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26 January 2010
To: Jody Brostrom
From: Brian J. McIlraith and Christopher C. Caudill
Re: Evaluation of factors affecting migration success and spawning distributions of adult Pacific lamprey in the Snake River, Washington and Idaho; a progress report.
INTRODUCTION
Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata) are an anadromous, parasitic fish of the lamprey
family, petromyzontidae. Their natural range extends along the Pacific Coast from Baja California,
Mexico, throughout the Bering Sea (Orlov et al. 2008), and to Hokkaido Japan (Simpson and Wallace
1982) and they are native to the Columbia River basin (Close et al. 2002). Pacific lamprey are among
the oldest existing vertebrates, changing little in the past 400 million years (Bond 1996; Gess et al.
2006). Although considered a primitive fish (Renaud 1997), they have evolved a complex life history
that spans multiple habitats, geographic ranges, and spatial scales.
This diverse life history has made Pacific lamprey vulnerable to a host of anthropogenic
disturbances including flow regulation (Close et al. 2002), hydroelectric impacts (Keefer et al.
2009b), and degradation of spawning and rearing habitats. Despite being the largest and most
abundant lamprey species in the Columbia River Basin (Wydoski and Whitney 2003), Pacific
lamprey populations have declined dramatically in recent decades (Close et al. 2002) as evidenced by
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decreasing annual daytime counts of returning adults at Columbia and Snake River hydroelectric
facilities. Adult daytime counts at Lower Granite Dam, the last facility equipped with fish passage
facilities on the Snake River, have been reduced to double digits with a low of 12 fish counted in
2009 (archived at: http://www.cbr.washington.edu/dart).
These declines have focused attention on Pacific lamprey populations within the Columbia
River Basin. The Pacific lamprey is important ecologically and culturally (Close et al. 2002). They
are an important prey species for a variety of predators (Merrell 1959; Poe et al. 1991; Roffe and
Mate 1984) due to their high nutritional value (Whyte et al. 1993) and relative ease of capture (Close
et al. 2002). The benthic (Vladykov 1973) and anadromous portions of their life cycle are likely
important components to nutrient cycling (Close et al. 2002). Pacific lampreys are also culturally
important to the Native American tribes of the Columbia River Basin as they have been used for
commercial, medicinal, and ceremonial purposes for thousands of years (Close et al. 2002).
Overall efforts to conserve, manage, and rehabilitate Pacific lamprey populations have been
minimal compared to resources devoted to salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest (Close et al.
2002; Renaud 1997). Management has been hindered by negative perception within western culture
of the species as an invasive, its relatively low commercial value, and a lack of basic biological
information. Nonetheless, decreasing population estimates have led to increased protection efforts
and the state of Oregon designated lamprey as a species at risk in 1993 and a protected species in
1996. In 2003, a petition to list Pacific lamprey as an endangered species under the Endangered
Species Act (ESA) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was denied primarily due to an
overall lack of basic biological, population, and stock structure information (Keefer et al. 2009b).
Much of what is known about petromyzonid biology stems from sea lamprey (Petromyzon
marinus) research in the Great Lakes and lamprey research in Canada. Whether observations for sea
lamprey are directly applicable to Pacific lamprey or not is unknown. Research dealing with
Columbia River lamprey populations has increased in recent years, though it has been primarily
focused on improving passage at Columbia River hydroelectric facilities (Moser et al. 2002). Very
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few studies have focused on the general seasonality, route selection, or rates of adult migrations
(Moser et al. 2002). Within Idaho projects have focused on larval rearing (Hammond 1979), and
habitat and recruitment of Pacific lamprey (Claire et al. 2007). Little information on adult Pacific
lamprey migration through the impounded lower Snake River or in unimpounded reaches of the
Snake Basin is available.
In this three-year study, we radio tagged adult Pacific lamprey and monitored their
movements through the lower Snake River drainage above Lower Granite Dam. This study area
included reaches unimpounded by hydroelectric facilities, though many reaches had flow regimes
controlled by upstream dams (e.g, Dworshak Dam, Hells Canyon Dam). Our objectives were to
determine the migration timing, behavior, migration rates, and overwintering habitat of tagged adults
and determine which environmental factors were correlated with these movement patterns.
Specifically we wanted to determine how migrating lamprey responded to the river environments of
the Snake and Clearwater Rivers before, during, and after overwinter holding, and to determine the
final distribution of the tagged population. Information contained in this paper should add to the
limited biological information for Idaho lamprey populations as well as to improve the protection,
management, and rehabilitation of the Pacific lamprey within the lower Snake River and the state of
Idaho.
METHODS
Study area
The Snake River drains 280,000 km2 of Idaho as well as portions of Washington, Oregon, and
Wyoming. The upper and lower portions of the Snake River are separated by Hells Canyon Dam
(Figure 1, HC, river kilometer [rkm] 397, measuring from the mouth of the Snake River) which is
impassable to upstream migrating fish. Upstream migrations of adult Pacific lamprey were monitored
in portions of the Snake River above Lower Granite Dam, WA (LGR, rkm 173), the last passable dam
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on the Snake River system, and below Hells Canyon Dam. This area includes the two major
tributaries of the lower Snake River; the Clearwater and Salmon Rivers. The Clearwater River (rkm
224) drains approximately 25,000 km2 and is the largest tributary of the Snake River. It joins the
Snake River near the town of Lewiston, ID and its major tributaries include the South Fork
Clearwater (rkm 344), Selway (rkm 381), and Lochsa Rivers (rkm 381). The North Fork Clearwater
River is also a major tributary of the Clearwater, though passage is blocked near the confluence of the
mainstem Clearwater by Dworshak Dam. Deep-water releases from Dworshak Reservoir aimed at
aiding salmon migration strongly alter the thermal regime of the Clearwater and lower Snake rivers
downstream of Dworshak Dam during summer months. The second largest tributary of the Snake
River is the Salmon River (rkm 303) and it drains approximately 36,000 km2. Its major tributaries
include the Middle Fork Salmon (rkm 622), Lemhi (rkm 719), and Pashimeroi Rivers (rkm 792).
The lower Snake River is highly regulated and has four hydroelectric facilities equipped with
fish passage facilities (Figure 1). These four dams are Ice Harbor (IHR, rkm 16), Lower Monumental
(LMO, rkm 67), Little Goose (LGO, rkm 113), and Lower Granite (LGR). Adult lamprey destined
for Idaho must ascend these facilities prior to entering relatively free-flowing portions of the Snake,
Salmon, and Clearwater Rivers. Adult pacific lampreys enter the Snake River in late spring, migrate
upstream until late fall, and overwinter before resuming upstream migration in the early spring.
Spawning in Idaho typically occurs in the late spring and early summer in the year following
freshwater entry.
Lamprey collection, tagging, and tracking
Pacific lampreys used in this study were collected at Lower Monumental and Little Goose
Dams. All fish were collected from salmonid juvenile bypass systems from July to October from
2006 to 2008. Once collected, lampreys were held in 190 L containers that were provided with a
consistent flow of aerated river water. Lampreys were held until tagging and release, which occurred
within 48 hours of collection.
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Before tagging, fish were anesthetized with 60 ppm clove oil, measured (length and girth to
the nearest mm), and weighed (nearest g). Weight data were not collected in 2006. No fish with girth
< 9 mm at the dorsal fin were radio-tagged (< 3% rejected based on size). Lampreys were surgically
implanted with uniquely coded radio tags (18.3 mm length, 8.3 mm diameter, 2.1 g in water; model
NTC-4-2L, Lotek Wireless, Inc) with methods approved by the University of Idaho Animal Care and
Use Committee and outlined in Moser et al. (2002). Radio transmitters represented a mean weight
increase of < 1.0% (range 0.29 to 0.78 %) to tagged individuals in all years. Sex was determined by
examination of the gonads. Individuals that were unable to be sexed by these methods were
categorized as sex unknown (U).
After tagging, lampreys were placed in a 142 L cooler filled with oxygenated river water.
Water temperature was maintained at 15-20 C° with the use of 4 L containers of frozen river water.
Fish were transported from their tagging locations and released upstream from Lower Granite Dam at
Offield landing (OFF, rkm 174), Wawawai campground (WAI, rkm 178), and Red Wolf crossing
(RWC, rkm 226).
