View
1
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
TOWARDS A PACIFIC CENTURY
JAPAN AFTER WWII
• GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR AND EMPEROR HIROHITO
• ALLIED OCCUPATION FORCE TOOK CONTROL FOR SEVERAL YEARS
• U.S. WANTED TO DEMILITARIZE JAPANESE SOCIETY AND HELP REBUILD THE ECONOMY
• 1951 PEACE TREATY
• US SECURITY TREATY – GAVE U.S.MILITARY BASES IN JAPAN TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY
CONSTITUTION OF 1947
• PUT IN PLACE A BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
(CALLED THE NATIONAL DIET), AN
INDEPENDENT COURT SYSTEM, A LIMITED
MONARCHY, AND AN EGALITARIAN
ELECTORAL PHILOSOPHY.
• GUARANTEED HUMAN RIGHTS
• GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE
• PACIFIST IN NATURE, IT CREATED A
NATIONAL SELF-DEFENSE FORCE (NO ARMY,
NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS)
“THE JAPANESE MIRACLE”
• JAPAN DEVELOPED A VERY SUCCESSFUL EXPORT-BASED
ECONOMY AFTER IT RECOVERED FROM WWII.
• THIS LED TO A HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING IN JAPAN
• KEIRETSU (“INFORMAL INTERLOCKING ARRANGEMENTS”)
DEVELOPED OUT OF THE ZAIBATSU OF PRE-WAR YEARS
• GOVERNMENT WAS VERY INVOLVED IN THE ECONOMY. MITI,
(KNOWN AS METI SINCE 2001), THE MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL
TRADE AND INDUSTRY, SUBSIDIZED EXPORTS.
• ON THE OTHER HAND, IMPORTS WERE SOMETIMES RESTRICTED
(SEE E.G. RICE OR BEEF)
• LAND REFORM ALSO TOOK PLACE. FARMS WERE LIMITED TO 7.5
ACRES.
• ECONOMY THRIVED IN THE 1980S BUT FELL INTO A RECESSION IN
THE 1990S. MUCH STAGNATION SINCE THEN.
JAPANESE EDUCATION SYSTEM
• VERY STRONG
• 240-DAY SCHOOL YEAR (CF. 180 DAYS IN
THE US)
• UNIFORMS WORN IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
• FOCUS AT SECONDARY LEVEL IS ON
GETTING INTO PRESTIGIOUS UNIVERSITIES
• CRAM SCHOOLS
• ONCE ACCEPTED INTO A UNIVERSITY,
STRESS IS MUCH LESS
JAPANESE CULTURE – AN EXAMPLE OF SOFT POWER?
SOME EXAMPLES OF INTERESTING WRITERS:
• YUKIO MISHIMA (1925-1970) AND THE
GOLDEN PAVILION
• HARUKI MURAKAMI (1949- ) AND A WILD
SHEEP CHASE
• BANANA YOSHIMOTO (1964- ) AND
KITCHEN
ONGOING DISPUTES WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
• LEGACY OF WWII (WITH KOREA: ISSUE OF
COMFORT WOMEN; WITH CHINA: THE
YASUKUNI SHRINE (TOKYO) AND NANJING
MASSACRE)
• BORDER DISPUTES (WITH RUSSIA: OVER THE
KURILE ISLANDS; WITH CHINA: SENKAKU (OR
DIAOYU) ISLANDS))
OTHER PROBLEMS
• DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BURAKUMIN (ETA),
KOREANS
• SEXUAL INEQUALITY, ESP. IN THE WORKPLACE
• LOW RATE OF IMMIGRATION
• GRAYING OF POPULATION
• DECLINE IN POPULATION
• LOW BIRTHRATE
• HIKIKOMORI (SHUT-INS)
• PROBLEM OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (CONTINUE
TO RELY ON AMERICANS?)
HIKIKOMORI = SHUT-INS OR RECLUSES
SOUTH KOREA
• SYNGMAN RHEE, FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE
REPUBLIC OF KOREA (I.E., SOUTH KOREA)
AFTER WWII
• AN AUTHORITARIAN RULER, HE LED HIS
COUNTRY FROM 1948-1960
• AN ANTI-COMMUNIST, HE WAS IN CHARGE
OF SOUTH KOREA DURING THE KOREAN
WAR (1950-1953)
PARK CHUNG-HEE
• A MILITARY STRONGMAN, PARK TOOK OVER
SOUTH KOREA IN A COUP D’ETAT IN 1962
• HE RULED FOR 17 YEARS UNTIL HE WAS
ASSASSINATED IN 1979
• HIS DAUGHTER PARK GEUN-HYE WAS ELECTED
SOUTH KOREA’S FIRST FEMALE PRESIDENT IN
2015
AFTER THE RULE OF GEN. PARK AND HIS SUCCESSOR, GEN. CHUN DOO HWON, ENDED IN 1988, SOUTH KOREA
BECOME MORE DEMOCRATIC, ESP. DURING THE PRESIDENCIES OF KIM YOUNG SAM AND KIM DAE JUNG
• KIM YOUNG SAN WAS PRESIDENT FROM
1993-1998
• KIM DAE JUNG WAS PRESIDENT FROM
1998-2003
• KIM DAE JUNG IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SUNSHINE POLICY (OPENING TOWARD
NORTH KOREA)
CHAEBOLS
• A CHAEBOL IS A LARGE BUSINESS
CONGLOMERATE
• IN KOREAN, IT MEANS “WEALTH OR MONEY
CLAN”
• CHAEBOLS HAVE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO
SOUTH KOREA’S ECONOMIC SUCCESS, ESP.
