
female
s?b.
How
have
the m
easu
res im
prov
ed fe
male
pa
rticip
ation
in ed
ucati
on at
all le
vels?
• Pro
porti
on of
educ
ation
al ins
titut
ions w
ith
imple
men
ting p
olicie
s on G
BV.
• Pe
rcent
age r
educ
tion i
n GBV
in ed
ucati
onal
instit
ution
s.•
Perce
ntag
e of e
duca
tiona
l staf
f take
n thr
ough
gend
er se
nsitis
ation
.
• M
easu
res to
prev
ent a
nd re
spon
d to
GBV i
n edu
catio
nal in
stitu
tions
. •
Avail
abilit
y of a
dequ
ate ph
ysica
l fac
ilities
for fe
male
s.•
Chan
ges i
n org
aniza
tiona
l cult
ure t
o m
ake i
t more
gend
er res
pons
ive.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework29
Them
e Thr
ee: W
omen
’s Eco
nom
ic Em
powe
rmen
tSN
Ques
tions
Quan
titati
ve In
dicato
rsQu
alitat
ive In
dicato
rs1
a. W
hat m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace f
or ge
nder
balan
ced r
ecru
itmen
t in th
e priv
ate an
d pu
blic s
ector
?b.
To w
hat e
xtent
have
the m
easu
res be
en
imple
men
ted?
c. W
hat e
ffect
has i
mple
men
tation
of th
e m
easu
res cr
eated
in th
e con
dition
s and
po
sition
s of w
omen
in th
e pub
lic an
d priv
ate
secto
rs?
• Ra
tio of
wom
en to
men
in fo
rmal
and i
nform
al em
ploym
ent b
y sec
tor.
• Ra
tio of
skille
d (pr
ofessi
onal,
tech
nical)
and
unsk
illed f
emale
to m
ale w
orke
rs.•
Unem
ploym
ent ra
tes by
sex.
• La
ws gu
arant
eeing
non-d
iscrim
inatio
n in
recru
itmen
t on t
he ba
sis of
gend
er.•
Trans
paren
t and
fair r
ecru
itmen
t pr
oced
ures
devo
id of
gend
er bia
s and
se
xual
haras
smen
t.•
Gend
er-ba
sed a
ffirm
ative
recru
itmen
t m
easu
res.
2a.
Wha
t legis
lation
and p
olicie
s are
there
on
equa
l pay
for w
ork o
f equ
al va
lue?
b. W
hat is
the l
evel
of co
mpli
ance
with
the l
aws
and p
olicie
s in p
ublic
and p
rivate
secto
rs?c.
Wha
t impr
ovem
ents
have
been
regis
tered
on
gend
er eq
uality
in in
com
es?
• W
omen
’s ann
ual p
er ca
pita i
ncom
e rela
tive t
o men
’s an
nual
per c
apita
inco
me i
n for
mal
and i
nform
al em
ploym
ent.
• La
ws ou
tlawi
ng di
scrim
inatio
n in
emplo
ymen
t and
paym
ent.
• Sta
ndard
ized s
alary
scales
rega
rdles
s of
gend
er.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 30
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
3a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to m
ake t
he w
ork
place
and c
ultur
e more
gend
er res
pons
ive?
b. W
hat c
hang
es ha
ve be
en re
alize
d as a
resu
lt of
imple
men
ting t
he m
easu
res?
• Nu
mbe
r of h
ours
worke
d in p
ublic
and p
rivate
secto
r by
wom
en co
mpa
red to
men
.•
Propo
rtion
of w
omen
to m
en be
nefiti
ng fro
m
spec
ific em
ploye
e ben
efits.
• Nu
mbe
r and
sprea
d of p
ublic
, priv
ate an
d civi
l so
ciety
instit
ution
s with
gend
er res
pons
ive po
licies
an
d fac
ilities
e.g.
baby
care
room
s.
• Le
gislat
ion ag
ainst
gend
er ba
sed
discri
mina
tion i
n rec
ruitm
ent,
prom
otion
, caree
r prog
ressio
n and
all
ocati
on of
oppo
rtunit
ies.
• Co
nditio
ns of
wor
k for
wom
en in
all
secto
rs.
• Sim
ilarit
ies an
d diffe
rence
s in
insur
ance
sche
mes
for fe
male
and
male
wor
kers.
• Ge
nder-
spec
ific m
edica
l con
dition
s co
vered
by in
suran
ce.
• Pro
vision
s for
mate
rnity
and p
atern
ity
leave
.•
Gend
er res
pons
ivene
ss of
other
types
of
leave
e.g.
com
passi
onate
leav
e.4
a. W
hat m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace t
o ens
ure t
hat
wom
en ha
ve eq
ual ri
ghts
with
men
to
owne
rship
of pr
opert
y?b.
To w
hat e
xtent
have
wom
en’s r
ights
to pr
opert
y bee
n prot
ected
and e
nforce
d?c.
Wha
t are
the r
esult
s of e
nforci
ng w
omen
’s rig
ht to
prop
erty?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en w
ith tit
les to
prop
erty.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en ha
ving s
ecur
ity of
tenu
re wi
th
regard
to di
fferen
t type
s of p
ropert
y.•
Redu
ction
in nu
mbe
r and
perce
ntag
e of w
omen
, es
pecia
lly w
idows
and s
pinste
rs, di
sinhe
rited
or
dispo
ssesse
d of p
ropert
y.
• La
ws gu
arant
eeing
fem
ales t
he rig
ht
to inh
erit a
nd ac
quire
prop
erty i
n own
na
mes
.•
Supe
riorit
y of s
tatut
ory o
ver c
ustom
ary
law on
matt
ers of
perso
nal la
w.•
Wom
en’s f
reedo
m to
disp
ose o
f own
inc
ome a
nd pr
opert
y.•
Wom
en’s s
ecur
ity of
land
and t
enur
e.•
Wom
en’s i
ndep
ende
nce t
o ent
er int
o co
ntrac
ts an
d ent
erpris
e.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework31
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
5a.