Lamprey movements were recorded using a combination of two methods. An extensive
network of fixed-site radio telemetry receivers jointly maintained by the University of Idaho and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was used to continuously monitor timing of lamprey
movements (Figure 1). Fixed-site receivers (Lotek Engineering, Inc., Ontario, Canada) were placed
at the mouths of most major tributaries within the Snake, Salmon, and Clearwater River drainages
(Figure 1). Each receiver was equipped with one or more 4-element Yagi antenna and a power
source. Antennas faced downriver at a 45° angle offshore towards the thalweg. Fixed-site receivers
were downloaded periodically and compiled into a larger telemetry database for future analysis.
These files provided information on date and time of day when a unique tag was within the detection
range of a receiver.
Terrestrial mobile tracking (boat and automobile) was used to determine locations of tags
between fixed site receivers. The roaded sections of the Snake, Salmon, and Clearwater Rivers were
6
surveyed periodically via automobile. During the fall (Aug-Nov) these sections were surveyed every
two weeks until it was determined that fish were holding fixed positions. Surveys continued monthly
throughout the winter (Dec-Feb) until indications of movement were observed. In the spring (Mar-
June), surveys continued every two weeks until no actively transmitting tags were found (the rated
life of the tags was 251 days). Mobile tracking by boat was conducted on unroaded portions of the
Snake River upriver from Lewiston, ID (rkm 224) in October of 2007 and February of 2009.
Once tag locations were determined, a Yagi handheld antenna was used to further pinpoint
lamprey location. Latitudes and longitudes of these locations were recorded using a handheld GPS
unit (Garmin GPS 76) and corresponding river kilometer positions were recorded to facilitate data
analysis. Any fish that was detected upstream of the Snake and Clearwater confluence was deemed a
“successful” migrant as potential spawning habitat exists above this location.
Analysis of telemetry data
All radiotelemetry data were entered into a larger database and processed as described in
Moser et al. (2002). The radiotelemetry database consisted of tagging (size metrics, tagging date,
release date, release location, etc.), transmitter (code, frequency, date, time, location, and power of
transmission at fixed sites), and mobile tracking records (latitude, longitude, rkm, location
description). Transmitter records were filtered for invalid records which included duplicate records,
records that occurred prior to release, and single records without first and last detections. All invalid
records were removed from analysis but were kept in a separate table for future reference.
Migration rates (km·day-1) and passage times (days) through reaches were calculated from a
combination of release, fixed-site, and telemetry records. Reaches were defined as the area between
release location (REL) and upstream fixed-site receiver (FS), downstream and upstream receivers
(FS-FS), or mobile tracked location and an upstream receiver (MBT-FS). Release and fixed-site data
were used to calculate migration rates and passage times for fall and spring. Spring movements were
difficult to calculate due to variability in starting locations within long reaches, overwinter holding
7
behavior, and limited FS-FS detections in spring. Migration rates and passage times were calculated
using the first record (F1 detection) at the upstream location and the last record at the downstream
location. Rates and passage times were expressed as medians due to non-normal distributions.
Analysis of environmental and lamprey count data
Daily, monthly, and annual mean water temperature and discharge data for the Snake River at
Lower Granite Dam and daytime counts of adult Pacific lamprey passing fishways at Lower
Monumental and Little Goose dams (archived at: http://www.cbr.washington.edu/dart) were
provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Similar water temperature and discharge
data for the Snake and Clearwater Rivers were provided by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauging
stations near Anatone, WA (rkm 269), Spalding, ID (rkm 245), and Orofino, ID (rkm 298).
RESULTS
Collection, tagging, and tracking
A total of 146 adult lampreys were collected and surgically implanted with radio transmitters
from 2006-2008: 50 in 2006, 46 in 2007, and 50 in 2008 (Table 1). A majority of lampreys were
collected at Little Goose Dam: 68% of the sample in 2006, 78% in 2007, and 86% in 2008. In 2007
and 2008 collection and tagging efforts were in approximate proportion to daytime adult counts at
LMO and LGO whereas in 2006 median tag dates were slightly later (Figure 3). Median tag dates at
LGO and LMO were later than median dam passage dates based on visual counts except at LGO in
2007 (Table 2). Logistical constraints in 2006 prevented collection and tagging until late July.
Overall run timing was later in 2008 than 2006-2007, contributing to differences among years in
median tag dates.
In 2006, 19 male, 29 female, and 2 unknown lampreys were radio tagged with mean (±
standard deviation) length 67.8 ± 3.7 and mean girth 10.8 ± 0.7 (Table 1). Tagging dates ranged from
25 July to 19 September. In 2007, 17 male, 20 female, and 9 unknown were radio tagged with mean
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length 65.1 ± 4.0, mean girth 10.9 ± 0.7, and mean weight 454.7 ± 82.9. Tagging dates ranged from
22 July to 16 October (Table 1). In 2008, 23 male, 20 female, and 7 unknown were radio tagged with
mean length 66.3 ± 3.3, mean girth 11.0 ± 0.6, and mean weight 447.16 ± 62.2. Tagging dates ranged
from 4 August to 4 September (Table 1).
Radio-tagged lamprey represented a significant percentage of the adults counted at adult
passage facilities (Figure 3), though previous studies suggest that daytime counts may underestimate
overall dam passage due to nocturnal movement by lamprey (Clabough et al. 2009; Keefer et al.
2009a; Moser et al. 2002). Regardless, because all adults were collected from juvenile bypass
facilities, this result also suggests a large proportion of adult lampreys passing Snake River dams
fallback downstream through the JBS facilities, especially at Little Goose Dam.
Within year size metrics were all positively correlated (length × girth r = 0.67-0.80; length ×
weight r = 0.80-0.84; girth × weight r = 0.90-0.90; all P < 0.001). Size metrics were all weakly
correlated with release date (mean r = -0.12, range = -0.02-0.34) with one significant pairwise
comparison (length × releasedate, P = 0.0138). Most comparisons between size metrics and
collection location were insignificant, with the exception that lamprey collected at LMO were heavier
than those collected at LGO in 2008 (P < 0.02). Length was significantly different between females
and males as well as between females and unknowns in 2007 (P < 0.02). Weight was also
significantly different between these groups (M/F and F/U) in 2008. There were no significant
differences in lamprey size among release locations.
In 2006, releases were split between Offield landing and Red Wolf crossing (Table 1).
Overall, 64% of radio-tagged fish had valid telemetry records in 2006. In 2007, two fish were
released separately above Lower Granite Dam at Offield landing and Wawawai campground. Only
the lamprey tag released at WAI was detected upstream (50%). The remaining 44 fish were released
alternately between the north and south shores at RWC (Figure 1) and 80% of these radio-tagged fish
had valid telemetry records. In 2008, all fish were released at RWC and 98% had valid telemetry
9
records. The difference in the proportion detected among years was probably related to differences in
the distance to a receiver between the release sites.
Migration timing and river environment
Continuous monitoring of fixed site receivers indicated that lampreys were most active
between sunset and sunrise with peak movements occurring between 1900 and 0500 in all study years
(Figure 4), although some fish passed receivers during daylight hours. Nocturnal lamprey movement
was well characterized by two individual lampreys that were logged continuously on fixed-site
receivers as they moved upstream at night, ceased upstream migration at sunrise within the detection
range of a receiver, and resumed upstream migration at sunset (black lines, Figure 5). Most upstream
movement ended by mid October.
We used the first detection of adult lamprey at the first fixed-site receivers upstream of the
SNR-CWR confluence to evaluate seasonal patterns of movement into the two drainages. Upstream
migration occurred primarily during the fall (Figure 6). Differences between fall and spring fixed-site
detections were significant within all three years (χ2 = 3.86-24.20, P < 0.05). Adult lamprey moved
into the Snake and Clearwater rivers with equal frequency in the fall (χ2 = 0.06-3.10, P > 0.05),
however more fish were detected entering the Clearwater in the spring than the Snake in all three
years (Figure 6). In 2006 and 2008 there were no significant differences in overall drainage choice
(χ2 = 1.13-3.45, P > 0.05) but there was a significant difference in 2007 (χ2 = 6.09, P < 0.05). In 2007
and 2008 there were mobile tracked tags detected in the Snake and Clearwater drainages that did not
have corresponding fall or spring fixed-site detections (Figure 6, S-MBT). Movement timing (fall or
spring tributary entry) for these tags is unknown.
