“To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or...

“To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a

limited world, you must be crazy, or an economist.”

- Kenneth Boulding

CP551 Sustainable Development

08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

Module 7:

Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on

Sustainable Development.

Industry

UnlimitedRaw material

UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour

UnlimitedWaste material

Products

UnlimitedEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal

Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste

In Appalachian Mountains that run from Southern New York to Northern Georgia and Alabama

through 13 states.

In 2000, 60 million tons out of the almost 170 million tons of coal

mined in West Virginia were from strip mines.

Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries.

300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining.

An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate

Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html

Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho

Citezen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining

An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste

Source: http://picasaweb.google.com/kool.name/FieldWork/photo#5116468698216932706

‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.

08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.

An example from the present (and future): Factory waste

08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm

Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution.

Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs.

An example from the past: Factory waste

- Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.)

- Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences

- Depletion of the ozone layer

- Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life

- Loss of clean air

- Genetically modified (GM) food

Ecocides of Manmade origin:

- what more?

Ecocides of Manmade origin:

Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp

A cartoonist’s

view of life on earth

with such ecosystem destroying industries

Industry

UnlimitedWaste

Products

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

End-of pipe treatment

Nuclear industry waste

Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963.Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm

Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of

about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material

Disposal Area G’ since 1943.Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm

Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

Computer industry waste

Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp

A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth

UnlimitedWaste

Products

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Industry

Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste.

Example: Forest ecosystem

Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

The components of ecosystemare those physical things that contain energy and nutrients.

Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html

Another example: Fresh water ecosystem

Industry

NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

UnlimitedR

Zero effluent soultion

Industry

NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

IndustrialEcology

Raw material(only to start)

- No waste

- Energy efficiently utilized (possibly solar power)

- No materials beyond those required to start the system

- Complete recycling within the system

Industrial Ecology:

Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

"One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is

that, like the biological system,

it rejects the concept of waste."

Industrial Ecology:

Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995

Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem

Industrial Ecology:

Sugarrefinery

Agriculturalfarm

Molasses

Bagasse

Filter sludge

The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Agriculturalfarm

MolassesAlcoholresidue

Bagasse

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Fertilizer

Agriculturalfarm

Bagasse

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Fertilizer

Agriculturalfarm

Bagasse

Wastewater

Black liquor

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Fertilizer

Alkalai

Agriculturalfarm

Bagasse

Wastewater

Alkalairecovery

Black liquor

White sludge

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Fertilizer

Alkalai

Agriculturalfarm

Bagasse

Wastewater

Alkalairecovery

Black liquor

White sludge

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Cementmill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Fertilizer

Cement

Alkalai

Agriculturalfarm

Bagasse

Wastewater

Alkalairecovery

Black liquor

White sludge

Filter sludge

Sugarcane

- The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop.

- It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions.

- Developing by-product exchanges within a region is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions and disposal costs).

- However, it is counter to business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers.

Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42

Symbiotic interactions between organisms:

Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected

Mutualism: both populations benefit and they need each other for survival

Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory

Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected

Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other

Parasitism – one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory

For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation

on The Industrial Symbiosisat Kalundborg, Denmark

byJørgen Christensen

Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute

Industrial Ecology:

Source: http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/shared/Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf

Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner

Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental

Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration

Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/publications/producer.html

Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting

& processingmanufacturing

packaging &distribution

product use

end-of-life

recycling

repair & reuse

cradle-to-grave design

paradigm

cradle-to-cradle design

paradigm

Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies

Life-cycle analysis Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle).

Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity.

Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources.

Life-cycle analysis must consider

- selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste

- recyclable components

- alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it

- reusable and recyclable materials

Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and

Cleaner Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental

Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration

Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

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