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Toward the Realization of Sustainable Mobility
Toward the Realization of Sustainable Mobility
GIES 2008
March 14, 2008Toyota Motor CorporationSenior Technical Executive
Hiroyuki Watanabe
2
What Mobility Has Given us
And What’s Left
3
Achievements of AutomobilesAchievements of Automobiles
Greater movement ability (persons, things)Freedom and convenience: anytime, anywhere, to anyplace
Movable personal space
Greater movement ability (persons, things)Freedom and convenience: anytime, anywhere, to anyplace
Movable personal space
The development of mobility supportseconomic growth, as well as social and cultural expansion.
The development of mobility supportseconomic growth, as well as social and cultural expansion.
4
Challenges in Mobility
Environment & Energy 1. CO2 Emission
2. Oil depletion, need for alternative energy
3. Air pollution
Society 4. Traffic Accident
5. Traffic Congestion
6. Regional gap of
mobility access
5
<Global CO2 Emission(by source, 2002)>
Source:IEA/WEO 2004
・Transport sector accounts for 23% of total emission・Integrated approach is necessary in each sector
・Transport sector accounts for 23% of total emission・Integrated approach is necessary in each sector
Environmental Energy Issue 1: CO2 Emission
Households15%
Industry19%
Power generation
43%
TransportTransport23%23%
6
Environmental Energy Issue 2: Future of Petroleum
U.S. Bureau of Mines
Extractable volume of crude oil may peakin 20 - 50 years.Extractable volume of crude oil may peakin 20 - 50 years.
7
Amount of Bio Resources
Energy consumed globally by automobiles
(2002)65EJ
38EJ
Currently useable liquefied fuel converted from biomass resources
Use of forests, vegetation (2%)
19EJ
19EJ
EJ=1018J
①Forests (wood)
1438②Ocean
935
③Vegetation (grasslands)
484
⑥Wood waste 37
⑤Livestock waste 43
⑦Crops (food crops, etc.)
21
④Agricultural waste
49
3007
2020
130~150EJ
≪
8
Since 1980, deforestation in Indonesia and elsewhere is mainly as a result of plantationsDue to forest development, various organisms native to the rainforest are facing extinction Plantation development is accompanied by illegal felling (increased illegal felling of inland forests)
1960 1980 2000 2010 forecast
Red indicates forested areas
Destruction of forest and impact on the ecosystemDestruction of forest and impact on the ecosystemExpansion of palm plantations on SumatraExpansion of palm plantations on Sumatra
If we seriously engage in bio-fuels as a business, it will be vital to stop environmental destruction (regulations etc.)
9
Future Energy Sources for Automobiles
Oil
Electricity (Hydrogen)
Bio
Sweden 2030METI 2100
Source: Toyota Motor Corporation
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
70
90
10 20 30 40 60 70 80 90
METI 2030
10
80
%
Shell 2050
10
Changes in Mobility
1. Shift to Hybrid (driven by electric power)
Plug-in Hybrid
Fuel Cell Hybrid
Electric Vehicle
2. Shift to Ubiquitous World
3. Robotization
4. Shift to HMI (Human-Machine Interface)
to connect human’s hearts with machine
11
LS600hLS600h
12Note: Based on the internal measured figure of Toyota Motor Corporation
LS600h Fuel economyLS600h Fuel economy
fast slow
low
high
Top line of e
xisting gasolin
e engine vehicles
6.0L class
3.0L class★
LS600h
Fuel
ef fi
cie n
cy
Acceleration
Conventional vehicles
13
Plug In HV Systems(PHV)Potential for diversification of energy sources (flex-fuels), fading out from fossil fuel dependence and reduction of CO2
Outlet for Household
supply
E/G
Breaker
MG1
MG2
Battery
100 or 240VAC
Two wayTwo way
Tank
Well to Wheel CO2 reductionWell to Wheel CO2 reduction
1.01.0
0.50.5
USAUSA
PriusPrius Plug in Hybrid CarPlug in Hybrid Car
Well to W
heel CO
2reduction
(Prius
=
1)
Well to W
heel CO
2reduction
(Prius
=
1)
CO
2C
O2
GasolineGasoline
E85E85
JapanJapan
FranceFrance
14
Inductive Charging SystemInductive Charging System
◇Demonstration Project for Hybrid Truck & Bus (Hino/Ministry of Transport)
(National Traffic Safety and Environmental Lab./Waseda Univ./NEDO etc.)