Median detection dates at the Snake receiver (SNR) were 50 and 25 days earlier than at the
Clearwater receiver (CWR) in 2006 and 2007 (Figure 7). Within the Clearwater drainage, median
detection dates at the TOS receiver (Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries office, see A-1) were 4, 12, and 16
days later than at the CWR receiver from 2006 to 2008. Fish entered the Snake River progressively
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later from 2006 to 2008 while this pattern was reversed in the Clearwater River (Figure 7). Detection
dates were most variable in 2006 for the Snake (CV = 26.0) and Clearwater Rivers (CV = 41.0). This
variability is likely due to a delayed tagging schedule and more releases near Lower Granite Dam in
2006 (N = 24). As a result, direct comparisons between 2007 and 2008 are more appropriate. In
2008 median detection dates were the same for both receivers (Table 4).
Fall movement patterns in the Snake and Clearwater Rivers were uncorrelated or only weakly
correlated with decreasing discharge and water temperature (Figures 8 & 9). Discharge in the Snake
decreased rapidly from July to August (Figure 8). In contrast, discharge in the lower Clearwater
River remained above base flow in summer (Figure 9), caused by cool-water augmentation releases
from Dworshak reservoir (Connor et al. 1998). Most lamprey movement occurred with little
correlation to changes in Snake and Clearwater discharge, though there were fixed-site detections in
the Clearwater River in November of 2006 and one in 2008 associated with spikes in discharge
(Figure 9). In all three years median SNR and CWR detection dates occurred prior to the fall
decrease in water temperatures in early September (Figure 8) and October (Figure 9) for the Snake
and Clearwater Rivers, respectively.
Declining daylight hours (photoperiod) was somewhat more correlated with fall movement
patterns at SNR and CWR receivers than temperature or discharge (Figures 8 & 9). Active upstream
movement at fixed-site receivers in spring increased as the number of daylight hours began to
decrease. With the exception of 2006, reach entry dates in the Snake and Clearwater were relatively
consistent between years despite varying river conditions (Figures 8 & 9). Reach entry dates were
least variable at the SNR receiver where median dates differed by an average of 7 days.
River environments in the fall differed dramatically between the Snake and Clearwater Rivers
due to cool-water releases from Dworshak reservoir. Radio-tagged lampreys that entered the Snake
from July to October, experienced water temperatures that were on average 10°C warmer than did
adult lampreys entering the Clearwater during the same time period, suggesting little active selection
for one tributary over the other based on temperature preference during this period. Fish that
11
migrated up the mainstem Clearwater past the confluence of the North Fork Clearwater and the
thermal effects of Dworshak then experienced temperatures similar to that in Snake during this same
period (Figure 10).
Migration rates and passage times
A total of 111 migration rates and passage times were calculated for 66 unique radio-tagged
Pacific lampreys during fall movement: 22 in 2006, 19 in 2007, and 70 in 2008 (Table 3). Migration
rates and passage times were calculated for 15 reaches, though low sample sizes prevented direct
comparisons for all but three reaches (RWC-SNR, RWC-CWR, and CWR-TOS). Eight different
fixed-site receivers had valid upstream detections (Table 4).
Migration rates and passage times varied between year, reach, and season. Annual median
migration rates during fall movement ranged from 1.9 km day-1 in 2006 to 10.6 km day-1 in 2008.
Variability among years was highest in 2006 (CV = 162.0) and lowest in 2008 (CV = 83.0). Most
fish migrated upstream at rates between 0.2 and 20.0 km·day-1 with some observed rates > 25.0
km·day-1 in all three years (Table 3). The lowest migration rates and longest passage times were
recorded between release and a fixed site observation (REL-FS) reaches (Table 3). Median rates in
REL-FS reaches were lower in each year (1.4-5.8 km·day-1) than FS-FS (fixed-site to fixed-site)
reaches (9.6-13.1 km·day-1). The RWC-CWR reach had the lowest median migration rates in all three
years (0.3-2.2 km·day-1) while the RWC-SNR reach had the highest median migration rates in all
three years (13.5-35.7 km·day-1). In addition, the RWC-SNR reach had the highest individual rates in
each year: 38.1 in 2006, 41.1 in 2007, and 38.7 in 2008.
Migration rates were slower in spring, based on fewer observations. A total of 31 migration
rates and passage times were calculated for 27 unique radio-tagged Pacific lampreys during spring
movement: 11 in 2006, 13 in 2007, and 7 in 2008. Spring migration rates were estimated from FS-
FS, REL-FS, and MBT-FS reaches. Medians for combined REL-FS and MBT-FS rates were 0.3
km·day-1 (2006), 0.3 km·day-1 (2007), and 0.1 km·day-1 (2008). FS-FS rates were calculated in 2006
12
(N = 2) and 2007 (N= 2) for the CWR-TOS (2.6, 2.8, and 3.4 km·day-1) and TOS-SFC (1.2 km·day-1)
reaches.
Migration success and final distribution
From 2006 to 2008, 32 (64%), 37 (80%), and 49 (98%) of radio-tagged fish had valid
upstream detections after release (Table 5; Appendix B). A majority of tags were detected in the
Clearwater drainage in each year; 60% in 2006, 70% in 2007, and 63% in 2008 (Figure 12). Within
the Clearwater River drainage, multiple fish migrated into upper portions of the Selway, South Fork
Clearwater, and Lochsa Rivers (Table 5). Lamprey migrating up the Snake River past the Snake-
Clearwater confluence had final records in both the Snake (28%, 16%, and 20%) and the Salmon
rivers (13%, 14%, and 16%) in 2006, 2007, and 2008 (Table 5). In all years, multiple fish were
detected in the upper Salmon, near the mouth of the Middle Fork Salmon (Figure 12). Tags were also
detected in the Imnaha drainage in 2006 (N =1) and 2008 (N = 1).
DISCUSSION
Adult Pacific lamprey tagged in this study completed most of their observed movement in the
fall, overwintered primarily in free-flowing habitat, traveled mostly at night, and ultimately
distributed themselves throughout much of the Clearwater, Snake, and Salmon River drainages. A
majority of radio-tagged lamprey successfully migrated above the Snake-Clearwater confluence into
potential spawning areas. Overall migration patterns corresponded weakly with water temperature
and discharge while fall migration was associated with decreasing daylight.
Adult lampreys were primarily collected from juvenile bypass systems at Little Goose dam,
where the number collected for tagging was a substantial proportion of the dam count. This study
indicates that ~40% of the annual daytime count at Lower Goose dam entered the juvenile bypass
13
system and “fell back” (Table 2). This fallback estimate represents a minimum estimate because it
includes only adults collected for tagging from the juvenile bypass system. Daytime adult counts at
Snake River hydroelectric facilities generally decrease at upstream dams and as a result more fish
would be expected at downstream juvenile bypass facilities such as Lower Monumental dam if all
other factors were equal. Reasons for greater observed fallback at Little Goose than Lower
Monumental Dam may have included differences in juvenile sampling, differences in fishway exit
and juvenile bypass structure and orientation, and differences in operation affecting migration cues in
the forebay. Specifically, the location of adult fish ladders in relation to juvenile bypass intakes may
have an effect on numbers of fallback fish. Although daytime counts may underestimate overall adult
passage (Clabough et al. 2009; Keefer et al. 2009b; Moser et al. 2002) the estimated fallback may
overestimate the true proportion of the run falling back, these results suggest fallback may be
significant factor affecting migration success of adult lamprey past lower Snake River dams.
Overall detection efficiency increased in each year of this study (Table 5). In 2006, releases
were split between reservoir (LGF) and free-flowing (RWC) locations and LGF released adults had a
lower upstream detection rate (46%). RWC fish in 2006 had a detection rate of 81% which is
comparable to RWC fish in 2007 (82%) and 2008 (98%). Fish were released primarily at RWC in
2007 and 2008 to increase sample size of fish migrating past the Snake and Clearwater confluence
and into potential spawning habitat. Although 2006 data are limited, the low rate of upstream
detection suggests the potential considerable loss of adult lamprey in the Lower Granite Reservoir
and/or undetected fallback at Lower Granite Dam.