Wha
t spe
cific m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace t
o ad
dres
s wom
en’s p
overt
y, inv
estm
ent,
entre
pren
eursh
ip an
d fina
nce?
a. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
chan
ged w
omen
’s lev
el of
pove
rty, in
vestm
ent, e
ntrep
reneu
rship
and a
ccess
to fin
ance
?
• Le
vels
of po
verty
by se
x of h
ouse
hold
head
. •
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
with
bank
acco
unts.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en w
ith ac
cess
to ba
nk lo
ans a
nd
credit
facil
ities.
• Sp
ecial
initia
tives
to en
hanc
e wom
en’s
acce
ss to
econ
omic
empo
werm
ent
oppo
rtunit
ies e.
g. low
inter
est lo
ans,
tax ho
liday
s, ca
sh tra
nsfer
sche
mes
, wo
men
’s ent
erpris
e fun
ds et
c.•
Mea
sures
to sc
ale up
wom
en’s
enter
prise
s int
o main
strea
m ec
onom
ic ac
tivitie
s.6
a. W
hat ta
xatio
n mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to
cush
ion w
omen
from
econ
omic
adve
rsity?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e exis
ting t
axati
on m
easu
res
affec
ted w
omen
posit
ively
or ne
gativ
ely?
• Nu
mbe
r and
type
s of b
asic
item
s use
d by w
omen
th
at are
zero
rated
e.g.
sanit
ary to
wels.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en he
ads o
f hou
seho
lds w
ho ca
n aff
ord ba
sic ne
eds.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en’s i
ncom
e spe
nt on
basic
ne
eds:
shelt
er, fo
od, cl
othing
, fuel,
med
ical c
are an
d tra
nspo
rt.
• M
easu
res to
cont
rol th
e rise
in pr
ices
of ba
sic co
mm
oditie
s.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 32
Them
e Fou
r: Wom
en’s H
ealth
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
1a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to a
ddres
s wo
men
’s and
girls
’ sex
ual a
nd re
prod
uctiv
e he
alth r
ights?
b. W
hat is
the l
evel
of wo
men
’s acce
ss to
safe
moth
erhoo
d fac
ilities
and s
ervice
s?
c. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
affec
ted th
e sex
ual
and r
eprod
uctiv
e hea
lth of
wom
en an
d girl
s po
sitive
ly or
nega
tively
?d.
Wha
t impr
ovem
ents
have
been
regis
tered
on
safe
moth
erhoo
d?
• Re
ducti
on in
dista
nces
to he
alth a
nd m
atern
ity
facilit
ies.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en an
d girl
s acce
ssing
sexu
al an
d rep
roduc
tive h
ealth
servi
ces.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en in
repr
oduc
tive a
ge th
at are
us
ing co
ntrac
eptiv
es.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en re
ceivi
ng or
acce
ssing
pre-
natal
and a
nte n
atal c
are se
rvice
s.•
Life e
xpec
tancy
by se
x.•
Perce
ntag
e of b
irths
atten
ded b
y prof
essio
nal
healt
h wor
kers.
• Re
ducti
on in
mate
rnal
mor
tality
rates
.•
Unde
r-five
mor
tality
rates
by se
x.
• Sti
pulat
ion of
the r
ight to
healt
h in
the c
onsti
tutio
n and
legis
lation
.•
Freed
om fo
r wom
en to
mak
e de
cision
s abo
ut th
eir re
prod
uctiv
e he
alth w
ithou
t inter
feren
ce by
cu
lture,
tradit
ion, re
ligion
and o
ther
factor
s.•
Legis
lation
outla
wing
harm
ful
tradit
ional
prac
tices
.•
Leve
l of w
omen
’s and
girls
’ aw
arene
ss of
repro
ducti
ve he
alth
servi
ces a
nd in
form
ation
.•
Publi
c sup
port
for co
ntrac
eptio
n and
oth
er sa
fe m
otherh
ood i
nitiat
ives.
2a.
Wha
t reso
urce
s are
alloc
ated t
o mate
rnal
healt
h, se
xual
and r
epro
ducti
ve he
alth a
nd
other
areas
of pr
imary
bene
fit to
wom
en an
d gir
ls?b.
Wha
t impr
ovem
ents
in th
e hea
lth of
girls
an
d wom
en ca
n be a
ttribu
ted to
reso
urce
all
ocati
on m
easu
res?
• Pro
porti
on of
budg
et all
ocate
d to h
ealth
and
parti
cular
ly are
as th
at dir
ectly
affec
t wom
en an
d gir
ls.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en an
d girl
s who
can a
ccess
healt
h serv
ices l
ocall
y.
• Typ
es an
d dist
ribut
ion of
facil
ities
addr
essin
g mate
rnal,
sexu
al an
d rep
rodu
ctive
healt
h.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework33
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
3a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t he
alth s
ervice
s (pr
even
tive a
nd cu
rative
) are
afford
able
to wo
men
and g
irls?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
affec
ted th
e hea
lth
of wo
men
and g
irls?
• Av
erage
cost
of he
alth s
ervice
s in p
ublic
and
priva
te he
alth f
acilit
ies.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en w
ho ca
n affo
rd he
alth
servi
ces i
n priv
ate an
d pub
lic fa
cilitie
s. •
Num
ber a
nd ty
pes o
f hea
lth se
rvice
s for
wom
en
and g
irls p
rovide
d free
by th
e gov
ernm
ent.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en be
nefiti
ng fro
m na
tiona
l he
alth i
nsur
ance
sche
mes
.
• Typ
es of
gend
er sp
ecific
need
s and
co
nditio
ns co
vered
by na
tiona
l he
alth i
nsur
ance
e.g.
mate
rnity
, gy
naec
ologic
al co
nditio
ns et
c.
