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Toward the Realization of Sustainable Mobility

Toward the Realization of Sustainable Mobility

GIES 2008

March 14, 2008Toyota Motor CorporationSenior Technical Executive

Hiroyuki Watanabe

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What Mobility Has Given us

And What’s Left

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Achievements of AutomobilesAchievements of Automobiles

Greater movement ability (persons, things)Freedom and convenience: anytime, anywhere, to anyplace

Movable personal space

Greater movement ability (persons, things)Freedom and convenience: anytime, anywhere, to anyplace

Movable personal space

The development of mobility supportseconomic growth, as well as social and cultural expansion.

The development of mobility supportseconomic growth, as well as social and cultural expansion.

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Challenges in Mobility

Environment & Energy 1. CO2 Emission

2. Oil depletion, need for alternative energy

3. Air pollution

Society 4. Traffic Accident

5. Traffic Congestion

6. Regional gap of

mobility access

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＜Global CO2 Emission（by source, 2002）＞

Source：IEA/WEO 2004

・Transport sector accounts for 23％ of total emission・Integrated approach is necessary in each sector

・Transport sector accounts for 23％ of total emission・Integrated approach is necessary in each sector

Environmental Energy Issue 1: ＣＯ２ Emission

Households１５％

Industry１９％

Power generation

４３％

TransportTransport２３％２３％

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Environmental Energy Issue 2: Future of Petroleum

U.S. Bureau of Mines

Extractable volume of crude oil may peakin 20 - 50 years.Extractable volume of crude oil may peakin 20 - 50 years.

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Amount of Bio Resources

Energy consumed globally by automobiles

(2002)６５EJ

38EJ

Currently useable liquefied fuel converted from biomass resources

Use of forests, vegetation (2%)

19EJ

19EJ

EJ=1018J

①Forests (wood)

1438②Ocean

935

③Vegetation (grasslands)

484

⑥Wood waste 37

⑤Livestock waste 43

⑦Crops (food crops, etc.)

21

④Agricultural waste

49

3007

2020

130～150EJ

≪

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Since 1980, deforestation in Indonesia and elsewhere is mainly as a result of plantationsDue to forest development, various organisms native to the rainforest are facing extinction Plantation development is accompanied by illegal felling (increased illegal felling of inland forests)

1960 1980 2000 2010 forecast

Red indicates forested areas

Destruction of forest and impact on the ecosystemDestruction of forest and impact on the ecosystemExpansion of palm plantations on SumatraExpansion of palm plantations on Sumatra

If we seriously engage in bio-fuels as a business, it will be vital to stop environmental destruction (regulations etc.)

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Future Energy Sources for Automobiles

Oil

Electricity (Hydrogen)

Bio

Sweden 2030METI 2100

Source: Toyota Motor Corporation

５０

１０

２０

３０

４０

５０

６０

７０

８０

９０

２０

３０

４０

５０

６０

７０

９０

１０ ２０ ３０ ４０ ６０ ７０ ８０ ９０

METI 2030

１０

８０

％

Shell 2050

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Changes in Mobility

1. Shift to Hybrid (driven by electric power)

Plug-in Hybrid

Fuel Cell Hybrid

Electric Vehicle

2. Shift to Ubiquitous World

3. Robotization

4. Shift to HMI (Human-Machine Interface)

to connect human’s hearts with machine

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LS600hLS600h

12Note: Based on the internal measured figure of Toyota Motor Corporation

LS600h Fuel economyLS600h Fuel economy

fast slow

low

high

Top line of e

xisting gasolin

e engine vehicles

6.0L class

3.0L class★

LS600h

Fuel

ef fi

cie n

cy

Acceleration

Conventional vehicles

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Plug In HV Systems（PHV）Potential for diversification of energy sources (flex-fuels), fading out from fossil fuel dependence and reduction of CO2