Adult Pacific lamprey exhibited primarily nocturnal movement at fixed-site receivers. This
pattern of nocturnal movement for Pacific lamprey has been well documented at hydroelectric
facilities (Moser et al. 2002) as well as through free flowing rivers (Robinson and Bayer 2005) within
the Columbia River basin. Multiple daytime detections were recorded as well, but percentages of
these were < 10% within study years with a higher overall percentage occurring in the spring.
14
A majority of upstream migration occurred during the fall, which may indicate that migration
prior to overwinter holding is an important factor in determining potential spawning location.
Reasons for limited and apparently slower spring movement may include more favorable migration
conditions in the fall, physiological changes associated with sexual maturation, the distribution of
suitable spawning habitat, and/or mortality.
Rates of movement through release reaches were lower and more variable than fixed-site
reaches (Table 4). FS-FS reaches probably provide the most accurate representations of migration
rate because fish are actively migrating between known distances. Migration rates estimated for
REL-FS are potentially biased by a post-release recovery/holding period which may lead to a delay in
active upstream migration. This period seemed to be most evident in the RWC-CWR reach as
median migration rates were below 0.2 km·day-1 in all three years and overall passage times were
more variable than the REL-SNR reach (Figure 11). In contrast, the RWC-SNR had the highest
median rates and least variable passage times among years, suggesting that fewer adults released at
this location held position prior to upstream migration.
Once fish passed the Snake/Clearwater confluence, migration rates (range 1.7-34.1 km·day-1)
were comparable to migration rates found in other studies. Robinson and Bayer (2001) found that
rates ranged from 1.0 to 20.9 km·day-1 in free-flowing portions of the John Day River, OR while
Moser and Close (2003) reported rates from 13.9 to 20.9 km·day-1 in reservoir environments.
Variation in migration rates seems to reflect migration of radio-tagged lamprey through both reservoir
and free flowing environments.
Migrating adult Pacific lampreys are presented with two very different temperature regimes
from August to October below the Snake (20-23°C) and Clearwater (10-15°C) confluence due to
Dworshak cold-water releases (Figure 10), offering an observational experiment in temperature
selection. Despite the temperature difference, radio-tagged lamprey distributed themselves
approximately equally between the two drainages during late summer and early fall (Aug-Oct)
suggesting a lack of selection based on temperature or that other factors overrode any preference for
15
temperature. Potential underlying mechanisms include a very broad range of temperature preference
or no temperature preference, population substructure and homing, or route selection based on other
unmeasured environmental factors (e.g., differences in concentrations of pheromones released by
larvae in the two different tributaries).
Seasonal changes in river discharge were not strongly associated with fall migration timing or
drainage choice. At shorter temporal scales, sudden increases in discharge (∆ 600 m3·sec-1) may
stimulate lamprey movement regardless of temperature, as evidenced by November fixed-site
detections in the Clearwater River. Surprisingly, water temperature did not seem to correspond with
overall fall migration patterns with the exception that movements at fixed-site receivers were limited
once water temperatures fell below 7-10°C (Figures 8 &9) , which has also been shown to be the
lower threshold for activity in sea lamprey (Applegate 1950; Binder and McDonald 2008).
Radio-tagged lamprey distributed themselves throughout the Snake, Salmon, and Clearwater
River drainages in a pattern that was consistent among years. Notably, approximately two radio-
tagged lampreys entered the Clearwater for each entering the Snake despite a Snake/Clearwater
discharge ratio of 2:1 (Figure 2). Under random dispersal, we expected that the entry ratios would be
proportional to the ratio of discharge between tributaries. The deviation from the expected ratio by
approximately a factor of four suggests that other processes affected drainage choice, including the
potential for active behavioral selection. Whether the selection is related to natal rearing experience
(homing) or other factors remains unknown, but it is plausible that higher concentrations of larval
pheromones in the Clearwater River may have played a role. Regardless, once adults reached the free
flowing portions of the lower Snake above the dams, radio-tagged lampreys were able to migrate
successfully into spawning habitat, indicating that improved reservoir passage may increase potential
spawning populations within the lower Snake drainage.
Further work related to this study will include analyzing the potential relationships between
downstream river environments, fish size metrics, telemetry efforts, and tagging environment with the
16
observed fall cohort split. We also intend to use telemetry, river environment, and migration rate and
passage time data to estimate the relationship between migration rate and temperature and to estimate
the optimal temperature range for migrating Pacific lamprey. In addition to this study, telemetry data
collected from adult lamprey released into Clearwater River tributaries will be analyzed to determine
migration patterns of spawning adults in small order streams. This project was in collaboration with
Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries and results will be presented in a report forthcoming. The combination of
these two studies will hopefully improve our understanding of migration patterns of Pacific lamprey
at two different spatial scales.
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LITERATURE CITED
Applegate, V. C. 1950. Natural history of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, in Michigan. University of Michigan.
Binder, T. R., and D. G. McDonald. 2008. The role of temperature in controlling diel activity in
upstream migrant sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(6):1113-1121.
Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of fishes, 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing, Ft. Worth, Texas. Clabough, T. S., M. L. Keefer, C. C. Caudill, E. J. Johnson, and C. A. Peery. 2009. Use of night video
to quantify adult lamprey passage at Bonneville and The Dalles dams in 2007-2008. Technical Report 2009-9 of Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit to US Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District
Claire, C. W., T. G. Cochnauer, and G. W. LaBar. 2007. Pacific Lamprey Ammocoete Habitat
Utilization in Red River, Idaho. Pages 151-161 in. American Fisheries Society. Close, D. A., M. S. Fitzpatrick, and H. W. Li. 2002. The ecological and cultural importance of a
species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey. Fisheries 27(7):19-25. Connor, W. P., H. L. Burge, and D. H. Bennett. 1998. Detection of PIT-tagged subyearling chinook
salmon at a Snake River dam: implications for summer flow augmentation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18(3):530-536.
Gess, R. W., M. I. Coates, and B. S. Rubidge. 2006. A lamprey from the Devonian of South Africa.
Nature 443:921-924. Hammond, R. J. 1979. Larval biology of the Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner), of
the Potlatch River, Idaho. University of Idaho., Moscow. Keefer, M. L., C. T. Boggs, C. A. Peery, and M. L. Moser. 2009a. Adult Pacific lamprey migration in
the lower Columbia River: 2007 radiotelemetry and half-duplex PIT tag studies. Technical Report 2009-1 of Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit to US Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District.
Keefer, M. L., M. L. Moser, C. T. Boggs, W. R. Daigle, and C. A. Peery. 2009b. Variability in
migration timing of adult Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) in the Columbia River, USA. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85(3):253-264.
Merrell, T. R. 1959. Gull food habits on the Columbia River. Research Briefs, Fish Commission of
Oregon 7(1):82. Moser, M. L., A. L. Matter, L. C. Stuehrenberg, and T. C. Bjornn. 2002. Use of an extensive radio
receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA. Hydrobiologia 483(1):45-53.
18
Orlov, A. M., V. F. Savinyh, and D. V. Pelenev. 2008. Features of the spatial distribution and size structure of the Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata in the North Pacific. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34(5):276-287.
Poe, T. P., H. C. Hansel, S. Vigg, D. E. Palmer, and L. A. Prendergast. 1991. Feeding of predaceous
fishes on out-migrating juvenile salmonids in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120(4):405-420.
Renaud, C. B. 1997. Conservation status of northern hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). Journal
of Applied Ichthyology 13(3):143-148. Robinson, T. C., and J. M. Bayer. 2005. Upstream migration of Pacific lampreys in the John Day
River, Oregon: behavior, timing, and habitat use. Northwest science 79(2-3):106-119. Roffe, T. J., and B. R. Mate. 1984. Abundances and feeding habits of pinnipeds in the Rogue River,
Oregon. The Journal of Wildlife Management:1262-1274. Simpson, J. C., and R. L. Wallace. 1982. Fishes of Idaho. Idaho Research Foundation. Vladykov, V. D. 1973. North American nonparasitic lamprey of the family Petromyzontidae must be
protected. Canadian Field-Naturalist 87:235-239. Whyte, J. N. C., R. J. Beamish, N. G. Ginther, and C. E. Neville. 1993. Nutritional condition of the
Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) deprived of food for periods of up to two years. Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques 50:591-599.