4a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to r
educ
e wo
men
’s infe
ction
by H
IV an
d moth
er-to-
child
trans
miss
ion?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
impr
oved
wom
en’s
and i
nfant
s’ he
alth?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en in
repr
oduc
tive a
ge aw
are of
HI
V tran
smiss
ion m
ethod
s.•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
able
to aff
ord po
st-ex
posu
re pr
ophy
laxis
again
st HI
V.•
Perce
ntag
e of e
xpec
tant w
omen
scree
ned a
nd
place
d on a
nti-r
etrov
iral (A
RV) m
edica
tion.
• Pro
porti
on of
wom
en in
fected
by H
IV rec
eiving
free
anti-r
etrov
iral th
erapy
(ART
) and
ARV d
rugs
.
• Av
ailab
ility o
f HIV/
AIDS c
ouns
elling
se
rvice
s in r
epro
ducti
ve he
alth
facilit
ies.
• La
ws cr
imina
lizing
delib
erate
trans
miss
ion of
HIV.
• Av
ailab
ility o
f free
ARV a
nd AR
T in
publi
c hea
lth fa
cilitie
s.
5a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to p
reven
t and
res
pond
to G
BV?
b. To
wha
t exte
nt ha
ve th
e mea
sures
been
im
plem
ented
?c.
Wha
t leve
ls of
succe
ss ha
ve be
en re
alize
d in
prev
entio
n and
resp
onse
to G
BV?
• Nu
mbe
r and
distr
ibutio
n of h
ealth
facil
ities
hand
ling G
BV ca
ses.
• Di
stanc
e to m
edica
l, sec
urity
, adm
inistr
ative
, ps
ycho
-socia
l and
com
mun
ity ba
sed s
uppo
rt for
su
rvivo
rs of
GBV.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f pub
lic an
d priv
ate se
ctor in
stitu
tions
wi
th G
BV po
licies
.
• Ex
isten
ce of
natio
nal s
trateg
y and
pla
n of a
ction
on G
BV.
• La
ws on
sexu
al cri
mes
.•
Types
of se
rvice
s offe
red by
med
ical,
secu
rity,
adm
inistr
ative
, psy
cho-
socia
l and
com
mun
ity ba
sed s
uppo
rt pr
ovide
d for
survi
vors
of GB
V.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 34
Them
e Five
: Wom
en’s A
ccess
to W
ater, E
nerg
y and
Hou
sing
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
1a.
Wha
t is th
e lev
el of
wom
en’s a
ccess
to po
table
water
?b.
Wha
t is th
e effe
ct of
the a
ccess
or la
ck of
ac
cess
to po
table
water
on w
omen
’s wor
kload
, he
alth a
nd ge
neral
welf
are?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f hou
seho
lds w
ith ac
cess
to po
table
water
.•
Dista
nces
trave
lled b
y wom
en to
acce
ss po
table
water
.•
Num
ber o
f hou
rs sp
ent b
y wom
en to
acce
ss wa
ter.
• Pe
rcent
age r
educ
tion i
n prev
alenc
e of w
ater-b
orne
dis
ease
s.
• Typ
es of
wate
r sou
rces f
or do
mes
tic
use.
• Bu
dgeta
ry m
easu
res to
ensu
re ac
cess
to po
table
water
.
2a.
Wha
t is w
omen
’s lev
el of
acce
ss to
clean
and
afford
able
energ
y?
b. W
hat a
ffect
has a
ccess
to cle
an en
ergy c
reated
on
wom
en’s h
ealth
and w
orklo
ad?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f hou
seho
lds w
ith ac
cess
to cle
an
energ
y.•
Perce
ntag
e of h
ouse
holds
using
clea
n ene
rgy.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f fem
ale he
ads o
f hou
seho
lds w
ho ca
n aff
ord cl
ean d
omes
tic en
ergy.
• Re
ducti
on in
uppe
r res
pirato
ry tra
ct inf
ectio
ns
result
ing fro
m us
e of u
nhea
lthy e
nerg
y sou
rces.
• Re
ducti
on in
wom
en’s w
orklo
ad in
searc
h of
dom
estic
energ
y.
• Typ
es of
energ
y ava
ilable
to w
omen
.•
Budg
etary
mea
sures
to en
sure
acce
ss to
clean
energ
y.
3a.
Wha
t is th
e lev
el of
wom
en’s
acce
ss to
and
owne
rship
of de
cent
and a
dequ
ate ho
using
? b.
How
has o
wners
hip of
dece
nt an
d ade
quate
ho
using
impr
oved
wom
en’s c
ondit
ions a
nd
posit
ions i
n the
socie
ty?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en liv
ing in
dece
nt an
d ade
quate
ho
using
. •
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
with
titles
to ow
n hou
ses.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en ac
cessi
ng m
ortg
age f
acilit
ies.
• Typ
es of
hous
ing av
ailab
le.•
Budg
etary
mea
sures
to en
sure
wom
en’s a
ccess
to an
d own
ership
of
dece
nt ho
using
.•
Chan
ges i
n soc
ial st
atus f
or w
omen
ow
ning d
ecen
t and
adeq
uate
hous
ing.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework35
Them
e Six:
Wom
en, E
thics
and A
ccoun
tabilit
ySN
Ques
tions
Quan
titati
ve In
dicato
rsQu
alitat
ive In
dicato
rs1
a. W
hat n
ation
al law
s are
in pla
ce to
com
bat
corru
ption
and p
romote
acco
untab
ility?
b. To
wha
t exte
nt ha
ve th
e law
s bee
n enfo
rced?
• Nu
mbe
r and
type
s of a
nti-c
orru
ption
laws
. •
Num
ber a
nd st
ature
of ind
ividu
als he
ld ac
coun
table
for co
rrupt
ion an
d eco
nom
ic cri
mes
.