REGARDING EXPORTS
• THEY HELPED SOUTH KOREA BECOME ONE OF
THE LITTLE TIGERS (ALONG WITH TAIWAN,
SINGAPORE, AND HONG KONG)
NORTH KOREA
• KIM IL-SUNG
• COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF NORTH KOREA
FROM 1948-1994
• FOCUS OF A CULT OF PERSONALITY
• BACKED PHILOSOPHY OF JUCHE, OR SELF-
RELIANCE, FOR HIS COUNTRY, ESP. REGARDING
THE ECONOMY
• SUCCEEDED BY SON KIM JONG-IL (1994). KIM
JONG-UN HAS RULED SINCE 2011.
TAIWAN (OR REPUBLIC OF CHINA)
• JIANG JIESHI (+1975) – LEADER OF TAIWAN
UNTIL HIS DEATH
• TAIWAN HAS APPROX. 23 MILLION PEOPLE.
IT HAS A STRONG, EXPORT-ORIENTED MARKET
ECONOMY.
• IN THE 1980S TAIWAN WENT FROM BEING A
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP AND ONE-PARTY
STATE (DOMINATED BY THE KUOMINTANG) TO
A MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY
• TSAI ING-WEN, A MEMBER OF THE
DEMOCRATIC PROGRESSIVE PARTY, IS
TAIWAN’S CURRENT PRESIDENT
• IT IS NO LONGER A MEMBER OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
THE PHILIPPINES
• THE PHILIPPINES IS AN ISLAND-BASED COUNTRY SOUTH
OF JAPAN AND EAST OF CHINA. IT HAS APPROXIMATELY
102 MILLION PEOPLE. PRIOR TO WWII, IT WAS A
SPANISH, THEN AN AMERICAN COLONY.
• FERDINAND MARCOS RULED THE PHILIPPINES FROM
1965-1986.
• HIS DICTATORSHIP WAS ENDED BY THE PEOPLE POWER
REVOLUTION LED BY CORAZON AQUINO. SHE BECAME
THE PHILIPPINES’ FIRST FEMALE PRESIDENT IN 1986.
• RODRIGO DUTERTE WAS RECENTLY ELECTED AS THE
PHILIPPINES’ NEW PRESIDENT
SINGAPORE
• IT GAINED FULL INDEPENDENCE FROM GREAT BRITAIN IN 1965.
• IT IS A SOVEREIGN CITY-STATE OF OVER 5 MILLION PEOPLE. IT
HAS DEVELOPED INTO AN IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL AND
FINANCIAL CENTER. IT IS MULTICULTURAL IN CHARACTER.
• EXTERNAL TRADE IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ITS SUCCESS.
• IT HAS A MULTI-PARTY POLITICAL SYSTEM. IT HAS EMPHASIZED
STABILITY, SOMETIMES AT THE EXPENSE OF FREE SPEECH.
• LEE KUAN YEW, FOUNDER OF THE PEOPLE’S ACTION PARTY,
WAS THE FIRST PRIME MINISTER OF SINGAPORE. HE WAS IN
OFFICE FROM 1959-1990.
INDONESIA
• INDONESIA WAS RULED UNTIL 1949 AS A DUTCH COLONY.
• UPON INDEPENDENCE, IT BECAME ONE OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST
COUNTRIES. TODAY IT HAS OVER 250 MILLION PEOPLE. MOST OF
ITS CITIZENS ARE MUSLIM.
• SUKARNO (1901-1970) – A LEADER OF HIS COUNTRY’S
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT, HE SERVED AS INDONESIAN’S
PRESIDENT-FOR-LIFE FROM 1949 TO 1967.
• SUKARNO WAS A VERY GOOD SPEAKER. HE ALSO OPPOSED
WESTERN-STYLE DEMOCRACY (SEE HIS “GUIDED DEMOCRACY”)
• HE WAS REPLACED AS INDONESIA’S LEADER BY GENERAL
SUHARTO. SUHARTO SEIZED POWER IN A 1965 COUP D’ETAT AND
THEN BLAMED THE COUP ON INDONESIA’S COMMUNISTS. IN
REPRESSING THE COMMUNISTS, PERHAPS AS MANY AS ONE
MILLION INDONESIANS WERE KILLED.
SUHARTO, THE INDONESIAN LEADER AFTER SUKARNO
• MORE PRO-WESTERN THAN SUKARNO, GENERAL
SUHARTO RULED AS A DICTATOR FROM 1967-1998
• DURING HIS RULE, PEOPLE HAD LIMITED FREEDOM.
HE IMPOSED HIS NEW ORDER IDEOLOGY ON THE
COUNTRY. (SUKARNO FAVORED AN OLD ORDER
IDEOLOGY.) INDONESIA BECAME A POLICE STATE.
• PROTESTORS FORCED SUHARTO TO RESIGN IN
1998. HE WAS REPLACED BY ABDURRAHMAN WALID
AS THE RESULT OF A NATIONWIDE ELECTION.
• INDONESIA’S CURRENT LEADER IS JOKO WIDODO.
Recommended