Wydoski, R. S., and R. L. Whitney. 2003. Inland Fishes of Washington. University of Washington
Press. Seattle, Washington.
19
TABLES Table 1. Numbers of radio-tagged adult Pacific lamprey organized by sex, collection location (LMO = Lower Monumental Dam, LGO = Little Goose Dam), release location (RWC = Red Wolf Crossing, LGF = Lower Granite Flood), and median release dates with corresponding means and standard deviations (SD) for fish size metrics.
Collection Release Tagging
Overall location location Length (cm) Girth (cm) Weight (g) dates
Year Sex N LMO LGO RWC LGF Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Median (Range)
2006 M 19 6 13 12 7 67.3 4.4 10.6 0.9
F 29 10 19 12 17 68.1 3.4 10.9 0.6
U 2 2 2 69.3 1.8 11.0 0.4 15‐Aug
Total 50 16 34 26 24 67.8 3.7 10.8 0.7 (July 25‐Sept 19)
2007 M 17 2 15 17 63.9 4.5 10.8 0.6 431.0 64.8
F 20 5 15 20 66.9 2.6 11.3 0.7 493.0 84.3
U 9 3 6 7 2 63.7 4.2 10.5 0.8 414.6 81.8 18‐Aug
Total 46 10 36 44 2 65.1 4.0 10.9 0.7 454.7 82.9 (22‐July to 16‐Oct)
2008 M 23 2 18 20 65.9 2.6 10.9 0.6 430.6 36.5
F 20 3 20 23 66.8 3.6 11.2 0.6 470.6 63.9
U 7 2 5 7 65.9 4.4 10.7 0.8 409.8 91.1 18‐Aug
Total 50 7 43 50 66.3 3.3 11.0 0.6 447.2 62.1 (4‐Aug to 4‐Sept)
20
Table 2. Comparison of daytime adult lamprey counts at lower Snake River dams (Lower Monumental = LMO, Little Goose = LGO) and radio-tagging efforts from 2006 to 2008.
2006 2007 2008
LMO LGO LMO LGO LMO LGO
Adult daytime count 175 124 139 73 145 104
Median count date 29‐Jul 30‐Jul 12‐Aug 21‐Aug 8‐Aug 10‐Aug
Number tagged 16 34 10 36 7 43
Percentage of daytime count tagged 9.1 27.4 7.2 49.3 4.8 41.3
Median tag date 27‐Aug 11‐Aug 24‐Aug 14‐Aug 19‐Aug 18‐Aug
21
Table 3. Median and range of fall migration rates (km·day-1) for radio-tagged lamprey in Snake and Clearwater reaches from 2006 to 2008 organized by reach type (REL-FS or FS-FS), length (rkm), and gradient (m•rkm-1).
2006 2007 2008
# Reach Type Length Gradient N Rate (Range) N Rate (Range) N Rate (Range)
1 OFF‐CWR REL‐FS 58 0.24 2 1.0 (0.9‐1.0)
2 OFF‐SNR REL‐FS 67 0.06 2 15.6 (12.5‐18.8)
3 RWC‐CWR REL‐FS 10 1.30 10 0.3 (0.1‐16.0) 5 1.0 (0.2‐8.0) 21 2.2 (0.1‐31.1)
4 RWC‐CCR REL‐FS 127 1.26 1 4.2
5 RWC‐TOS REL‐FS 77 1.03 3 3.8 (1.2‐5.1) 1 4.1
6 RWC‐SNR REL‐FS 19 0.22 4 35.7 (1.9‐38.1) 6 13.5 (4.5‐41.1) 15 15.8 (4.4‐38.7)
7 CWR‐TOS FS‐FS 67 0.99 2 3.5 (1.7‐5.2) 1 9.6 13 8.5 (1.3‐34.1)
8 CWR‐CCR FS‐FS 116 1.26 1 17.0 2 9.9 (9.2‐10.6)
9 SNR‐CWR FS‐FS 9 1.05 1 2.4
10 TOS‐SFC FS‐FS 52 1.88 1 13.9 2 15.4 (13.5‐17.2)
11 TOS‐CCR FS‐FS 49 1.63 1 13.1 7 13.4 (12.5‐21.9)
12 TOS‐LOC FS‐FS 84 1.68 1 3.3
13 TOS‐SEL FS‐FS 86 1.69 1 16.4
14 CCR‐LOC FS‐FS 35 1.75 5 13.0 (5.5‐16.8)
15 CCR‐SEL FS‐FS 36 1.76 1 27.5 2 15.0 (12.3‐17.8)
22
Table 4. Median and range of detections at Snake and Clearwater River fixed-site receivers organized by fixed site receiver information, study year, and movement period (Fall and Spring). N = number of uniquely tagged lamprey. Receiver (#) corresponds to numbered symbol (1-20) located on Figure 1. Only fixed-site receivers with valid records are shown below.
Fall Spring
Receiver (#) River rkm Study year N Median (Range) N Median (Range)
CWR (1) Clearwater 232 2006 12 21‐Sep (29 Jul‐9 Nov) 6 13‐Mar (17 Feb‐17 Mar)
2007 6 8‐Sep (27 Aug‐22 Oct) 3 12‐Mar (12 Mar‐8 Apr)
2008 22 19‐Aug (9 Aug‐14 Nov) 8 21‐Mar (20 Feb‐24 Apr)
SNR (2) Snake 241 2006 6 9‐Aug (1 Aug‐25 Sep)
2007 6 12‐Aug (31 Jul‐7 Sep) 1 22‐Mar
2008 15 19‐Aug (6 Aug‐2 Jun)
TOS (4) Clearwater 299 2006 2 25‐Sep (23 Sep‐28 Sep) 3 21‐Mar (12 Mar‐9 Apr)
2007 4 20‐Sep (8 Sep‐14 Oct) 6 24‐Apr (3 Mar‐4 May)
2008 14 4‐Sep (21 Aug‐11 Oct)
IMR (8) Imnaha 331 2006 1 4‐May
CCR (9) MF Clearwater 348 2006 1 27‐Sep
2007 1 4‐Sep
2008 9 6‐Sep (23 Aug‐23 Sep)
SFC (10) SF Clearwater 351 2006 1 26‐Sep
2007 2 10‐Apr (6 Mar‐16 May)
2008 3 29‐Aug (24 Aug‐2 Jun)
LOC (11) Lochsa 383 2008 5 19‐Sep (31 Aug‐25 Sep)
SEL (12) Selway 385 2007 2 21‐Sep (6 Sep‐7 Oct)
2008 2 2‐Sep (27 Aug‐9 Sep)
23
Table 5. Annual detection rates and last known locations of individual radio-tags by river reach from 2006 to 2008. CWR = total tags found in mainstem Clearwater below the mouth of the S.F. Clearwater. SNR = total tags detected in mainstem Snake above and below Snake-Clearwater confluence. SAL = total tags found in mainstem Salmon.
Radio tag detections Reach
Year N N % CWR MFCR SFC LOC SEL SNR IMR SAL
2006 50 32 64.0 16 0 1 1 1 8 1 4
2007 46 37 80.4 21 2 1 0 2 6 0 5
2008 50 49 98.0 17 3 3 6 2 9 1 8
24
FIGURES
HC
LMO
Snake R.
Salmon R.
IHR
DWLGO
LGR
Clearwater R.Tucannon R.
Potlatch R.
Selway R.
Lochsa R.
SF Clearwater R.
Imnaha R.
Little Salmon R.
MF Salmon R.
SF Salmon R.
NF Salmon R.Grand Ronde R.
14 5
7
9
10
12
112
36
8
18
20
16 1917
13 1415
1
2
4
Lower Granite dam
OFF
WAI
RWC46° N
45° N
44° N
118° W 116° W 114° W
0 50 km
Clearwater R.