• Eth
ics an
d ant
i-cor
rupt
ion la
ws
enac
ted.
• Pu
blic r
ealiz
ation
of th
e righ
t to
publi
c info
rmati
on.
2a.
Wha
t insti
tutio
nal m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace
to co
mba
t cor
rupt
ion an
d prom
ote
acco
untab
ility?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
impa
cted o
n pr
otecti
on of
natio
nal w
ealth
and r
esou
rces?
• Nu
mbe
r and
statu
re of
indivi
duals
being
held
acco
untab
le for
corru
ption
and e
cono
mic
crim
es.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en sa
tisfie
d with
anti-c
orru
ption
m
easu
res.
• M
echa
nism
s in p
lace t
o com
bat
corru
ption
.•
Publi
catio
n of g
overn
men
t bud
gets.
• Pu
blica
tion o
f brib
ery in
dex.
• Re
quire
men
t for p
ublic
offic
ials t
o tak
e res
pons
ibility
for c
orru
ption
, ec
onom
ic cri
mes
and a
cts of
omiss
ion
and c
omm
ission
.3
a. W
hat is
the l
evel
of wo
men
’s pa
rticip
ation
in
anti-c
orru
ption
initia
tives
?b.
How
has w
omen
’s part
icipa
tion i
n ant
i-co
rrupt
ion in
itiativ
es im
pacte
d on i
nstit
ution
al cu
lture
and p
rotec
tion o
f nati
onal
wealt
h and
res
ource
s?
• Ra
tio an
d hier
archy
of w
omen
to m
en in
anti-
corru
ption
mec
hanis
ms.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en sa
tisfie
d with
ethic
s and
anti-
corru
ption
mea
sures
e.g.
mea
sures
take
n to p
unish
offi
cials
who a
buse
their
posit
ions,
are co
rrupt
, m
isuse
publi
c res
ource
s, m
anipu
late e
lectio
ns et
c.•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
who
have
confi
denc
e in t
he
exec
utive
, judic
iary,
legisl
ature,
med
ia an
d oth
er ins
titut
ions.
• Inv
olvem
ent o
f wom
en in
budg
eting
pr
oces
ses a
nd po
licy f
orm
ulatio
n.•
Wom
en’s p
artici
patio
n in p
ublic
dis
cour
se e.
g. so
cial a
udits
, deb
ates
with
lead
ers, re
ceipt
of re
ports
from
loc
al co
uncil
s etc.
• Di
fferen
ces i
n int
egrit
y of in
stitu
tions
led
by w
omen
com
pared
to th
ose l
ed
by m
en.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 36
Them
e Sev
en: W
omen
’s Righ
ts an
d Acce
ss to
Justi
ce
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
1a.
Whic
h wom
en’s c
ivil, p
olitic
al, ec
onom
ic,
socia
l and
cultu
ral rig
hts a
re pr
otecte
d by t
he
coun
try’s c
onsti
tutio
n?
b. W
hat m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace t
o enfo
rce
wom
en’s c
ivil, p
olitic
al, ec
onom
ic, so
cial a
nd
cultu
ral rig
hts?
c. W
hat im
prov
emen
ts ha
ve be
en re
gister
ed
in th
e rea
lizati
on of
wom
en’s c
ivil, p
olitic
al,
econ
omic,
socia
l and
cultu
ral rig
hts?
• Nu
mbe
r of la
ws di
rectly
focu
sing o
n wom
en’s
right
s.•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
issu
ed w
ith id
entit
y card
s, m
arriag
e cert
ificate
s, tit
le de
eds,
licen
ces e
tc.
• Sp
ecific
wom
en’s r
ights
prote
cted b
y the
co
nstit
ution
e.g.
citize
nship
, nati
onali
ty,
suffr
age,
mari
tal eq
uality
, pro
perty
, do
mici
le etc
.•
Cont
ent o
f laws
direc
tly fo
cusin
g on
wom
en’s r
ights.
• Le
gislat
ion ou
tlawi
ng ge
nder
base
d dis
crim
inatio
n.
2a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to p
rotec
t wom
en
and g
irls f
rom G
BV?
b. To
wha
t exte
nt ar
e the
se m
easu
res be
ing
imple
men
ted?
c. W
hat re
sults
have
been
regis
tered
as a
result
of
imple
men
ting t
he m
easu
res?
• Re
ducti
on in
perce
ntag
e of w
omen
expe
rienc
ing
GBV.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en sa
tisfie
d with
secu
rity
servi
ces.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f fem
ale G
BV su
rvivo
rs ab
le to
acce
ss sh
elters
.•
Dista
nce t
o serv
ices f
or su
rvivo
rs of
GBV.
• Nu
mbe
r of s
ervice
s for
GBV
survi
vors
that
have
qu
alifie
d pers
onne
l.
• W
omen
’s perc
eptio
n of th
eir pe
rsona
l se
curit
y. •
Instit
ution
al m
easu
res to
prote
ct wo
men
fro
m al
l form
s of G
BV.
• La
ws cr
imina
lizing
GBV
. •
Initia
tives
by pu
blic, p
rivate
and c
ivil
socie
ty org
aniza
tions
to pr
even
t and
res
pond
to G
BV.
• Fri
endli
ness
of se
rvice
s to s
urviv
ors o
f GB
V.•
Avail
abilit
y of p
rofes
siona
lly tra
ined
servi
ce pr
ovide
rs ha
ndlin
g GBV
case
s.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework37
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
3a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to p
rotec
t wom
en
from
discr
imina
tory a
nd ha
rmful
tradit
ional
prac
tices
, cultu
res an
d cus
toms e
.g. fe
male
ge
nital
mut
ilatio
n (FG
M), f
orced
and a
rrang
ed
marr
iages
, wido
w inh
eritan
ce et
c?b.