Controlling gap: 50mm
Electric-magnetic Induction
Source: HinoSecondary Coil
Primary Coil
Secondary Core
Primary Core
Air Gap
15
-- TOYOTA performed freeze start and driving performance tests at TOYOTA performed freeze start and driving performance tests at Timmins, Canada. (Minimum temperature : Timmins, Canada. (Minimum temperature : --3737°°CC))
-- The driving performance immediately after startThe driving performance immediately after start--up was the same up was the same level as conventional gasolinelevel as conventional gasoline--powered vehicles.powered vehicles.
-- No major problem occurred in the FC unit.No major problem occurred in the FC unit.
°°CC
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
外気
温[℃
]
2/102/10 2/122/12 2/142/14 2/162/16 2/182/18
--3737°°CC
Ambient Air Temperature at TimminsAmbient Air Temperature at Timmins
Am
bien
t Air
Tem
p.A
mbi
ent A
ir Te
mp. 1010
((°°C)C)
00
--1010
--2020
--3030
--4040
5050
32322020
00
--2020
--4040
((°°F)F)
2/82/8DateDate
Freeze Start & Driving Performance Test Freeze Start & Driving Performance Test of improved TOYOTA FCHV of improved TOYOTA FCHV at Timmins, Canadaat Timmins, Canada
16
( )Each maker’s officially announced mode cruising range (Reference)
(( ))Each makerEach maker’’s officially announced s officially announced mode cruising range (Reference) mode cruising range (Reference)
( )(( ))
10001000 15001500 20002000Vehicle Weight (kg)Vehicle Weight (kg)
Act
ual C
ruis
ing
Ran
ge (k
m)
Act
ual C
ruis
ing
Ran
ge (k
m)
300300
400400
500500
600600
700700
800800
◆◆◆
◆◆◆
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
◆◆◆ ◆◆◆◆◆◆ ◆◆◆
◆◆◆
◆◆◆◆◆◆
◆◆◆
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Actual range of Actual range of gasoline vehiclesgasoline vehiclesA
ctua
l Cru
isin
g R
ange
(mile
)A
ctua
l Cru
isin
g R
ange
(mile
)
200200
400400
300300
500500
Cruising Range of Each CarCruising Range of Each Car--makermaker’’s FCVs FCV
TOYOTAFCHV (’05)TOYOTATOYOTA
FCHV FCHV ((’’05)05)
Actual cruising range of 500 km is required to be competitive wiActual cruising range of 500 km is required to be competitive with gasoline th gasoline engine vehicles. engine vehicles. Improved TOYOTA FCHV, which is 25% more fuel efficient and can Improved TOYOTA FCHV, which is 25% more fuel efficient and can store store app. 1.9 times the amount of hydrogen as the app. 1.9 times the amount of hydrogen as the ’’05 model, successfully 05 model, successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo (560 km) without refueling. traveled between Osaka and Tokyo (560 km) without refueling.