Snake R.
Lemhi R.
Pahsimeroi R.
Figure 1. Map of the lower Snake, Clearwater, and Salmon rivers showing the tagging locations (LMO = Lower Monumental Dam, rkm 67; LGO = Little Goose Dam, rkm 113), release locations (boxes), fixed-site receivers (grey circles), and U.S. Geological Society gage sites (stars). Hells Canyon (HC, rkm 398) and Dworshak Dams (DW, rkm 292) are also represented. Grey circles with numbers correspond to fixed-site receiver number and rkm (Full descriptions of fixed-site receivers are included in Appendix Table A-1): 1 = SNR (232); 2 = CWR (241); 3 = GRR (273); 4 = TOS (299); 5 = ORO (301); 6 = EON (304); 7 = LCR (312); 8 = IMR (331); 9 = CCR (348); 10 = SFC (351); 11 = LOC (383); 12 = SEL (385); 13 = MCR (396); 14 = JCR (401); 15 = TCR (420); 16 = NCR (430); 17 = CRO (440); 18 = LSR (442); 19 = AMR (447); 20 = PCR (645). Insets show the western USA and Canada: ID, Idaho; WA, Washington; OR, Oregon; BC, British Columbia and release locations above Lower Granite Dam (OFF = Offield, rkm 174; WAI = Wawawai, rkm 178; RWC = Red Wolf crossing, rkm 221).
25
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
SNR 2006 SNR 2007 SNR 2008 CWR 2006 CWR 2007 CWR 2008
Month
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Dis
char
ge (m
3 / se
c)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500SNR 2006 SNR 2007SNR 2008 CWR 2006 CWR 2007 CWR 2008
Figure 2. Mean monthly water temperature (°C, upper panel) and discharge (m3·sec, lower panel) at U.S. Geological Survey stations on the Snake River near Anatone (circles) and the Clearwater River near Spalding (triangles) in 2006 (black symbols), 2007 (white symbols), and 2008 (grey symbols).
26
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Rad
io-ta
gged
fish
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Lam
prey
cou
nt a
t dam
s
0
2
4
6
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14
01 Jun 01 Aug 01 Oct 0
2
4
6
8
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12
14
Date
01 Jun 01 Aug 01 Oct 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Lower Monumental 2006
Lower Monumental 2007
Lower Monumental 2008
Little Goose 2006
Little Goose 2007
Little Goose 2008
Figure 3. Number of adult Pacific lamprey counted passing Lower Monumental (left panels) and Little Goose Dams (right panels) via fish ladders (grey lines) and the number that were collected and radio-tagged (black bars) from 2006 to 2008.
27
Time of day
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 Fall 2006 Fall 2007 Fall 2008
Time of day
01:0
0
03:0
0
05:0
0
07:0
0
09:0
0
11:0
0
13:0
0
15:0
0
17:0
0
19:0
0
21:0
0
23:0
0
Num
ber o
f lam
prey
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14 Spring 2007 Spring 2008 Spring 2009
Figure 4. Distributions of the times that radio-tagged lamprey were detected passing fixed-site receivers (SNR and CWR) in the Snake and Clearwater River basins in the fall (upper panel) and spring (lower panel) from 2006 to 2008.
28
Jul 06
Sep 06
Nov 06
Jan 07
Mar 07
May 07
Jul 07
Dat
e
Jul 07
Sep 07
Nov 07
Jan 08
Mar 08
May 08
Jul 08
Time of day
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Jul 08
Sep 08
Nov 08
Jan 09
Mar 09
May 09
Jul 09
A
B
C
Figure 5. Diel and seasonal timing of radio-tagged lamprey movement past Snake and Clearwater River fixed-site receivers (SNR and CWR) in 2006 (A), 2007 (B), and 2008 (C). Vertical solid lines represent sunrise and sunset near Lewiston, ID. Dotted horizontal lines represent periods of inactivity at fixed-site receivers. Each unique symbol represents an individual lamprey; many lampreys were observed at multiple fixed sites. Horizontal lines represent individual tags that held positions near fixed-site receivers during daylight.
29
Movement period
F S F S S-MBT F S S-MBT
Num
ber o
f ind
ivid
ual l
ampr
ey
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CWR FSCWR MBTSNR FSSNR MBT
2006
2007
2008
Figure 6. Seasonal (F = fall, S = spring) distribution of F1 detections of unique radio-tagged lamprey in the Clearwater (CWR receiver) or Snake River (SNR receiver) drainages from 2006 to 2009. Stacked bars represent the number of lamprey detected via fixed-site (FS) or mobile telemetry (MBT).
30
Fixed-site receiver
SNR CWR TOS
Dat
e
2 Jul
23 Jul
13 Aug
3 Sep
24 Sep
15 Oct
5 Nov
26 Nov200620072008
6
615
12
5
22
2
4 14
Figure 7. Box plots showing median, mean (x), quartile, and 5th and 95th percentile of reach entry dates (F1 detections) of radio-tagged adult Pacific lamprey at Snake (SNR) and Clearwater River fixed-site receivers (CWR, TOS).
31
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
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20
25
Date
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 0
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ulat
ive
% d
etec
ted
0.0
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Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
0
200
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600
800
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1200
1400
1600
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 0.0
0.2
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0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
A B
C D
E F
Figure 8. Cumulative percentages of F1 radio-tag detections (dark solid lines), mean daily temperatures (solid lines), mean daily discharges (dashed lines), and daylight hours (dotted lines) on the Snake River in 2006 (A-B), 2007 (C-D), and 2008 (E-F). Temperature and discharge data were collected at the USGS gaging station near Anatone, WA (rkm 269). Telemetry data is from the SNR fixed-site receiver (rkm 241). Number of daylight hours range from 8-16 hours.
32
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
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1.0
1.2
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
0
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15
20
25
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 0.0
0.2
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1.0
1.2
0
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25
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1600
Cum
ulat
ive
% d
etec
ted
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Date
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
A B
C D
E F
Figure 9. Cumulative percentages of F1 radio-tag detections (dark solid lines), mean daily temperatures (solid lines), mean daily discharges (dashed lines), and daylight hours (dotted lines) on the lower Clearwater River in 2006 (A-B), 2007 (C-D), and 2008 (E-F). Temperature and discharge data were collected at the USGS gaging station near Spalding, ID (rkm 245). Telemetry data is from the CWR fixed-site receiver (rkm 232). Number of daylight hours range from 8-16 hours.
33
0
5
10
15
20
25
ANA_date_06 vs ANA_temp_06 SPA_date_06 vs SPA_temp_06 ORO_date_06 vs ORO_temp_06
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
ANA_date_07 vs ANA_temp_07 SPA_date_07 vs SPA_temp_07 ORO_date_07 vs ORO_temp_07
Date
Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul 0
5
10
15
20
25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Dis
char
ge (m
3/se
c)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
A B
C D
E F
Figure 10. Relative river temperature (left panels) and discharge (right panels) encountered by radio-tagged Pacific lamprey in the Snake (black circles), the lower Clearwater (white circles, downstream of Dworshak Dam), and upper Clearwater (grey circles, upstream of Dworshak Dam) Rivers in 2006 (A-B), 2007 (C-D), and 2008 (E-F). Each symbol represents F1detection dates of individual lamprey at Snake (SNR, rkm = 241), lower Clearwater (CWR, rkm 232; TOS, rkm 299), and upper Clearwater (CCR, rkm 348) fixed-site receivers.
34
Mig
ratio
n ra
te (k
m/d
ay)
0
10
20
30
40
50
2006 20072008
REL-CWR REL-SNR
Pas
sage
tim
e (d
ays)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20062007 2008
Snake RiverClearwater River
Figure 11. Box plots showing mean (x), median (horizontal bar), quartile and 5th and 95th percentiles of adult Pacific lamprey migration rates (km/day) and passage times (days) from release through two reaches of the Clearwater and Snake rivers. REL, Red Wolf Crossing (rkm 222); CWR, Clearwater River near Lewiston, ID (rkm 232); SNR, Snake River near Asotin, WA (rkm 241).
35
HC
LMO
Snake R.
Salmon R.
IHR
DWLGO
LGR
46° N
44° N
45° N
118° W 116° W 114° W
Clearwater R.