Wha
t impr
ovem
ents
have
been
reali
zed w
ith
regard
to pr
otecti
on of
wom
en an
d girl
s from
ha
rmful
tradit
ional
prac
tices
?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en ex
pose
d to h
armful
tra
dition
al pr
actic
es.
• La
ws cr
imina
lizing
harm
ful tra
dition
al pr
actic
es.
• Ini
tiativ
es to
disco
ntinu
e harm
ful
tradit
ional
prac
tices
. •
Attitu
de ch
ange
towa
rds h
armful
tra
dition
al pr
actic
es.
4a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e th
at th
e jud
iciary
, poli
ce st
ation
s and
loca
l ad
mini
strati
on ar
e acce
ssible
to w
omen
and
respo
nsive
to th
eir ne
eds?
b. W
hat im
prov
emen
ts ha
ve be
en re
alize
d in
term
s of th
e res
pons
ivene
ss of
the j
udici
ary,
polic
e stat
ions a
nd lo
cal a
dmini
strati
on to
wo
men
’s nee
ds?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en aw
are of
their
lega
l righ
ts.•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
seek
ing ju
dicial
servi
ces
who c
an af
ford t
hem
.•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
in ne
ed of
lega
l cou
nsels
wh
o can
affor
d the
m.
• Di
stanc
es co
vered
by w
omen
to le
gal, s
ecur
ity an
d loc
al ad
mini
strati
ve se
rvice
s.
• Av
ailab
ility o
f infor
mati
on on
wom
en’s
right
s in m
edia
and l
angu
ages
ac
cessi
ble to
wom
en.
• Co
nfide
ntial
ity of
repo
rting
syste
ms.
• Sim
plicit
y of s
ecur
ity, ju
dicial
and
adm
inistr
ative
proc
esse
s.
5a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t wo
men
are r
epres
ented
in se
curit
y and
judic
ial
agen
cies?
b. W
hat im
pact
has t
he in
creas
ed pr
esen
ce of
wo
men
in ju
dicial
and s
ecur
ity se
rvice
s crea
ted
in en
hanc
ing th
e rea
lizati
on of
wom
en’s
right
s?
• Ra
tio an
d pos
itions
of w
omen
to m
en in
secu
rity
and j
udici
al org
ans.
• Ch
ange
s in t
he in
stitu
tiona
l cult
ure
of se
curit
y and
judic
ial or
gans
to
acco
mm
odate
more
wom
en.
• Ne
w law
s, po
licies
and p
roced
ures
in
secu
rity a
nd ju
dicial
servi
ces t
hat a
re be
nefic
ial to
wom
en.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 38
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
6a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t pe
nal c
ustod
ial in
stitu
tions
and f
acilit
ies ar
e sa
fe for
wom
en an
d res
pons
ive to
their
need
s?b.
To w
hat e
xtent
have
the m
easu
res be
en
imple
men
ted?
c. W
hat re
sults
have
been
reali
zed f
rom
imple
men
ting t
he m
easu
res?
• Nu
mbe
r and
capa
city o
f sep
arate
pena
l ins
titut
ions f
or fe
male
and m
ale of
fende
rs.•
Num
ber o
f pris
oners
by se
x and
type
of cr
ime.
• Nu
mbe
r of p
enal
instit
ution
s with
phys
ical
facilit
ies th
at are
resp
onsiv
e to w
omen
’s biol
ogica
l ne
eds.
• Nu
mbe
r of p
enal
instit
ution
s with
mate
rnity
and
child
care
servi
ces f
or ex
pecta
nt an
d nur
sing
female
offen
ders.
• Pe
rcent
age a
nd ra
nk of
fem
ale of
ficers
in pe
nal
instit
ution
s for
fem
ales.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f pen
al offi
cers
hand
ling f
emale
off
ende
rs th
at ha
ve go
ne th
rough
gend
er tra
ining
.
• M
easu
res to
prev
ent G
BV in
pena
l ins
titut
ions.
• Ins
titut
ional
chan
ges t
o ens
ure t
he
safet
y and
com
fort o
f fem
ale in
mate
s.•
Leve
ls of
aware
ness
by pe
nal o
fficers
of
the r
ights
of fem
ale an
d male
inm
ates.
Them
e Eigh
t: Wom
en, C
onflic
t and
Emerg
ency
Situ
ation
s SN
Ques
tions
Quan
titati
ve In
dicato
rsQu
alitat
ive In
dicato
rs1
a. W
hat m
easu
res ha
s the
gove
rnm
ent ta
ken t
o im
plem
ent U
N Re
solut
ion 13
25?
b. W
hat a
re th
e res
ults o
f the m
easu
res ta
ken?
• Inc
rease
in pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en in
secu
rity a
nd
peac
e ope
ration
s at d
ifferen
t leve
ls.•
Exist
ence
of na
tiona
l plan
on Re
solut
ion
1325
.•
Spec
ific ac
tivitie
s im
plem
ented
from
th
e plan
.•
Visibi
lity of
wom
en in
secu
rity a
nd
peac
e ope
ration
s.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework39
SNQu
estio
nsQu
antit
ative
Indic
ators
Quali
tative
Indic
ators
2a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to p
rotec
t wom
en
from
confl
icts a
nd th
eir co
nseq
uenc
es?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
ensu
red w
omen
’s pr
otecti
on an
d jus
tice f
or fe
male
victi
ms?
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en ne
eding
med
ical,
psyc
ho-so
cial a
nd le
gal s
ervice
s in c
onflic
t and
em
ergen
cy si
tuati
ons w
ho ca
n acce
ss th
em.
• Nu
mbe
r and
statu
re of
perp
etrato
rs of
violen
ce
again
st wo
men
in co
nflict
situ
ation
s held
ac
coun
table.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f wom
en sa
tisfie
d with
prote
ctive
m
easu
res in
confl
ict an
d em
ergen
cy si
tuati
ons.