( )(( ))
Improved TOYOTA FCHV
780 km (*1)
560 km (*2)
*1 10-15 Japanese test mode (calculated by TMC)*2 Osaka-Tokyo trip
17
Classic Theory of Automobile Efficiency
Pd
F1
Power plant efficiency η=Pd
F1
F1 :Input fuel energy flowPd :Driving power
V:Vehicle cruisingvelocity
D
Pd = D・VD = D (Driving resistance, acceleration force)
・・・・・・・・・・①
18
Mobility Performance Index
W0・V
F0=
W0 : Weight of object to be moved (Payload)
V : Vehicle cruising velocity
F0 : Input primary energy flow
・・・・・・・②
W0 ・V : Mobility Effect
(Differentiated by time)
Mobility Performance Index Im
1919
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 30 400Energy consumption ratio (per passenger) (KJ / sec-
person)
140
Performance figure: 1.0Single-passenger Corolla in Tokyo
Single-passenger Tundra in LA● Performance
figure: 0.86
Performance figure: 7
Single-passenger vehicle, IW = 300kg
Corolla, 2- 4 passengers, IW = 1,200kg
Aver
age s
peed
(km / h
)
6 passengers30 passengers 1 passenger
~ ~~~~~
Large bus
●●
●●
Walk
Bicycle
●Tram20–30 passengers
7 times
Suburban driving
City driving
Mobility Performance:Mobility Performance: ImprovementImprovement
2020
Innovation of Mobile Units and Energy Conversion- Reducing size and weight, automated driving, and automated platoon operation- Plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles
Combining urban transit innovation with urban development- Upgrading the urban and road infrastructure
- Introduction of ITS- Transportation demand management (TDM)
Optimal combination of diverse transport modes
Reduction of energy consumptionSm
ooth
traf
fic fl
ow
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 30 400
Energy consumption ratio (per passenger) (KJ / sec-person)
140
Performance figure: 1.0
Single-passenger Corolla in Tokyo Single-passenger Tundra in LA
●Performance figure: 0.86
Performance figure: 7
Single-passenger vehicle, IW = 300kg
Corolla, 2- 4 passengers, IW = 1,200kg
Aver
age s
peed
(km
/ h)
6 passengers30 passengers 1 passenger
~ ~~~~~
Large bus
●●
●●
Walk
Bicycle
●
Tram20–30 passengers
7 times7 times
Suburban driving
City driving
Ubiquitous Technology- Automated parking
Mobility Performance:Mobility Performance: RealizationRealization
212121
Cutting congestion and CO2 emission by half
Rebirth of urban traffic systemsGoals :
1) Effective deployment of transportation infrastructure 2) Active application of advanced IT and ITS technologies3) Market penetration of new generation vehicles4) Awareness and participation by citizens and industries5) Strategic policy decision and its implementation
Actions :
Reducing traffic fatality to zero
New generation logistic systemswithout congestion, CO2 emission and accidents
for timely delivery at competitive cost
Concurrent efforts from diverse perspectives
ProposalProposalTransportation and Logistics RenaissanceTransportation and Logistics Renaissance
22
Model city selection
Task and target setting
Test planSimulation
Evaluation method
FOT Phase I
Deployment and penetration (Confirmed at FOT, operation spreads )
Practical operation
<Phase III>1) 50% reduction2) 50% reduction3) Zero
Through Field Evaluation Test (FOT)1. More advanced technologies applied2. Lager number of cities participated
<Phase I>1) 20% reduction2) 20% reduction3) 20% reduction
EvaluationAdjustment Legislation
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Indu
stry
Ta
skfo
rce
Larg
e sc
ale
Fiel
d O
pera
tion
Test
(FO
T)Im
plem
en-
tatio
n
<Target Items>1) Congestion2) CO2 emission3) Ftality
Model city selection
Task and target setting
Test planSimulation
Evaluation methodModel city selection
Task and target setting
Test planSimulation
Evaluation method
FOT Phase II FOT Phase III
EvaluationAdjustment Legislature
<Phase I>1) 30% reduction2) 30% reduction3) 30% reduction
Road MapRoad MapTransportation and Logistics RenaissanceTransportation and Logistics Renaissance
23
“The Project of Accelerating Reduction to the Society” aims to visualize for the citizen the outcome of large demonstration projects at a model city/line in a selected district, and to accelerate the application of successful practice on other areas. The special committee for new transportation & logistics in ITS Japan is taking initiatives in collaboration with industry, committed for realization with government.