Outlet for Household

supply

E/G

Breaker

MG1

MG2

Battery

100 or 240VAC

Two wayTwo way

Tank

Well to Wheel CO2 reductionWell to Wheel CO2 reduction

1.01.0

0.50.5

USAUSA

PriusPrius Plug in Hybrid CarPlug in Hybrid Car

Well to W

heel CO

2reduction

（Prius

＝

１）

Well to W

heel CO

2reduction

（Prius

＝

１）

CO

2C

O2

GasolineGasoline

E85E85

JapanJapan

FranceFrance

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Inductive Charging SystemInductive Charging System

◇Demonstration Project for Hybrid Truck & Bus (Hino/Ministry of Transport)

(National Traffic Safety and Environmental Lab./Waseda Univ./NEDO etc.)

Controlling gap: 50mm

Electric-magnetic Induction

Source: HinoSecondary Coil

Primary Coil

Secondary Core

Primary Core

Air Gap

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-- TOYOTA performed freeze start and driving performance tests at TOYOTA performed freeze start and driving performance tests at Timmins, Canada. (Minimum temperature : Timmins, Canada. (Minimum temperature : --3737°°CC))

-- The driving performance immediately after startThe driving performance immediately after start--up was the same up was the same level as conventional gasolinelevel as conventional gasoline--powered vehicles.powered vehicles.

-- No major problem occurred in the FC unit.No major problem occurred in the FC unit.

°°CC

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

外気

温[℃

]

2/102/10 2/122/12 2/142/14 2/162/16 2/182/18

--3737°°CC

Ambient Air Temperature at TimminsAmbient Air Temperature at Timmins

Am

bien

t Air

Tem

p.A

mbi

ent A

ir Te

mp. 1010

((°°C)C)

00

--1010

--2020

--3030

--4040

5050

32322020

00

--2020

--4040

((°°F)F)

2/82/8DateDate

Freeze Start & Driving Performance Test Freeze Start & Driving Performance Test of improved TOYOTA FCHV of improved TOYOTA FCHV at Timmins, Canadaat Timmins, Canada

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（ ）Each maker’s officially announced mode cruising range (Reference)

（（ ））Each makerEach maker’’s officially announced s officially announced mode cruising range (Reference) mode cruising range (Reference)

（ ）（（ ））

10001000 15001500 20002000Vehicle Weight (kg)Vehicle Weight (kg)

Act

ual C

ruis

ing

Ran

ge (k

m)

Act

ual C

ruis

ing

Ran

ge (k

m)

300300

400400

500500

600600

700700

800800

◆◆◆

◆◆◆

◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆

◆◆◆ ◆◆◆◆◆◆ ◆◆◆

◆◆◆

◆◆◆◆◆◆

◆◆◆

◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆

◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆

Actual range of Actual range of gasoline vehiclesgasoline vehiclesA

ctua

l Cru

isin

g R

ange

(mile

)A

ctua

l Cru

isin

g R

ange

(mile

)

200200

400400

300300

500500

Cruising Range of Each CarCruising Range of Each Car--makermaker’’s FCVs FCV

TOYOTAFCHV (’05)TOYOTATOYOTA

FCHV FCHV ((’’05)05)

Actual cruising range of 500 km is required to be competitive wiActual cruising range of 500 km is required to be competitive with gasoline th gasoline engine vehicles. engine vehicles. Improved TOYOTA FCHV, which is 25% more fuel efficient and can Improved TOYOTA FCHV, which is 25% more fuel efficient and can store store app. 1.9 times the amount of hydrogen as the app. 1.9 times the amount of hydrogen as the ’’05 model, successfully 05 model, successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo (560 km) without refueling. traveled between Osaka and Tokyo (560 km) without refueling.