Tucannon R.
Potlatch R.
Selway R.
Lochsa R.
SF Clearwater R.
Imnaha R.
Little Salmon R.
MF Salmon R.SF Salmon R.
NF Salmon R.Grand Ronde R.
1
1
11
2
4 6
43
1
1
61
0 50 km
N
HC
LMO
Snake R.
Salmon R.
IHR
DWLGO
LGR
46° N
44° N
45° N
118° W 116° W 114° W
Clearwater R.
Tucannon R.
Potlatch R.
SelwayR.
Lochsa R.
SF Clearwater R.
Imnaha R.
Little Salmon R.
MF Salmon R.SF Salmon R.
NF Salmon R.Grand Ronde R.
1
2
311
6 10
92
2
2007
0 50 km
N
HC
LMO
Snake R.
Salmon R.
IHR
DWLGO
LGR
46° N
44° N
45° N
118° W 116° W 114° W
Clearwater R.
Tucannon R.
Potlatch R.
Selway R.
Lochsa R.
SF Clearwater R.
Imnaha R.
Little Salmon R.
MF Salmon R.SF Salmon R.
NF Salmon R.Grand Ronde R. 3
6
23
3
9 3
9
2
1
5
30 50 km
N
Figure 12. Map of the lower Snake, Clearwater, and Salmon River drainages and the last known locations of radio-tagged Pacific lamprey (boxes) in study year 2006 (top panel, N = 32), 2007 (middle panel, N = 37), and 2008 (bottom panel, N = 49).
36
APPENDIX A
Table A-1. Locations of University of Idaho and US Fish and Wildlife Servive fixed-site receivers monitored within the Snake and Clearwater River drainages from 2006 to 2009. Receiver numbers correspond to grey circles with numbers in Figure 1.
Receiver (#) Monitored stream Location description rkm Latitude Longitude Ownership
CWR (1) Clearwater R. upstream of Potlatch Mill 232 46.425349 116.939200 UI
SNR (2) Snake R. upstream of Three Mile Island 241 46.296223 116.987279 UI
GRR (3) Grand Ronde R. upstream of mouth 273 46.073276 116.987134 UI
TOS (4) Clearwater R. near Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries office 299 46.464512 116.233676 USFWS
ORO (5) Orofino Cr. near Konkolville Mill 301 45.482530 116.206476 UI
EON (6) Salmon R. near Eye of the Needle rapids 304 45.861173 116.779630 USFWS
LCR (7) Lolo Cr. near USGS stream gauge 312 46.372252 116.161158 USFWS
IMR (8) Imnaha R. near Fence Creek 331 45.642299 116.837573 UI
CCR (9) Middle Fork Clearwater R. near Clear Creek 348 46.133610 115.949797 USFWS
SFC (10) South Fork Clearwater R. near Stites, ID 350 46.086630 115.975184 USFWS
LOC (11) Lochsa R. near USGS stream gauge 383 46.150556 115.586517 USFWS
SEL (12) Selway R. downstream of Roar Creek 385 46.119685 115.569482 UI
MCR (13) South Fork Clearwater R. downstream of Mill Creek 396 45.831690 115.934059 USFWS
JCR (14) South Fork Clearwater R. near Johns Creek mouth 400 45.825572 115.889394 USFWS
TCR (15) South Fork Clearwater R. near Ten Mile Creek mouth 420 45.806794 115.684222 USFWS
NCR (16) Newsome Cr. upstream of mouth 430 45.834238 115.609224 USFWS
CRO (17) Crooked R. near IDFG weir 440 45.821887 115.526693 USFWS
LSR (18) Salmon R. near Riggins, ID 442 45.431382 116.311239 UI
AMR (19) American R. downstream of Meadow Creek 447 45.818161 115.466705 USFWS
PCR (20) Salmon R. upstream of Panther Creek 645 45.340192 114.412230 USWFS
37
APPENDIX B
Table B-1 Last known locations of individual radio-tagged lamprey organized by drainage, date, rkm (from mouth of Snake River), and telemetry source (FS = fixed-site location, MBT = mobile tracked location) from 2006 to 2007. All distances measured in kilometers.
Last known location
Drainage Code Tag date Date rkm Description Source
CWR 100 25‐Jul‐06 20‐Oct‐06 232 FS
CWR 110 7‐Aug‐06 15‐Mar‐07 232 FS
CWR 112 7‐Aug‐06 9‐Nov‐06 232 FS
CWR 114 8‐Aug‐06 13‐Mar‐07 232 FS
CWR 138 27‐Aug‐06 17‐Mar‐07 232 FS
CWR 142 29‐Aug‐06 12‐Mar‐07 232 FS
CWR 144 7‐Sep‐06 1‐Feb‐07 248 MBT
CWR 146 11‐Sep‐06 1‐Feb‐07 260 MBT
CWR 125 15‐Aug‐06 20‐Dec‐06 260 MBT
CWR 105 30‐Jul‐06 1‐Feb‐07 266 MBT
CWR 111 7‐Aug‐06 12‐Mar‐07 299 FS
CWR 122 11‐Aug‐06 21‐Mar‐07 299 FS
CWR 134 24‐Aug‐06 10‐Apr‐07 299 FS
CWR 124 13‐Aug‐06 1‐Feb‐07 318 MBT
CWR 103 28‐Jul‐06 1‐Feb‐07 340 MBT
CWR 117 8‐Aug‐06 1‐Feb‐07 341 MBT
SFC 121 13‐Aug‐06 13‐Nov‐06 384 0.7 downstream highway 14/Mt Idaho cutoff MBT
SEL 113 7‐Aug‐06 14‐Nov‐06 411 at Selway Falls MBT
LOC 102 28‐Jul‐06 14‐Nov‐06 433 13.2 upstream Fish Creek mouth MBT
SNR 127 18‐Aug‐06 2‐Nov‐06 174 at release site MBT
SNR 129 18‐Aug‐06 1‐Feb‐07 174 at release site MBT
SNR 130 18‐Aug‐06 2‐Nov‐06 174 at release site MBT
SNR 107 31‐Jul‐06 22‐Nov‐06 221 at Red Wolf bridge near Clarkston, WA MBT
SNR 101 28‐Jul‐06 7‐Aug‐06 241 FS
SNR 109 31‐Jul‐06 1‐Aug‐06 241 FS
SNR 115 19‐Sep‐06 25‐Sep‐06 241 FS
SNR 137 27‐Aug‐06 29‐Mar‐07 241 FS
IMR 118 10‐Aug‐06 5‐May‐07 331 FS
SAL 123 11‐Aug‐06 17‐Nov‐06 442 0.3 upstream LSR fixed‐site receiver MBT
SAL 120 11‐Aug‐06 23‐Jan‐07 442 MBT
SAL 149 19‐Sep‐06 17‐Nov‐06 473 1.4 upstream from French Creek mouth MBT
SAL 108 31‐Jul‐06 15‐Nov‐06 611 at Corn Creek boat launch MBT
38
Table B-2. Last known locations of individual radio-tagged lamprey organized by drainage, date, rkm (from mouth of Snake River), and telemetry source (FS = fixed-site location, MBT = mobile tracked location) from 2007 to 2008. All distances measured in kilometers.