• Na
tiona
l con
flict p
reven
tion m
easu
res.
• Ra
pid re
spon
se m
echa
nism
s to
mini
mize
effec
ts of
confl
ict an
d disa
ster
on w
omen
.•
Laws
again
st pe
rpetr
ators
of vio
lence
ag
ainst
wom
en in
confl
ict an
d em
ergen
cy si
tuati
ons.
3a.
To w
hat e
xtent
are w
omen
repr
esen
ted
in co
nflict
prev
entio
n and
peac
e buil
ding
initia
tives
?b.
How
has w
omen
’s part
icipa
tion e
nhan
ced
secu
rity f
or an
d prot
ectio
n of w
omen
?
• Ra
tio an
d pos
itions
of w
omen
in co
nflict
pr
even
tion a
nd pe
ace b
uildin
g init
iative
s.•
Refle
ction
of w
omen
’s con
cern
s in
confl
ict pr
even
tion a
nd pe
ace b
uildin
g ini
tiativ
es.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 40
Them
e Nine
: Wom
en, M
edia
and I
nform
ation
Tech
nolog
ySN
Ques
tions
Quan
titati
ve In
dicato
rsQu
alitat
ive In
dicato
rs1
a. W
hat m
easu
res ar
e in p
lace t
o ena
ble w
omen
ac
cess
and d
issem
inate
infor
mati
on?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
enha
nced
wom
en’s
acce
ss to,
and u
se of
, the m
edia?
• Nu
mbe
r and
dive
rsity
of m
ass m
edia
chan
nels.
•
Perce
ntag
e of w
omen
who
can a
fford
news
pape
rs,
radio,
telev
ision
and i
ntern
et se
rvice
s. •
Ratio
and h
ierarc
hy of
wom
en to
men
wor
king i
n m
edia
organ
izatio
ns.
• La
ws gu
arant
eeing
freed
om of
the
mas
s med
ia, ex
pres
sion a
nd ac
cess
to inf
orm
ation
.•
Laws
and p
olicie
s req
uiring
ba
lance
d rec
ruitm
ent in
the m
edia
and I
nform
ation
Com
mun
icatio
n Te
chno
logy (
ICT) s
ector
s.
2a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t th
e mas
s med
ia an
d ICT
secto
rs are
gend
er res
pons
ive?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
chan
ged t
he cu
lture
of m
edia
and I
CT in
stitu
tions
?
• Nu
mbe
r of m
edia
hous
es an
d ICT
insti
tutio
ns w
ith
gend
er po
licies
. •
Ratio
of w
omen
to m
en en
rolled
in IC
T cou
rses.
• Ra
tio of
fem
ale IC
T exp
erts.
• Pe
rcent
age o
f med
ia sp
ace d
edica
ted to
gend
er iss
ues.
• La
ws an
d poli
cies c
ompe
lling g
ende
r res
pons
ivene
ss in
med
ia ho
uses
and I
CT
secto
r. •
Attitu
de of
med
ia pe
rsonn
el to
gend
er eq
uality
.•
User-
frien
dline
ss of
med
ia pr
oduc
ts to
rural
wom
en.
3a.
Wha
t mea
sures
are i
n plac
e to e
nsur
e tha
t wo
men
have
acce
ss to
ICT?
b. Ho
w ha
ve th
e mea
sures
chan
ged t
he IC
T se
ctor?
• Nu
mbe
r of in
stitu
tions
prov
iding
ICT c
ourse
s.•
Ratio
of w
omen
to m
en en
rolled
in IC
T cou
rses.
• Ra
tio of
fem
ale to
male
ICT e
xpert
s.
• Att
itude
of w
omen
to IC
T cou
rses.
41 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
4.1 How to Use the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools
4.1.1 Questions to AnswerEvery monitoring and evaluation system seeks to answer questions related to the following:
a. Objectives: What was the intervention designed to do? b. Effectiveness: Did the intervention do what it was designed to do? c. Relevance: Was the intervention appropriate to the needs of the target
population? d. Efficiency: To what extent was the intervention cost-effective (achieve
greatest impact at minimum cost)? e. Results: What has the intervention achieved in the immediate term
(outputs), intermediate term/period (outcomes) and long (impact) term? f. Divergence: Has there been a remarkable deviation of actual performance
from what was planned? What could be the causes of such divergence?g. Indicators: How do we measure the difference created? h. Attribution: How can the difference created be linked with the
intervention? i. Lessons: What worked, what did not work and why? What are the
alternatives? What are best practices?
4.0
Implementation of the Proposed Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Tools
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 42
4.1.2 Questions to AskThe actual process of monitoring and evaluation is guided by the following questions.
a. What kind of information is needed from the exercise?b. How much information should be gathered?c. Where will the information come from? d. What instruments will be used to gather the information?e. How will the information be analyzed?f. How will the information be presented to different audiences?
4.1.3 Questions to ConsiderThe user of the framework should consider the following questions.
a. Why Monitor and Evaluate: The basic idea is to hold member states accountable for gender equality commitments. The M&E should generate objective data on commitments, status of implementation and progress towards achieving the commitments. This will help states see themselves individually and in comparison with other states. It will, therefore, act as a peer review catalyst for good practices and improvement where gaps exist.
b. What to Monitor and Evaluate (Indicators): This refers to the specific measures of achievement around which to collect quantifiable data and qualitative information. These indicators include gender parity (equal representation and participation of women and men), equality (equal access, control, opportunities, rewards and benefits for women and men), equity (the ratio of participation, access, opportunities, rewards and benefits according to needs/concerns of women and men, women’s empowerment and transformation of gender relations), empowerment (cognitive, behavioural and affective changes to increase levels of equality and empowerment of women in relation to men), and transformation (changing the gender order and existing distribution of resources and responsibilities to create balanced gender relations). Ideally, the user/evaluator should structure the data collection instruments around variables provided in each gender equality instrument and themes. Below is a list of key instruments to consider at national, regional and global levels.