Plan:
Realizing Safe & Smooth Road Transport utilizing Information Technology
Auto manufacturersElectronic manufacturersTransport companyHighway companyRailway company etc.
Leader: Councilor Mr. OkumuraMember: Cabinet secretary, Police AgencyMinistry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationMinistry of Economy, Trade, and IndustryMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismSpecialist: Intellectuals, ITS Japan
Transport & LogisticsRenaissance Project
Council on Competitiveness-
Nippon
General Science & Technology ConferenceProject of accelerating reduction to the society
Road Transport System (ITS)Task ForcePolicy-making, budget allocation, project promotion
ITS Japan The special committee for new transport & logisticsProject proposal & promotion
Advanced logistics WGTown revival WGAuto manufacturersElectronic manufacturers City developerModel city/local districtetc.
Academ
ia
Proposal Advice
-Make a proposal-Launch the organization-Support promotion-Follow up outcome
-Make direction-Promote a plan
Project of Accelerating Reduction to the Society
24
Number of trips
Population
Automobile
Walk
Public transport
Bicycle
Share of
Travel
method
Traffic became smooth due to park & ride, despite population growth and increasing dependence on automobile.
Example)Nantes, France:Mobility Demand and Change of Travel Method
25
26
“All driving stages”
“Coordination of safety systems”
ParkingParkingParking Preventive safety
Preventive Preventive safetysafety
Pre-crashsafety
PrePre--crashcrashsafetysafety Crash safetyCrash safetyCrash safety RescueRescueRescue
Integrated Safety Concept
Integrated Safety ConceptIntegrated Safety Concept
27
Front millimeter-wave radar
Front millimeter-wave radar
2003 Harrier2003 Harrier
Pedestrian also detectedPedestrian also detected
Front stereo cameraRear millimeter-wave radar
Front stereo cameraRear millimeter-wave radar
2006 LS4602006 LS460
FrontcameraFront
camera2004 Crown Majesta2004 Crown Majesta2006 GS450h2006 GS450h
Driver monitorcamera
Driver monitorcamera
InfrastructureInfrastructure--Coordinated Coordinated SystemsSystems
Vehicle-road communication
Communication with pedestrians
Vehicle-vehicle communication
PrePre--crash Safety Systemcrash Safety System
Lane keeping Assist
Radar cruise control
VSC (Vehicle Stability Control)
Automotive Evolution
28
Automotive to “Robomotive”
RecognitionRecognitionDriver statusDriver status Vehicle behavior,
etc.Vehicle behavior,
etc.External environment
recognitionExternal environment
recognition(face direction, etc.)(face direction, etc.)
ActionActionVehicle controlVehicle control
External communications
External communicationsHMIHMI
DecisionDecisionDSS computer
(Danger prediction: Optimal control according to extent of danger)
DSS computer(Danger prediction: Optimal control
according to extent of danger)
DSS: Driver Support SystemDSS: Driver Support System
Integrated control system
Integrated control system
RobotizationRobotizationi-uniti-unit Toyota Partner RobotToyota Partner Robot
29
Achieving Sustainable MobilityCreating affluence for people, societies, and the world
History, culture
Communities
- Connecting -Coordination
Fusion
Harmonizing
Diversifying values
Aging societyAppeal, vitality
High speed, large volume,
high efficiency
Anytime, anywhere, to anyplace
Security, safety, comfort, freedom
Technology for smoothing traffic flow
Urban spaces,infrastructure
Plug-in HV
- Expanding the scope of activities -
Diversificationof mobility
Automated drivingtechnology
Weight reduction technology
EVFCHV
Automatedplatoon driving
Robots
Ubiquitous technology
People andlifestyles
Jidoka technology
Heart and feelings technology
Health
ITIT・・ITSITSRTRT
30
Thank You for Your Attention.Thank You for Your Attention.
i - REALi Q_CONCEPT
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