（ ）（（ ））

Improved TOYOTA FCHV

780 km (*1)

560 km (*2)

*1 10-15 Japanese test mode (calculated by TMC)*2 Osaka-Tokyo trip

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Classic Theory of Automobile Efficiency

Pｄ

F1

Power plant efficiency η=Pd

F1

F1 ：Input fuel energy flowPｄ ：Driving power

Ｖ：Vehicle cruisingvelocity

Ｄ

Pｄ = D・VD = D (Driving resistance, acceleration force）

・・・・・・・・・・①

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Mobility Performance Index

W0・V

F0＝

W0 ： Weight of object to be moved (Payload)

V ： Vehicle cruising velocity

F0 ： Input primary energy flow

・・・・・・・②

W0 ･V ： Mobility Effect

(Differentiated by time)

Mobility Performance Index Im

1919

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 400Energy consumption ratio (per passenger) (KJ / sec-

person)

140

Performance figure: 1.0Single-passenger Corolla in Tokyo

Single-passenger Tundra in LA● Performance

figure: 0.86

Performance figure: 7

Single-passenger vehicle, IW = 300kg

Corolla, 2- 4 passengers, IW = 1,200kg

Aver

age s

peed

(km / h

)

6 passengers30 passengers 1 passenger

～ ～～～～～

Large bus

●●

●●

Walk

Bicycle

●Tram20–30 passengers

7 times

Suburban driving

City driving

Mobility Performance:Mobility Performance: ImprovementImprovement

2020

Innovation of Mobile Units and Energy Conversion- Reducing size and weight, automated driving, and automated platoon operation- Plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles

Combining urban transit innovation with urban development- Upgrading the urban and road infrastructure

- Introduction of ITS- Transportation demand management (TDM)

Optimal combination of diverse transport modes

Reduction of energy consumptionSm

ooth

traf

fic fl

ow

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 20 30 400

Energy consumption ratio (per passenger) (KJ / sec-person)

140

Performance figure: 1.0

Single-passenger Corolla in Tokyo Single-passenger Tundra in LA

●Performance figure: 0.86

Performance figure: 7

Single-passenger vehicle, IW = 300kg

Corolla, 2- 4 passengers, IW = 1,200kg

Aver

age s

peed

(km

/ h)

6 passengers30 passengers 1 passenger

～ ～～～～～

Large bus

●●

●●

Walk

Bicycle

●

Tram20–30 passengers

7 times7 times

Suburban driving

City driving

Ubiquitous Technology- Automated parking

Mobility Performance:Mobility Performance: RealizationRealization

212121

Cutting congestion and CO2 emission by half

Rebirth of urban traffic systemsGoals :

1) Effective deployment of transportation infrastructure 2) Active application of advanced IT and ITS technologies3) Market penetration of new generation vehicles4) Awareness and participation by citizens and industries5) Strategic policy decision and its implementation

Actions :

Reducing traffic fatality to zero

New generation logistic systemswithout congestion, CO2 emission and accidents

for timely delivery at competitive cost

Concurrent efforts from diverse perspectives

ProposalProposalTransportation and Logistics RenaissanceTransportation and Logistics Renaissance

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Model city selection

Task and target setting

Test planSimulation

Evaluation method

FOT Phase I

Deployment and penetration (Confirmed at FOT, operation spreads )

Practical operation

<Phase III>1) 50% reduction2) 50% reduction3) Zero

Through Field Evaluation Test (FOT)1. More advanced technologies applied2. Lager number of cities participated

<Phase I>1) 20% reduction2) 20% reduction3) 20% reduction

EvaluationAdjustment Legislation

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Indu

stry

Ta

skfo

rce

Larg

e sc

ale

Fiel

d O

pera

tion

Test

(FO

T)Im

plem

en-

tatio

n

<Target Items>1) Congestion2) CO2 emission3) Ftality

Model city selection

Task and target setting

Test planSimulation

Evaluation methodModel city selection

Task and target setting

Test planSimulation

Evaluation method

FOT Phase II FOT Phase III

EvaluationAdjustment Legislature

<Phase I>1) 30% reduction2) 30% reduction3) 30% reduction

Road MapRoad MapTransportation and Logistics RenaissanceTransportation and Logistics Renaissance

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“The Project of Accelerating Reduction to the Society” aims to visualize for the citizen the outcome of large demonstration projects at a model city/line in a selected district, and to accelerate the application of successful practice on other areas. The special committee for new transportation & logistics in ITS Japan is taking initiatives in collaboration with industry, committed for realization with government.