Some Key Gender Equality Instruments to Monitor and
Evaluate National Instruments
x Constitution. x Legislation. x Policies.
Regional Instruments x African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1981). x African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990).
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework43
x Dakar Platform for Action (1994). x African Plan of Action to Accelerate the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing
Platforms for Action for the Advancement of Women (1999). x Constitutive Act of the African Union (2000, Articles 3 and 4). x Abuja Declaration on HIV and AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious
Diseases (2001). x African Union Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Corruption (2003). x The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of
Women in Africa (2003). x African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa. (2004). x Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment
of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (2004). x Inter-Governmental Authority on Development Gender Policy (2004). x The Maputo Plan of Action on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (2006). x The African Union Summit on Maternal, Infant and Child Health and Development
(2010).
Global InstrumentsWomen’s Human Rights
x UN Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952). x Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (1957). x Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(1979) x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women (1999) x Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (1985). x UN Declaration on Violence Against Women (1993). x Plan of Action from the International Conference on Population and Development
(1994). x Beijing Platform for Action (1995). x Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women
and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).
x Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).
x UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). x UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (2007).
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 44
Human Rights x International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). x International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). x Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). x Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty (1989). x The Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Human
Rights (1993). x Millennium Development Goals - MDGs (2000).
Slavery and Slavery-Like Practices x Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of
the Prostitution of Others (1949).Torture, Ill-Treatment and Disappearance
x Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984).
Rights of the Child x Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). x Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination
of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999). x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement
of Children in Armed Conflicts (2000). x Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of
Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000).Freedom of Association
x Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948). x Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949).
Employment and Forced Labour x Equal Remuneration Convention (1951). x Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957). x Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958). x Employment Policy Convention (1964). x Convention Concerning Occupational Safety and Health and the Working
Environment (1981). x Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
of their Families (1990).
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework45
Education x Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960). x World Declaration on Education for All (1990).
War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, Genocide and Terrorism x Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948). x Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and
Crimes Against Humanity (1968). x Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998).
Armed Conflict x Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
(1949). x Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I, 1977). x Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to
the Protection of Victims on Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II, 1977).Disability
x Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007).Corruption and Organised Crime
x United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003). x United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000).
c. When (Frequency of Monitoring and Evaluation). At the minimum, there should be annual monitoring which leads to annual reports and updates. This requires the monitors/evaluators to continuously gather information on each country of focus by following key events as they happen in order to make the process of compilation relatively easy at the end of the year.
d. Where (Information Sources). The required information will be available mainly from secondary sources. However, there will be need to analyze and interpret the information using primary data and information generated through consultation with relevant stakeholders. Some key sources of information will be: World Bank reports, UN reports, country reports to various international and regional treaty bodies, national MDGs reports, national gender machineries, national bureaus of statistics, censuses, the African Union, the East African Community secretariat, Inter-parliamentary Union, national legislatures and CSOs. The success of this framework will depend to a large extent on the availability of updated and authentic data. It is therefore critical to get the data from the most current and credible sources. Because data collection is a sensitive issue, there is need to adhere to protocols in each country hence the importance of working closely with national bureaus of statistics and gender machineries to collect and verify the data and information collected.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 46
Helpful tips when monitoring and evaluating gender
mainstreamingBaltiwala (2011a) identifies a number of helpful tips when monitoring and evaluating gender mainstreaming. These are:
a. Balance quantitative and qualitative data and avoid over-emphasizing one at the expense of the other.
b. Emphasize methods that acknowledge the contribution of other actors towards change.
c. Do not go for more information than can be analyzed as it is not the quantity but quality of information that matters.
d. Use multiple frameworks adapted to different contexts and data requirements.e. Use participatory approaches that trace change through the eyes of the target
population, in this case, women. f. Conduct baseline surveys in the first year of work and update them periodically.g. Track not only positive results but also reversals (negative changes) of existing
positive situations such as the repealing of a progressive law
The framework is a broad guideline on themes and variables to assess. Users are therefore advised to consider it as a basket of tools from which to choose, pull out, amplify and adapt to their unique mandates and interests. For example, if a CSO’s main focus is on women and politics, it may choose to select components of the various tools that address political issues.
The aggregation of the various reports should lead to status of the region report on gender equality commitments in the EAC. A generic reporting format is provided in the last section of this framework.
4.2 Implementation StepsThe following actions are recommended to assist in the effective implementation of this framework.
4.2.1 FamiliarizationUsers of this framework should undergo training and orientation on how the framework is designed and how best to adopt it to different circumstances. This training should cover at least basic concepts on monitoring and evaluation, women’s rights instruments and gender mainstreaming.
4.2.2 Pre-testing The framework should be pre-tested (piloted) to enable intended users get a practical feel of what it will entail to use the tools and to fine tune the tools.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework47
4.3.3 AdvocacyThis tool is basically meant to lead to advocacy for implementation of gender equality commitments. In this regard, the M&E reports should be translated into different advocacy products such as: statistical fact sheets, “Did You Know?” challenge questions, graphs and tables of significant data, illustrative case studies, fliers and digests. Practical evidence based advocacy strategies should also be developed on how to present and share the data generated, with the EAC secretariat, individual member countries and other duty bearers who can influence them positively.
4.2.4 Resource CentreIn the long run, there should be a comprehensive repository of information on the status of implementation of various gender equality instruments in the region. This repository will essentially be a one-stop resource centre updated annually. The resources can be used to develop subsidiary reports on specific themes of interest to member countries, academics, activists, NGOs, policy makers, governments and UN organizations.