Last known location
Drainage Code Tag date Date rkm Description Source
CWR 88 21‐Aug‐07 27‐Aug‐07 232 FS
CWR 106 20‐Sep‐07 28‐May‐08 246 6.2 upstream I‐95 Moscow exit MBT
CWR 146 31‐Jul‐07 29‐Apr‐08 258 0.5 downstream Cherrylane bridge MBT
CWR 70 7‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 271 near Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 76 10‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 274 1.92 upstream Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 105 20‐Sep‐07 22‐May‐08 275 9.9 from Cherrylane bridge MBT
CWR 84 16‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 275 3.83‐3.85 downstream Canyon Creek MBT
CWR 74 9‐Aug‐07 22‐Apr‐08 275 2.9 upstream Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 148 25‐Jul‐07 29‐Apr‐08 277 2.85 downstream Canyon Creek MBT
CWR 95 27‐Aug‐07 22‐May‐08 284 2.5 downstream from Pinkhouse Hole MBT
CWR 97 31‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 284 1.5 downstream Pinkhouse Hole MBT
CWR 75 9‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 292 2.5 downstream Orofino bridge MBT
CWR 79 13‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 297 near Bills Auto Body, Orofino, ID MBT
CWR 96 27‐Aug‐07 30‐Apr‐08 299 FS
CWR 81 13‐Aug‐07 29‐Apr‐08 306 1.8 downstream Greer road cutoff MBT
CWR 107 16‐Oct‐07 5‐Jun‐08 314 0.6 upstream from Five Mile Creek MBT
CWR 101 10‐Sep‐07 22‐May‐08 322 6.2 downstream from Kamiah highway 12 bridge MBT
CWR 98 6‐Sep‐07 5‐Jun‐08 323 6.1 upstream from Five Mile Creek MBT
CWR 93 27‐Aug‐07 22‐May‐08 327 3.6 downstream Kamiah highway 12 bridge MBT
CWR 85 21‐Aug‐07 28‐May‐08 343 1.1 downstream Kooskia 13 interchange MBT
CWR 102 12‐Sep‐07 28‐May‐08 343 1.1 downstream from Kooskia 13 interchange MBT
MFCR 86 21‐Aug‐07 13‐May‐08 357 1.3 up Red Pine Creek, MFCR MBT
MFCR 78 10‐Aug‐07 13‐May‐08 380 1.0 downstream Selway/Lochsa confluence MBT
SFC 143 5‐Aug‐07 1‐Jun‐08 351 near Stites, ID MBT
SEL 104 16‐Sep‐07 28‐May‐08 411 0.5 downstream Gedney Creek Bridge MBT
SEL 142 5‐Aug‐07 28‐May‐08 411 0.5 downstream Gedney Creek bridge MBT
SNR 71 7‐Aug‐07 12‐Aug‐07 241 FS
SNR 73 9‐Aug‐07 12‐Aug‐07 241 FS
SNR 82 13‐Aug‐07 22‐Mar‐08 241 FS
SNR 94 27‐Aug‐07 28‐Aug‐07 241 FS
SNR 100 6‐Sep‐07 7‐Sep‐07 241 FS
NR 145 29‐Jul‐07 31‐Jul‐07 241 FS
SAL 77 10‐Aug‐07 19‐Apr‐08 476 0.5 upstream Fall Creek MBT
SAL 89 21‐Aug‐07 14‐May‐08 612 0.6 upstream Corn Creek mouth MBT
SAL 92 24‐Aug‐07 14‐May‐08 623 0.6 upstream Middle Fork Salmon RIver mouth MBT
SAL 87 21‐Aug‐07 14‐May‐08 636 8.2 upstream Middle Fork Salmon River mouth MBT
SAL 91 23‐Aug‐07 13‐May‐08 642 0.4 upstream Panther Creek MBT
39
Table B-3 Last known locations of individual radio-tagged lamprey organized by drainage, date, rkm (from mouth of Snake River), and telemetry source (FS = fixed-site location, MBT = mobile tracked location) from 2008 to 2009. All distances measured in kilometers.
Last known location
Drainage Code Tag date Date rkm Description Source
CWR 32 4‐Aug‐08 7‐Oct‐08 232 FS
CWR 34 5‐Aug‐08 14‐Mar‐09 232 FS
CWR 44 12‐Aug‐08 20‐Feb‐09 232 FS
CWR 54 18‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 244 2.6 downstream highway 12 bridge near Potlach River mouth MBT
CWR 36 6‐Aug‐08 19‐May‐09 247 0.9 downstream highway 12 bridge near Potlach River mouth MBT
CWR 76 3‐Sep‐08 19‐May‐09 254 near Mckay's Bend campground MBT
CWR 70 28‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 255 at Cottonwood Creek mouth MBT
CWR 64 25‐Aug‐08 4‐Jun‐09 256 0.2 upstream Cottonwood Creek MBT
CWR 66 25‐Aug‐08 4‐Jun‐09 260 0.8 upstream Cherrylane bridge MBT
CWR 65 25‐Aug‐08 4‐Jun‐09 268 1.8 downstream Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 33 5‐Aug‐08 20‐Mar‐09 271 0.1 downstream Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 58 18‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 271 0.4 up Lenore bridge MBT
CWR 80 4‐Sep‐08 4‐Jun‐09 286 3.0 upstream Big Canyon Creek MBT
CWR 49 14‐Aug‐08 4‐Jun‐09 287 near Pinkhouse Hole MBT
CWR 50 14‐Aug‐08 11‐Oct‐08 299 FS
CWR 53 18‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 330 6.37 upstream Six Mile Creek MBT
CWR 55 18‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 341 3.96 downstream highway 9 bridge MBT
MFCR 40 10‐Aug‐08 20‐May‐09 372 2.9 dn bridge creek, similar location MBT
MFCR 41 10‐Aug‐08 20‐May‐09 377 0.2 upstream Bridge Creek MBT
MFCR 77 3‐Sep‐08 20‐May‐09 377 2.5 downstream Selway/Lochsa confluence MBT
SFC 38 9‐Aug‐08 2‐Jun‐09 351 FS
SFC 35 6‐Aug‐08 14‐Apr‐09 369 3.8 upstream Grangeville/Mt Idaho cutoff MBT
SFC 48 12‐Aug‐08 29‐May‐09 374 7.0 miles upstream Grangeville/Mt Idaho cutoff MBT
SEL 39 10‐Aug‐08 7‐Jun‐09 384 FS
SEL 61 19‐Aug‐08 20‐May‐09 393 at O'hara Creek bridge MBT
LOC 78 3‐Sep‐08 13‐May‐09 425 3.2 upstream Fish Creek MBT
LOC 63 23‐Aug‐08 13‐May‐09 427 4.0 upstream Fish Creek MBT
LOC 47 12‐Aug‐08 13‐May‐09 428 5.3 upstream Fish Creek MBT
LOC 51 14‐Aug‐08 13‐May‐09 442 3.1 upstream Bald Mountain Creek MBT
LOC 37 9‐Aug‐08 13‐May‐09 446 5.5 upstream Bald Mountain Creek MBT
LOC 73 28‐Aug‐08 13‐May‐09 447 4.3 downstream Indian Grave Creek MBT
SNR 42 10‐Aug‐08 11‐Aug‐08 241 FS
SNR 52 14‐Aug‐08 15‐Aug‐08 241 FS
SNR 62 19‐Aug‐08 24‐Aug‐08 241 FS
SNR 68 26‐Aug‐08 30‐Aug‐08 241 FS
SNR 69 28‐Aug‐08 29‐Aug‐08 241 FS
40
SNR 71 28‐Aug‐08 31‐Aug‐08 241 FS
SNR 75 1‐Sep‐08 2‐Sep‐08 241 FS
SNR 59 19‐Aug‐08 20‐Aug‐08 248 15.9 downstream GRR fixed‐site receiver MBT
SNR 56 18‐Aug‐08 20‐Aug‐08 259 8.9 down GRR fixed site receiver, near Buffalo eddy MBT
IMR 46 12‐Aug‐08 1‐May‐09 344 7.4 upstream Imnaha fixed‐site receiver MBT
SAL 60 19‐Aug‐08 26‐Apr‐09 421 1.0 upstream John Day Creek MBT
SAL 43 12‐Aug‐08 26‐Apr‐09 434 1.0‐1.1 downstream Lightning Creek, at Chair Creek confluence MBT
SAL 67 26‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 437 1.0 downstream "time zone" bridge MBT
SAL 79 3‐Sep‐08 15‐Jun‐09 474 5.4 downstream Vinegar Creek launch MBT
SAL 45 12‐Aug‐08 26‐Apr‐09 479 2.7 downstream Vinegar Creek at Wind River bridge MBT
SAL 74 28‐Aug‐08 15‐Jun‐09 483 at Vinegar Creek MBT
SAL 57 18‐Aug‐08 20‐May‐09 642 0.5 upstream Panther Creek, mainstem Salmon R. MBT
SAL 31 4‐Aug‐08 20‐May‐09 647 3.5 upstream Panther Creek mouth, mainstem Salmon River MBT
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