Plan：

Realizing Safe & Smooth Road Transport utilizing Information Technology

Auto manufacturersElectronic manufacturersTransport companyHighway companyRailway company etc.

Leader： Councilor Mr. OkumuraMember： Cabinet secretary, Police AgencyMinistry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationMinistry of Economy, Trade, and IndustryMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismSpecialist： Intellectuals, ITS Japan

Transport & LogisticsRenaissance Project

Council on Competitiveness-

Nippon

General Science & Technology ConferenceProject of accelerating reduction to the society

Road Transport System （ＩＴＳ）Task ForcePolicy-making, budget allocation, project promotion

ＩＴＳ Ｊａｐａｎ The special committee for new transport & logisticsProject proposal & promotion

Advanced logistics ＷＧTown revival ＷＧAuto manufacturersElectronic manufacturers City developerModel city/local districtetc.

Academ

ia

Proposal Advice

-Make a proposal-Launch the organization-Support promotion-Follow up outcome

-Make direction-Promote a plan

Project of Accelerating Reduction to the Society

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Number of trips

Population

Automobile

Walk

Public transport

Bicycle

Share of

Travel

method

Traffic became smooth due to park & ride, despite population growth and increasing dependence on automobile.

Example）Nantes, France:Mobility Demand and Change of Travel Method

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“All driving stages”

“Coordination of safety systems”

ParkingParkingParking Preventive safety

Preventive Preventive safetysafety

Pre-crashsafety

PrePre--crashcrashsafetysafety Crash safetyCrash safetyCrash safety RescueRescueRescue

Integrated Safety Concept

Integrated Safety ConceptIntegrated Safety Concept

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Front millimeter-wave radar

Front millimeter-wave radar

2003 Harrier2003 Harrier

Pedestrian also detectedPedestrian also detected

Front stereo cameraRear millimeter-wave radar

Front stereo cameraRear millimeter-wave radar

2006 LS4602006 LS460

FrontcameraFront

camera2004 Crown Majesta2004 Crown Majesta2006 GS450h2006 GS450h

Driver monitorcamera

Driver monitorcamera

InfrastructureInfrastructure--Coordinated Coordinated SystemsSystems

Vehicle-road communication

Communication with pedestrians

Vehicle-vehicle communication

PrePre--crash Safety Systemcrash Safety System

Lane keeping Assist

Radar cruise control

VSC （Vehicle Stability Control）

Automotive Evolution

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Automotive to “Robomotive”

RecognitionRecognitionDriver statusDriver status Vehicle behavior,

etc.Vehicle behavior,

etc.External environment

recognitionExternal environment

recognition(face direction, etc.)(face direction, etc.)

ActionActionVehicle controlVehicle control

External communications

External communicationsHMIHMI

DecisionDecisionDSS computer

(Danger prediction: Optimal control according to extent of danger)

DSS computer(Danger prediction: Optimal control

according to extent of danger)

DSS: Driver Support SystemDSS: Driver Support System

Integrated control system

Integrated control system

RobotizationRobotizationi-uniti-unit Toyota Partner RobotToyota Partner Robot

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Achieving Sustainable MobilityCreating affluence for people, societies, and the world

History, culture

Communities

- Connecting -Coordination

Fusion

Harmonizing

Diversifying values

Aging societyAppeal, vitality

High speed, large volume,

high efficiency

Anytime, anywhere, to anyplace

Security, safety, comfort, freedom

Technology for smoothing traffic flow

Urban spaces,infrastructure

Plug-in HV

- Expanding the scope of activities -

Diversificationof mobility

Automated drivingtechnology

Weight reduction technology

EVFCHV

Automatedplatoon driving

Robots

Ubiquitous technology

People andlifestyles

Jidoka technology

Heart and feelings technology

Health

ITIT･･ITSITSRTRT

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Thank You for Your Attention.Thank You for Your Attention.

i - REALi Q_CONCEPT