4.2.5 LinkagesThe users of this framework will require strategic linkages with governments and treaty bodies to enable collection of credible and reliable data as well as to disseminate the findings. Such linkages could be fostered through rapport with expected providers of information, granting of observer status to the CSOs, regular access to the EAC secretariat and government statistical offices, regular de-briefing with various actors, sharing of reports on women’s rights, and joint planning and implementation of M&E activities.
4.3 ReportingFor purposes of comparison, a uniform reporting format is recommended. To this end, a standard format is proposed below modeled on common formats used in reporting to treaty bodies. The format has also been adopted to reflect the information gathered from each tool proposed.
In this format, the Introduction should summarize the findings. The information is then to be presented sequentially under the chapter on findings. The information should be presented using narrative, tables, graphs and case studies to illustrate achievements, challenges and determinant factors. The chapter Discussion of Findings then analyzes the findings in terms of the country’s performance or in comparison with other countries. This gives way to the conclusions and recommendations, which should be built around the framework objectives. The proposed reporting format is in the box below.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 48
1.0 Introduction1. 1 Context
x Objectives x Country Profile: size; demographics; system of government; historical landmarks x Period Assessed and Major Gender-related Events
1.2.Methodology x Approaches and Instruments Used to Gather Data x Challenges Faced and How They were Overcome x Limitations of the Findings
2.0 Findings2.1 Findings on Gender Mainstreaming Environment
x Current Status of Gender Equality in the Country x National Gender Mainstreaming Environment x Gender Equality Instruments Assessed x What Government has done in Regard to its Commitments
2.2 Findings from Scorecard x Commitments. x Implementation.
2.3 Findings on Gains, Reversals and Defence x Constitution x Legislation x Policy x Elections x Appointments x Gender Mainstreaming Structures and Mechanisms x Gender Responsive Budgeting x Gender Information Managemnet System
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework49
2.4 Findings on Thematic Assessment x Theme One: Women in Politics and Decision-Making x Theme Two: Women in Education x Theme Three: Women’s Economic Empowerment x Theme Four: Women’s Health x Theme Five: Women’s Access to Water, Energy and Housing x Theme Six: Women, Ethics and Accountability x Theme Seven: Women’s Rights and Access to Justice x Theme Eight: Women, Conflict and Emergency Situations x Theme Nine: Women, Media and Information Technology
3.0 Discussion of Findings x Analysis of Achievements, Challenges and Determinants x Comparison of Member Countries by Performance
4.0 Conclusion x Lessons Learnt x Recommendations
Annexes x Data Collection Schedule x Instruments Used to Gather Data x List of Respondents x Any relevant texts that add value but would be intrusive in the main text or which
help to understand the findings better e.g. laws enacted or repealed, new policies and statistics
Bibliography x Major texts and other sources of information used to generate the report
50Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
Baltiwala (2011a). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation for Women’s Rights: Thirteen Insights for Women’s Organisations. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.
East African Community - EAC (2002). The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community. Arusha: East African Community.
Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women -EASSI (2009). Protocol on Gender and Development (5th Draft). Kampala: EASSI.
Mhlanga, P. (n.d). Beyond the Signatures: Radicalising the Monitoring of Women’s Rights. Pretoria: Oxfam-GB-Southern Africa.
Westhuizen, C. (ed) (2005). Gender Instruments in Africa: Critical Perspectives, Future Strategies. Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.
Further ReadingAjayi, O.A. & Juma, M.K. (n.d). Gender Mainstreaming in Africa (2000-2008):
Lessons Learnt and Opportunities for Future Engagement. Dakar: Femmes Africa Solidarite (under the Gender is My Agenda Campaign – GIMAC).
Baltiwala (2010). Capturing Change in Women’s Realities: A Critical Overview of Current Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks and Approaches. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.
Baltiwala (2011b). Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation for Women’s Rights: Twelve Insights for Donors. Toronto: Association for Women’s Rights in Development.
References5.0
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework51
East African Community - EAC (2004). “Report of the Committee on Fast Tracking East African Federation”. Submitted to the Sixth Summit of Heads of State of East African Community. Arusha: East African Community.
East African Community - EAC (2012) EAC Strategic Plan For Gender, Youth, Children, Persons with Disability, Social Protection and Community Development (2012-2016). Arusha: East African Community.
East African Community – EAC (2013). Final Draft EAC Social Development Policy Framework. Arusha: East African Community.
Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women -EASSI (2012). The Beijing + 17 (2012) Scorecard. Kampala:EASSI.
Economic Commission for Africa – ECA (2004). African Gender and Development Index. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.
Economic Commission for Africa – ECA African Women’s Report 2009 - Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa: Experiences and Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.
Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Kenya (2006). Gender Impact Analysis Tool on CEDAW and ICESCR. Nairobi: Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Kenya.
League of Kenya Women Voters (2007). The Kenya Women’s Manifesto. Nairobi: League of Kenya Women Voters
Mook, B. (2003). Evaluating an Information Project: A Letter to a Project Manager. Wageningen: International Service for National Agricultural Research.
Musa, R. (2011). Evaluation of the Implementation of the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa. Dakar: Femmes Africa Solidarite (under GIMAC)
Republic of Tanzania (2010). Tanzania Gender Indicators Booklet. Dar es Salaam: Research on Poverty Alleviation
United Nations Development Programme - UNDP/ United Nations Development Fund for Women - UNIFEM (2009). A User’s Guide to Measuring Gender-Sensitive Basic Service Delivery. Oslo: United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Children’s Fund -UNICEF (2006). Setting up a Gender Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation System: The Process. Panama City: United Nations Children’s Fund.
Women’s Empowerment Link (2011). Kenya Women’s National Charter. Nairobi: Women’s Empowerment Link.
Internet http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_Equaility. [Accessed on January 15, 2013].
Tracking Gender Equality Commitments in the East African Community
A Monitoring & Evaluation Framework
The Eastern African Sub-Regional SupportInitiative for the Advancement of Women
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